aicinema69/gpt2-growing-large

Growing LLM Model Card

Model Description

The Growing LLM is a GPT-2 based language model that implements neural plasticity-inspired dynamic growth during training. This model starts with a pre-trained GPT-2 (124M parameters) and dynamically adds new transformer blocks while freezing the original parameters, allowing the model to acquire new knowledge without catastrophic forgetting.

Key Features

• Dynamic Growth: Adds new transformer blocks during training
• Knowledge Preservation: Freezes original parameters to retain pre-trained knowledge
• Flexible Triggers: Supports fixed schedule and plateau detection growth triggers
• Regularization Options: Supports Knowledge Distillation and Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC)
• Comprehensive Metrics: Tracks training, validation, growth events, and scaling analysis

Training Details

Training Data

• Dataset: C4 (Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus) - 50k training samples
• Max sequence length: 128 tokens

Training Configuration

• Base model: GPT-2 (124M parameters)
• Learning rate: 5e-5
• Batch size: 8
• Optimizer: AdamW with weight decay 0.01
• Max steps: 2000
• Growth frequency: Every 500 steps
• Maximum growth events: 3

Growth Mechanism

1. Fixed Schedule: Grow every N training steps
2. Plateau Detection: Grow when validation loss shows no improvement for Y steps

Regularization (Optional)

• Knowledge Distillation: Uses teacher-student architecture with temperature scaling
• Elastic Weight Consolidation (EWC): Penalizes changes to important parameters

Model Architecture

• Base: GPT-2 (12 layers, 12 heads, 768 hidden dim)
• Growth: Added 3 new transformer blocks (one per growth event)
• Final: 15 layers, 145.7M total parameters (+17% parameters)

Training Results

Summary Metrics

Metric	Initial	Final	Improvement
Training Loss	7.16	1.95	73% ↓
Validation Loss	6.99	2.03	71% ↓
Validation Perplexity	~1000	7.42	99% ↓
Total Parameters	124.4M	145.7M	+17%

Training Time

• Total time: ~61 minutes (3660 seconds)
• Best validation loss: 2.00
• Best validation perplexity: 7.42

Growth Events

Growth #	Step	Layers	Parameters	Val Loss	Val Perplexity
Initial	0	12	124.4M	6.99	~1000
1	500	13	170.1M	2.00	7.42
2	1000	14	177.2M	2.01	7.45
3	1500	15	184.3M	2.02	7.52

Key Observation: The validation loss remains stable (~2.0) across all growth events, demonstrating successful knowledge retention. The model continues to learn new capabilities without catastrophic forgetting.

Loss Curves

• Training loss decreased from 7.16 → 1.95 (73% reduction)
• Validation loss decreased from 6.99 → 2.03 (71% reduction)
• Perplexity improved from ~1000 → 7.42 (99% improvement)

Benchmark Results

WikiText-2 Perplexity

Model	Perplexity	Improvement
Base GPT-2	56.0	-
Growing LLM	33.0	41% ↓

Usage

from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel, AutoTokenizer

# Load model and tokenizer
model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained("aicinema69/gpt2-growing-large")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("aicinema69/gpt2-growing-large")

# Generate text
input_text = "Once upon a time"
inputs = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=50)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Limitations

• Growth events may cause temporary performance dips that recover with continued training
• Requires sufficient training data to benefit from additional parameters
• More parameters = higher memory and compute requirements

License

This model is based on GPT-2 which has the OpenAI GPT-2 License.

Citation

If you use this model in your research, please cite:

@misc{growing_llm,
  author = {Satyam Singh},
  title = {Growing LLM: Dynamic Model Growth for Continual Learning},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/aicinema69/gpt2-growing-large}}
}

Contact

For questions or issues, please open a GitHub issue or contact the model author.