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--- |
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tags: |
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- sentence-transformers |
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- sentence-similarity |
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- feature-extraction |
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- generated_from_trainer |
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- dataset_size:46716 |
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- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss |
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base_model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 |
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widget: |
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- source_sentence: Structurally, diplomonads have two equal-sized what and multiple |
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flagella? |
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sentences: |
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- deciding when to buy or sell a stock is not an easy task because the market is |
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hard to predict, being influenced by political and economic factors. thus, methodologies |
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based on computational intelligence have been applied to this challenging problem. |
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in this work, every day the stocks are ranked by technique for order preference |
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by similarity to ideal solution ( topsis ) using technical analysis criteria, |
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and the most suitable stock is selected for purchase. even so, it may occur that |
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the market is not favorable to purchase on certain days, or even, the topsis make |
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an incorrect selection. to improve the selection, another method should be used. |
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so, a hybrid |
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- 'we present the analysis of the brightest flare that was recorded in the \ emph |
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{ insight } - hmxt data set, in a broad energy range ( 2 $ - $ 200 kev ) from |
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the microquasar grs ~ 1915 + 105 during an unusual low - luminosity state. this |
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flare was detected by \ emph { insight } - hxmt among a series of flares during |
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2 june 2019 utc 16 : 37 : 06 to 20 : 11 : 36, with a 2 - 200 kev luminosity of |
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3. 4 $ - $ 7. 27 $ \ times10 ^ { 38 } $ er' |
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- nuclei |
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- source_sentence: What instruments used in guidance systems to indicate directions |
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in space must have an angular momentum that does not change in direction? |
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sentences: |
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- magnetic and transport properties of near - stoichiometric metastable fexmnygaz |
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alloys ( 46 < x < 52, 17 < y25, 26 < z < 30 ) with face - centered cubic ( fcc |
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), body - centered cubic ( bcc ), and two - phase ( fcc + bcc ) structures are |
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investigated. the experimental results are analyzed in terms of first - principles |
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calculations of stoichiometric fe2mnga alloy with the l21, l12, and the tetragonally |
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distorted l21 structural orderings. it is shown that the pure bcc and fcc phases |
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have distinct magnetic |
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- k nearest neighbor ( knn ) joins are used in scientific domains for data analysis, |
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and are building blocks of several well - known algorithms. knn - joins find the |
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knn of all points in a dataset. this paper focuses on a hybrid cpu / gpu approach |
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for low - dimensional knn - joins, where the gpu may not yield substantial performance |
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gains over parallel cpu algorithms. we utilize a work queue that prioritizes computing |
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data points in high density regions on the gpu, and low density regions on the |
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cpu, thereby taking advantage of each architecture ' s relative strengths. our |
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approach, hybridknn - join, |
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- the fact that these states are effectively decoupled from propagating photons. |
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we prove that scattering of a parity - invariant single photon on a qubit pair, |
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combined with a properly engineered time variation of the qubit detuning, is not |
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only feasible, but also more effective than strategies based on the relaxation |
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of the excited states of the qubits. the use of tensor network methods to simulate |
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the proposed scheme enables to include photon delays in collision models, thus |
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opening the possibility to follow the time evolution of the full quantum system, |
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including qubits and field, and to efficiently implement and characterize the |
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dynamics in non |
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- source_sentence: If pollination and fertilization occur, a diploid zygote forms |
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within an ovule, located where |
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sentences: |
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- while cosmic rays $ ( e \ gtrsim 1 \, \ mathrm { gev } ) $ are well coupled to |
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a galaxy ' s interstellar medium ( ism ) at scales of $ l > 100 \, \ mathrm { |
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pc } $, adjusting stratification and driving outflows, their impact on small scales |
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is less clear. based on calculations of the cosmic ray diffusion coefficient from |
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observations of the grammage in the milky way, cosmic rays have little time to |
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dynamically impact the ism on those small scales. using numerical simulations, |
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we explore how more complex cosmic ray transport could allow cosmic rays to couple |
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- centripetal force |
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- derived simple analytical expressions for the maximum growth rate, corresponding |
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to the most unstable mode of the system. these expressions provide the explicit |
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dependence of the growth rate on the various equilibrium parameters. for small |
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angles the growth time is linearly proportional to the shear angle, and in this |
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regime the single interface problem and the slab problem tend to the same result. |
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on the contrary, in the limit of large angles and for the interface problem the |
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growth time is essentially independent of the shear angle. in this regime we have |
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also been able to calculate an approximate expression for the growth time for |
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the slab configuration. magnetic shear can have a strong effect on the growth |
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rates |
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- source_sentence: When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star can fuse which element |
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into heavier elements? |
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sentences: |
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- the 50 ~ kton iron calorimeter ( ical ) detector at the underground india based |
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neutrino observatory ( ino ) will make measurements on atmospheric neutrinos. |
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muons produced in charged current ( cc ) interactions of muon neutrinos with the |
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iron are tracked spatially and temporally through the signals that they produce |
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in the resistive plate chambers ~ ( rpcs ) that are interleaved with iron layers. |
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since the rpcs will be operated in the avalanche mode the signal rise - time is |
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$ \ sim ~ 1 ~ \ rm { nsec } $ resulting in a fast time response |
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- magnesium in air |
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- pbhs. after discussing pbh formation as well as several inflation models leading |
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to pbh production, we summarize various existing and future observational constraints. |
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we then present topics on formation of pbh binaries, gravitational waves from |
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pbh binaries, various observational tests of pbhs by using gravitational waves. |
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- source_sentence: How many different main types of diabetes are there? |
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sentences: |
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- skin |
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- two |
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- a connection between relativistic quantum mechanics in the foldy - wouthuysen |
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representation and the paraxial equations is established for a dirac particle |
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in external fields. the paraxial form of the landau eigenfunction for a relativistic |
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electron in a uniform magnetic field is determined. the obtained wave function |
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contains the gouy phase and significantly approaches to the paraxial wave function |
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for a free electron. |
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pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity |
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library_name: sentence-transformers |
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metrics: |
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- cosine_accuracy@1 |
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- cosine_accuracy@3 |
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- cosine_accuracy@5 |
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- cosine_accuracy@10 |
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- cosine_precision@1 |
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- cosine_precision@3 |
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- cosine_precision@5 |
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- cosine_precision@10 |
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- cosine_recall@1 |
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- cosine_recall@3 |
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- cosine_recall@5 |
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- cosine_recall@10 |
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- cosine_ndcg@10 |
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- cosine_mrr@10 |
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- cosine_map@100 |
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model-index: |
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- name: SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 |
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results: |
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- task: |
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type: information-retrieval |
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name: Information Retrieval |
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dataset: |
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name: sciq eval |
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type: sciq-eval |
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metrics: |
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- type: cosine_accuracy@1 |
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value: 0.084 |
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name: Cosine Accuracy@1 |
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- type: cosine_accuracy@3 |
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value: 0.192 |
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name: Cosine Accuracy@3 |
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- type: cosine_accuracy@5 |
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value: 0.26 |
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name: Cosine Accuracy@5 |
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- type: cosine_accuracy@10 |
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value: 0.367 |
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name: Cosine Accuracy@10 |
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- type: cosine_precision@1 |
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value: 0.084 |
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name: Cosine Precision@1 |
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- type: cosine_precision@3 |
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value: 0.064 |
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name: Cosine Precision@3 |
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- type: cosine_precision@5 |
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value: 0.052 |
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name: Cosine Precision@5 |
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- type: cosine_precision@10 |
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value: 0.0367 |
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name: Cosine Precision@10 |
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- type: cosine_recall@1 |
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value: 0.084 |
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name: Cosine Recall@1 |
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- type: cosine_recall@3 |
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value: 0.192 |
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name: Cosine Recall@3 |
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- type: cosine_recall@5 |
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value: 0.26 |
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name: Cosine Recall@5 |
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- type: cosine_recall@10 |
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value: 0.367 |
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name: Cosine Recall@10 |
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- type: cosine_ndcg@10 |
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value: 0.20773622543165599 |
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name: Cosine Ndcg@10 |
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- type: cosine_mrr@10 |
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value: 0.1588857142857143 |
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name: Cosine Mrr@10 |
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- type: cosine_map@100 |
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value: 0.17411230071844377 |
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name: Cosine Map@100 |
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--- |
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# SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 |
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This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more. |
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## Model Details |
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### Model Description |
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- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer |
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- **Base model:** [sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2) <!-- at revision c9745ed1d9f207416be6d2e6f8de32d1f16199bf --> |
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- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 256 tokens |
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- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 dimensions |
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- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity |
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<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown --> |
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<!-- - **Language:** Unknown --> |
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<!-- - **License:** Unknown --> |
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### Model Sources |
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- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net) |
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- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers) |
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- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers) |
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### Full Model Architecture |
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``` |
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SentenceTransformer( |
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(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel |
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(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True}) |
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(2): Normalize() |
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) |
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``` |
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## Usage |
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### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers) |
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First install the Sentence Transformers library: |
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```bash |
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pip install -U sentence-transformers |
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``` |
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Then you can load this model and run inference. |
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```python |
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer |
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# Download from the 🤗 Hub |
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model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id") |
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# Run inference |
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sentences = [ |
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'How many different main types of diabetes are there?', |
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'two', |
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'a connection between relativistic quantum mechanics in the foldy - wouthuysen representation and the paraxial equations is established for a dirac particle in external fields. the paraxial form of the landau eigenfunction for a relativistic electron in a uniform magnetic field is determined. the obtained wave function contains the gouy phase and significantly approaches to the paraxial wave function for a free electron.', |
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] |
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embeddings = model.encode(sentences) |
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print(embeddings.shape) |
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# [3, 384] |
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# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings |
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similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings) |
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print(similarities.shape) |
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# [3, 3] |
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``` |
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<!-- |
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### Direct Usage (Transformers) |
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<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary> |
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</details> |
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--> |
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<!-- |
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### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers) |
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You can finetune this model on your own dataset. |
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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary> |
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</details> |
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--> |
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<!-- |
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### Out-of-Scope Use |
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*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.* |
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--> |
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## Evaluation |
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### Metrics |
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#### Information Retrieval |
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* Dataset: `sciq-eval` |
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* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator) |
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| Metric | Value | |
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|:--------------------|:-----------| |
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| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.084 | |
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| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.192 | |
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| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.26 | |
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| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.367 | |
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| cosine_precision@1 | 0.084 | |
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| cosine_precision@3 | 0.064 | |
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| cosine_precision@5 | 0.052 | |
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| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0367 | |
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| cosine_recall@1 | 0.084 | |
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| cosine_recall@3 | 0.192 | |
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| cosine_recall@5 | 0.26 | |
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| cosine_recall@10 | 0.367 | |
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| **cosine_ndcg@10** | **0.2077** | |
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| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.1589 | |
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| cosine_map@100 | 0.1741 | |
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<!-- |
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## Bias, Risks and Limitations |
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*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.* |
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--> |
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<!-- |
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### Recommendations |
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*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.* |
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--> |
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## Training Details |
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### Training Dataset |
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#### Unnamed Dataset |
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* Size: 46,716 training samples |
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* Columns: <code>sentence_0</code>, <code>sentence_1</code>, and <code>label</code> |
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* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: |
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| | sentence_0 | sentence_1 | label | |
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|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------| |
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| type | string | string | float | |
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| details | <ul><li>min: 7 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.62 tokens</li><li>max: 63 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 92.89 tokens</li><li>max: 133 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.23</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> | |
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* Samples: |
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| sentence_0 | sentence_1 | label | |
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|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------| |
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| <code>Unlike plants, animal species rely almost exclusively on what type of reproduction?</code> | <code>0. 4, \ sim 4, and \ sim 300 \ mum are stronger than 10 ^ 5, 10 ^ 8, and 10 ^ 4 times those of the local interstellar radiation field ( isrf ). below these values, the chemical pumping is the dominant source of excitation of the j > 1 levels, even at high kinetic temperatures ( \ sim 1000 k ). the far - infrared emission lines of ch + observed in the orion bar and the ngc 7027 pdrs are consistent with the predictions of our excitation model assuming an incident far - ultraviolet ( fuv ) radiation field of \ sim 3 \ times 10</code> | <code>0.0</code> | |
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| <code>What type of energy occurs by splitting the nuclei of radioactive uranium?</code> | <code>we study the potential of future electron - ion collider ( eic ) data to probe four - fermion operators in the standard model effective field theory ( smeft ). the ability to perform measurements with both polarized electron and proton beams at the eic provides a powerful tool that can disentangle the effects from different smeft operators. we compare the potential constraints from an eic with those obtained from drell - yan data at the large hadron collider. we show that eic data plays an important complementary role since it probes combinations of wilson coefficients not accessible through available drell - yan measurements.</code> | <code>0.0</code> | |
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| <code>What element, which often forms polymers, has a unique ability to form covalent bonds with many other atoms?</code> | <code>some divergent series $ f $. the convergence sets on $ \ gamma : = \ { [ 1 : z : \ psi ( z ) ] : z \ in \ mathbb { c } \ } \ subset \ mathbb { c } ^ 2 \ subset \ mathbb { p } ^ 2 $, where $ \ psi $ is a transcendental entire holomorphic function, are also studied and we obtain that a subset on $ \ gamma $ is a convergence set in $ \ mathbb { p } ^ 2 $ if and only if it is a countable union of compact projectively convex sets, and</code> | <code>0.0</code> | |
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* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters: |
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```json |
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{ |
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"scale": 20.0, |
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"similarity_fct": "cos_sim" |
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} |
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``` |
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### Training Hyperparameters |
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#### Non-Default Hyperparameters |
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- `eval_strategy`: steps |
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- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32 |
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- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 32 |
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- `num_train_epochs`: 1 |
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- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin |
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#### All Hyperparameters |
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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary> |
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- `overwrite_output_dir`: False |
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- `do_predict`: False |
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- `eval_strategy`: steps |
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- `prediction_loss_only`: True |
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- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32 |
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- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 32 |
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- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None |
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- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None |
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- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1 |
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- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None |
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- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None |
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- `learning_rate`: 5e-05 |
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- `weight_decay`: 0.0 |
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- `adam_beta1`: 0.9 |
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- `adam_beta2`: 0.999 |
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- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08 |
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- `max_grad_norm`: 1 |
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- `num_train_epochs`: 1 |
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- `max_steps`: -1 |
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- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear |
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- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {} |
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- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0 |
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- `warmup_steps`: 0 |
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- `log_level`: passive |
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- `log_level_replica`: warning |
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- `log_on_each_node`: True |
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- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True |
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- `save_safetensors`: True |
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- `save_on_each_node`: False |
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- `save_only_model`: False |
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- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False |
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- `no_cuda`: False |
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- `use_cpu`: False |
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- `use_mps_device`: False |
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- `seed`: 42 |
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- `data_seed`: None |
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- `jit_mode_eval`: False |
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- `use_ipex`: False |
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- `bf16`: False |
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- `fp16`: False |
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- `fp16_opt_level`: O1 |
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- `half_precision_backend`: auto |
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- `bf16_full_eval`: False |
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- `fp16_full_eval`: False |
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- `tf32`: None |
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- `local_rank`: 0 |
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- `ddp_backend`: None |
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- `tpu_num_cores`: None |
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- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False |
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- `debug`: [] |
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- `dataloader_drop_last`: False |
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- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0 |
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- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None |
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- `past_index`: -1 |
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- `disable_tqdm`: False |
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- `remove_unused_columns`: True |
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- `label_names`: None |
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- `load_best_model_at_end`: False |
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- `ignore_data_skip`: False |
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- `fsdp`: [] |
|
|
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0 |
|
|
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False} |
|
|
- `tp_size`: 0 |
|
|
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None |
|
|
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None} |
|
|
- `deepspeed`: None |
|
|
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0 |
|
|
- `optim`: adamw_torch |
|
|
- `optim_args`: None |
|
|
- `adafactor`: False |
|
|
- `group_by_length`: False |
|
|
- `length_column_name`: length |
|
|
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None |
|
|
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None |
|
|
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False |
|
|
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True |
|
|
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False |
|
|
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True |
|
|
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False |
|
|
- `push_to_hub`: False |
|
|
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None |
|
|
- `hub_model_id`: None |
|
|
- `hub_strategy`: every_save |
|
|
- `hub_private_repo`: None |
|
|
- `hub_always_push`: False |
|
|
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False |
|
|
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None |
|
|
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False |
|
|
- `include_for_metrics`: [] |
|
|
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True |
|
|
- `fp16_backend`: auto |
|
|
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None |
|
|
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None |
|
|
- `mp_parameters`: |
|
|
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False |
|
|
- `full_determinism`: False |
|
|
- `torchdynamo`: None |
|
|
- `ray_scope`: last |
|
|
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800 |
|
|
- `torch_compile`: False |
|
|
- `torch_compile_backend`: None |
|
|
- `torch_compile_mode`: None |
|
|
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False |
|
|
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False |
|
|
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None |
|
|
- `optim_target_modules`: None |
|
|
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False |
|
|
- `eval_on_start`: False |
|
|
- `use_liger_kernel`: False |
|
|
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False |
|
|
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False |
|
|
- `prompts`: None |
|
|
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler |
|
|
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin |
|
|
|
|
|
</details> |
|
|
|
|
|
### Training Logs |
|
|
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | sciq-eval_cosine_ndcg@10 | |
|
|
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:------------------------:| |
|
|
| 0.0685 | 100 | - | 0.1200 | |
|
|
| 0.1370 | 200 | - | 0.1562 | |
|
|
| 0.2055 | 300 | - | 0.1780 | |
|
|
| 0.2740 | 400 | - | 0.1811 | |
|
|
| 0.3425 | 500 | 3.1705 | 0.1909 | |
|
|
| 0.4110 | 600 | - | 0.1904 | |
|
|
| 0.4795 | 700 | - | 0.1955 | |
|
|
| 0.5479 | 800 | - | 0.2031 | |
|
|
| 0.6164 | 900 | - | 0.2014 | |
|
|
| 0.6849 | 1000 | 2.9054 | 0.2002 | |
|
|
| 0.7534 | 1100 | - | 0.2058 | |
|
|
| 0.8219 | 1200 | - | 0.2083 | |
|
|
| 0.8904 | 1300 | - | 0.2084 | |
|
|
| 0.9589 | 1400 | - | 0.2076 | |
|
|
| 1.0 | 1460 | - | 0.2077 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Framework Versions |
|
|
- Python: 3.12.8 |
|
|
- Sentence Transformers: 3.4.1 |
|
|
- Transformers: 4.51.3 |
|
|
- PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu124 |
|
|
- Accelerate: 1.3.0 |
|
|
- Datasets: 3.2.0 |
|
|
- Tokenizers: 0.21.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
## Citation |
|
|
|
|
|
### BibTeX |
|
|
|
|
|
#### Sentence Transformers |
|
|
```bibtex |
|
|
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert, |
|
|
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks", |
|
|
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna", |
|
|
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", |
|
|
month = "11", |
|
|
year = "2019", |
|
|
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", |
|
|
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084", |
|
|
} |
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
|
|
#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss |
|
|
```bibtex |
|
|
@misc{henderson2017efficient, |
|
|
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply}, |
|
|
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil}, |
|
|
year={2017}, |
|
|
eprint={1705.00652}, |
|
|
archivePrefix={arXiv}, |
|
|
primaryClass={cs.CL} |
|
|
} |
|
|
``` |
|
|
|
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