| ---
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| license: cc-by-4.0
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| tags:
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| - object-detection
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| - agroforestry
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| - remote-sensing
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| - drone
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| - agriculture
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| language:
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| - en
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| ---
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|
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| # Agroforestry inventory - one detection model per species
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| Detects individual plants in agroforestry systems from drone RGB orthophotos.
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| Code, viewer and one-command pipeline:
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| <https://github.com/COURAGEOUS-LAND/agroforestry-inventory>
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| Run it with no setup: open `agroforestry_inventory_colab.ipynb` in Google Colab.
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|
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| ## Models
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| | species | file | precision | recall | position error | median crown | trained at |
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| |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| | Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) | `pitaia.pth` | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.07 m | 0.97 m | Raizes farm, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
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| | Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) | `cafe.pth` | 0.72 | 0.91 | 0.03 m | 0.36 m | Raizes farm, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
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| | Avocado (Persea americana) | `abacate.pth` | 0.69 | 0.94 | 0.12 m | 1.52 m | Raizes farm, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
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| | Banana (Musa spp.) | `banana.pth` | 0.59 | 0.93 | 0.18 m | 3.11 m | Raizes farm, Sao Paulo, Brazil |
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| **Precision** is how many of the reported plants are real; **recall** is how many
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| of the real plants were found.
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|
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| ## How these numbers were measured
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| Against hand-drawn labels, inside completed windows, matched one-to-one within 1 m. Only windows whose labels are entirely manual are used - comparing a model against labels it produced itself would be circular.
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|
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| ## Read this first
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| None of these models transfers to another site without loss. This is measured, not a
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| disclaimer: a coffee model scoring mAP 0.826 on its own validation set found 2 of 198
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| plants in held-out windows a few hundred metres away - recall 0.01 - while its precision
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| stayed at 1.00. It did not hallucinate; it went blind, and nothing in the output said so.
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| Before trusting a count on your imagery, check a sample by hand. The numbers below hold
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| for the site and the flight each model was trained on, and for nothing else.
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| ## Where each model fails
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| **Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica)** - The smallest crown in the set (0.36 m). Under closed canopy or heavy shading, neighbouring plants stop being separable. Outside the Raizes farm there is no guarantee at all.
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| **Avocado (Persea americana)** - Confuses other broad dark-leaved crowns when they share the scene. Trained on 120 labels only.
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| **Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.)** - The best model in the set, and the one with the fewest labels - what it has is the widest spatial distribution. The crop is trellised at regular spacing; performance on irregular planting was not measured.
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| **Banana (Musa spp.)** - The worst precision in the set: 0.59. Banana grows in clumps, and the model often counts suckers of the same mat as separate individuals. If you need mats rather than leaves, this error is systematic and you will overcount.
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| ## Training detail
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| | species | labels | windows | GSD | recommended dedup |
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| |---|---|---|---|---|
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| | Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) | 324 | 18 | 1.66 cm/px | 0.3 m |
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| | Avocado (Persea americana) | 120 | 27 | 1.66 cm/px | 0.7 m |
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| | Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) | 100 | 22 | 1.66 cm/px | 0.4 m |
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| | Banana (Musa spp.) | 133 | 14 | 1.66 cm/px | 1.4 m |
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| Training imagery is about 1.7 cm per pixel, from RTK drone flights.
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| Very different resolutions degrade the result.
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|
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| ## Licence
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| Weights under CC-BY-4.0. The accompanying code is GPL-3.0.
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| Developed by Courageous Land.
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|
