| --- |
| license: apache-2.0 |
| language: |
| - ott |
| - tr |
| - ar |
| pipeline_tag: image-to-text |
| tags: |
| - ocr |
| - ottoman |
| - qwen |
| - vllm |
| - vision-language |
| metrics: |
| - accuracy |
| - cer |
| --- |
| |
| # Azra 1-Mini (0.8B) — Ottoman Turkish OCR Model |
|
|
| <p align="center"> |
| <img src="banner.png" alt="Azra 1-Mini Banner" width="45%"> |
| </p> |
|
|
|
|
| **Azra 1-Mini 0.8b** is a lightweight, high-performance Vision-Language OCR model specialized in Ottoman Turkish text transcription across both **Nesih** (printed/calligraphic) and **Rika/Riqa** (handwritten) scripts. |
|
|
| Despite having only **0.8 billion parameters**, Azra 1-Mini achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on Ottoman Turkish OCR tasks, outperforming significantly larger proprietary models. |
|
|
| > ⚠️ **Important Note on Input Resolution & Segmentation:** |
| > This model has been fine-tuned and optimized specifically for **line-level text images (satır bazlı görüntüler)**. It may not achieve optimal accuracy directly on full-page images without prior text line cropping/segmentation. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 📊 Benchmark Results & Performance Comparison |
|
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| The model was evaluated against leading proprietary Vision-Language models on standard Ottoman Turkish test sets using character accuracy (`100% - CER`). |
|
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| ### 1. Nesih Script Test Set (Printed / Calligraphic) |
|
|
| | Model | Success Rate (%) | Rank | |
| | :--- | :---: | :---: | |
| | **Gemini 3.1 Pro** | **82.82%** | 👑 1st | |
| | **Azra 1-Mini 0.8b** | **80.23%** | 🥈 2nd | |
| | **Qwen 3.8 Max** | 74.26% | 🥉 3rd | |
|
|
| ### 2. Rika Script Test Set (Handwritten) |
|
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| | Model | Success Rate (%) | Rank | |
| | :--- | :---: | :---: | |
| | **Azra 1-Mini 0.8b** | **67.08%** | 👑 **1st (Winner)** | |
| | **Gemini 3.1 Pro** | 58.46% | 🥈 2nd | |
| | **Qwen 3.8 Max** | 54.99% | 🥉 3rd | |
|
|
| > 🌟 **Key Highlight:** Azra 1-Mini 0.8b achieves **1st place on the handwritten Rika dataset (67.08%)**, significantly outperforming both Gemini 3.1 Pro and Qwen 3.8 Max while running efficiently at sub-billion parameter scale. |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 📷 Qualitative Results & Sample Transcriptions |
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|
| Below are top qualitative predictions generated by **Azra 1-Mini 0.8b** from the evaluation test sets: |
|
|
| ### 1. Nesih Script Samples (Printed / Calligraphic) |
|
|
| | Image | Ground Truth (GT) | Model Prediction (Azra 1-Mini) | CER | |
| | :---: | :--- | :--- | :---: | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/nesih_3263_759633_eSc_line_f5695a2d.png" height="35"> | `امّا اری وابدار ونازک اولور هر اعجک زمان غرسی` | `امّا اری وابدار ونازک اولور هر اعجک زمان غرسی` | **0.00%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/nesih_3263_759704_eSc_line_211ddfad.png" height="35"> | `هلاک ایدر ازایسه علاج ایله خلاص اولور` | `هلاک ایدر ازایسه علاج ایله خلاص اولور` | **0.00%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/nesih_3263_759800_eSc_line_83cb8596.png" height="35"> | `یافوجی ایچنه دوشرلر اوّل التنه وافرد وکلمش خردل` | `یافوجی ایچنه دوشرلر اوّل التنه وافرد وکلمش خردل` | **0.00%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/nesih_3263_759772_eSc_line_21130720.png" height="35"> | `اغزی محکم باغلنوب اول بوداق اکلوب یره کوملسه وقت` | `اغزی محکمه باغلنوب اول بوداق اکلوب یره کوملسه وقت` | **2.08%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/nesih_3263_759629_eSc_line_e9d59dc1.png" height="35"> | `دکمک زماندر دیمش یعنی آیک نقصانی زمانی که اوّل` | `دکک زماندر دیمش یعنی آیک نقصانی زمانی که اوّل` | **2.17%** | |
|
|
| ### 2. Rika Script Samples (Handwritten) |
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|
| | Image | Ground Truth (GT) | Model Prediction (Azra 1-Mini) | CER | |
| | :---: | :--- | :--- | :---: | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/riqa_dfc88259-fa14-4ae1-b772-f5ea65db8b6c-001.png" height="35"> | `دیمک طلب و دیانت بزدن، دین، شریعت، هدایت اللهدندر و بو هدایت ایکی` | `دیک طلب و دیانت بزدن، دین، شریعت، هدایت اللهدندر۔ و بوهدایت ایکی` | **4.62%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/riqa_dfc88259-fa14-4ae1-b772-f5ea65db8b6c-015.png" height="35"> | `ایتمک دون بنی تنویر ایدن کونشک یارین تنویر ایدهمیهجکنی ادعا ایتمک کبی قانون استقرایی انکاردر۔` | `ایتمک دوند بنی تنویر ایدن کونشک یارین تنویر ایدرمهجیکنی ادعا ایتمک کبی قانون استقرالی انکاردر۔` | **5.38%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/riqa_c25bfa03-dbf2-41e2-8164-d639b87fbede-015.png" height="35"> | `ایمانده نه قدر بیوک بر سعادت و نعمت؛ و نه قدر بیوک بر لذت و راحت بولوندیغنی اڭلامق` | `ایمانده نه قدر یوک بر سعادت ونعمت و نه قدر یوک بر لذت و راحت بولوندیغی اشلامم` | **8.54%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/riqa_e2da2c9f-5dc9-4ffa-8241-d13cffc1caef-020.png" height="35"> | `”الله تعالی ابراهیم علیه السلامه وحی ایدوب دیدی که: اسماعیل حقندهکی دعاکی قبول ایتدم و اونی` | `"الله تعالی ابراهیم علمه السلام دحی ایدوب دیدی کی: اسماعیل حقندهکی دعاک قبول ایتدم واولی` | **8.79%** | |
| | <img src="assets/samples/riqa_81f5dd07-3ee3-4b26-a02a-a589e289f11c-003.png" height="35"> | `بوراده مطلوب اولمامق لازم کلیر، فی الواقع "الصراط المستقیم" نظم جلیلی بزه علی الاطلاق` | `بوراده مطلوب اولاسون لازم کلیر۔ فی الواقع "الصراط المستقیم" نظام جلیلی بزه علی الاطام` | **9.41%** | |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 🚀 Usage Guide (`transformers`) |
|
|
| Below is the standard, native PyTorch & Hugging Face `transformers` implementation using `AutoProcessor` and `Qwen3_5ForConditionalGeneration`: |
|
|
| ```python |
| import os |
| import torch |
| from PIL import Image |
| from transformers import AutoProcessor, Qwen3_5ForConditionalGeneration |
| from qwen_vl_utils import process_vision_info |
| |
| # Device & dtype settings |
| device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu" |
| dtype = torch.float16 if device == "cuda" else torch.float32 |
| |
| model_id = "OttomanNLP/Azra-1-Mini-0.8b" |
| |
| print("[INFO] Loading model and processor...") |
| processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id, trust_remote_code=True) |
| model = Qwen3_5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained( |
| model_id, |
| torch_dtype=dtype, |
| device_map="auto" if device == "cuda" else None, |
| trust_remote_code=True |
| ) |
| model.eval() |
| print("[INFO] Model loaded successfully!") |
| |
| def extract_text(image_path: str, prompt: str = "Görseldeki Osmanlıca metni transkribe et:") -> str: |
| """Extract Ottoman text from a line image""" |
| if not os.path.exists(image_path): |
| return f"File not found: {image_path}" |
| |
| image = Image.open(image_path).convert("RGB") |
| |
| # Adjust dimensions to multiples of 64 |
| w, h = image.size |
| new_w = ((w + 63) // 64) * 64 |
| new_h = ((h + 63) // 64) * 64 |
| if (new_w, new_h) != (w, h): |
| image = image.resize((new_w, new_h), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS) |
| |
| messages = [{ |
| "role": "user", |
| "content": [ |
| {"type": "image", "image": image}, |
| {"type": "text", "text": prompt} |
| ] |
| }] |
| |
| text_input = processor.apply_chat_template( |
| messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True |
| ) |
| image_inputs, _ = process_vision_info(messages) |
| |
| inputs = processor( |
| text=[text_input], |
| images=image_inputs, |
| padding=True, |
| return_tensors="pt" |
| ).to(device) |
| |
| with torch.inference_mode(): |
| generated_ids = model.generate( |
| **inputs, |
| max_new_tokens=512, |
| do_sample=False, |
| repetition_penalty=1.2, |
| no_repeat_ngram_size=3, |
| pad_token_id=processor.tokenizer.pad_token_id, |
| eos_token_id=processor.tokenizer.eos_token_id, |
| ) |
| |
| input_len = inputs.input_ids.shape[1] |
| output_text = processor.batch_decode( |
| generated_ids[:, input_len:], |
| skip_special_tokens=True, |
| clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False |
| )[0] |
| |
| return output_text.strip() |
| |
| if __name__ == "__main__": |
| image_path = "sample_line.png" # Path to line-level image |
| text = extract_text(image_path) |
| print("📝 Transcribed Text:\n", text) |
| ``` |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 🏷️ Model Details |
|
|
| - **Developed by:** OttomanNLP |
| - **Authors:** Gökhan Usta, Oğuz Alpoğlu, Fatih Günaydın |
| - **Model Type:** Vision-Language Model (VLM) for OCR |
| - **Language(s):** Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlıca) |
| - **Base Architecture:** Qwen3.5-Vision |
| - **Parameters:** ~0.8B |
| - **License:** Apache-2.0 |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 📚 Citation |
|
|
| If you use this model or dataset in your research, please cite our paper: |
|
|
| ```bibtex |
| @article{usta2026cross, |
| title={Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning and Autonomous Data Bootstrapping for VLM-Based Ottoman Turkish Handwritten Text Recognition}, |
| author={Usta, G{\"o}khan and Alpo{\u{g}}lu, O{\u{g}}uz and G{\"u}nayd{\i}n, Fatih}, |
| journal={Research Square (Preprint)}, |
| year={2026}, |
| doi={10.21203/rs.3.rs-10418926/v1}, |
| note={Under Review at International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)} |
| } |
| ``` |
|
|
| **APA:** |
| > Usta, G., Alpoğlu, O., & Günaydın, F. (2026). *Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning and Autonomous Data Bootstrapping for VLM-Based Ottoman Turkish Handwritten Text Recognition*. Research Square Preprint. DOI: [10.21203/rs.3.rs-10418926/v1](https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10418926/v1) |
|
|
| --- |
|
|
| ## 📄 License & Attribution |
|
|
| This model is released under the **Apache 2.0 License**. Free for commercial and research use. |
|
|