README.md

---
language:
- rna
library_name: transformers
tags:
- RNA
- language-model
- splicing
license: mit
---

# SpliceBERT-human-510nt

SpliceBERT is a BERT-based RNA language model pre-trained on primary RNA sequences
using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective. This human-specific 510nt variant
is trained exclusively on fixed-length 510 nt fragments from human mRNA sequences.

**WARNING:** This model requires exactly 510 nt of input (excluding [CLS] and [SEP]).
Sequences shorter or longer than 510 nt may produce incorrect outputs without fine-tuning.
For general-purpose RNA embedding, use [SpliceBERT-1024nt](https://huggingface.co/Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-1024nt) instead.

## Architecture

| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Layers | 6 |
| Attention heads | 16 |
| Embedding dimension | 512 |
| Intermediate dimension | 2048 |
| Vocabulary size | 10 |
| Positional encoding | Learned absolute |
| Architecture | BERT encoder |
| Max sequence length | 510 (fixed-length training) |
| Parameters | ~44M |

Vocabulary: `[PAD]`=0, `[UNK]`=1, `[CLS]`=2, `[SEP]`=3, `[MASK]`=4, `N`=5, `A`=6, `C`=7, `G`=8, `T/U`=9

## Pretraining

- **Objective:** Masked language modeling (MLM)
- **Data:** Human primary RNA sequences
- **Sequence format:** Single-nucleotide tokenization with spaces; U converted to T; fixed 510 nt fragments
- **Source checkpoint:** `SpliceBERT-human.510nt/pytorch_model.bin` (from [zenodo:7995778](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7995778))

### Checkpoint selection

This human-only variant may outperform the multi-species 510nt model on human-specific
splicing tasks. For cross-species generalization or variable-length sequences, use
[SpliceBERT-1024nt](https://huggingface.co/Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-1024nt).

## Parity Verification

Hidden-state representations verified (max abs diff < 1e-5) against the original
checkpoint at all 7 representation levels (embedding + 6 transformer layers),
for both `eager` and `sdpa` attention backends.
Verified on GPU with PyTorch 2.7 / CUDA 11.8.

## Related Models

See the full [SpliceBERT collection](https://huggingface.co/collections/Taykhoom/splicebert-6a20b72e9bec05b79ce009aa).

| Model | Context | Training data | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| [SpliceBERT-1024nt](https://huggingface.co/Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-1024nt) | 1024 nt | 72 vertebrates | Variable-length; general purpose |
| [SpliceBERT-510nt](https://huggingface.co/Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-510nt) | 510 nt (fixed) | 72 vertebrates | Multi-species 510 nt |
| **[SpliceBERT-human-510nt](https://huggingface.co/Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-human-510nt)** | 510 nt (fixed) | Human only | This model |

## Usage

```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-human-510nt", trust_remote_code=True)
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("Taykhoom/SpliceBERT-human-510nt", trust_remote_code=True)
model.eval()

# Sequence must be exactly 510 nt; tokenizer handles U->T automatically
seq = ("ATCGATCG" * 64)[:510]  # exactly 510 nt
enc = tokenizer(seq, return_tensors="pt")

with torch.no_grad():
    out = model(**enc, output_hidden_states=True)

hidden = out.last_hidden_state[0]  # (512, 512)
token_emb = hidden[1:-1]           # strip [CLS] and [SEP] -> (510, 512)
mean_emb = token_emb.mean(dim=0)   # (512,)
```

### Fine-tuning

Standard HF conventions. For splice site prediction, token-level classification
using all 510 token positions (excluding special tokens) is the typical setup.

## Implementation Notes

The original checkpoint was saved as `BertForMaskedLM` with `transformers==4.18.0`.
This port uses [BERT-updated](https://huggingface.co/Taykhoom/BERT-updated), which
adds `attn_implementation="sdpa"` and `attn_implementation="flash_attention_2"` support
not present in the original codebase.

## Citation

```bibtex
@article{chen2024_splicebert,
  title   = {Self-supervised learning on millions of primary {RNA} sequences from 72 vertebrates improves sequence-based {RNA} splicing prediction},
  author  = {Chen, Ken and Zhou, Yue and Ding, Maolin and Wang, Yu and Ren, Zhixiang and Yang, Yuedong},
  journal = {Briefings in Bioinformatics},
  volume  = {25},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {bbae163},
  year    = {2024},
  doi     = {10.1093/bib/bbae163}
}
```

## Credits

Original model and code by Chen et al. Source: [GitHub](https://github.com/biomed-AI/SpliceBERT).
The HF conversion code was authored primarily by [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code)
and reviewed manually by Taykhoom Dalal.

## License

MIT, following the original repository.