Ancient Civilizations & Global History
🏺 Mesopotamia (The Fertile Crescent)
- Sumer: Invention of Cuneiform writing and the first city-states (Ur, Uruk).
- Babylon: Advanced mathematics, astronomy, and architectural feats like the Hanging Gardens.
🏺 Ancient Egypt
- Old Kingdom: Construction of the Pyramids of Giza.
- Religion: Polytheism centered on the Pharaoh as a divine intermediary; belief in the afterlife (Osiris).
🏺 Indus Valley Civilization
- Urban Planning: Sophisticated drainage systems, standardized brick sizes, and trade with Mesopotamia.
🏺 Ancient China
- Dynastic Cycles: The Mandate of Heaven and the development of the Great Wall.
- Inventions: Gunpowder, paper, and the compass.
🏺 Pre-Columbian Americas
- Maya: Advanced calendar systems and monumental architecture.
- Inca: Massive infrastructure (The Royal Road) and administrative efficiency (Quipu).