README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
---

# Chronos-2
**Chronos-2** is a 120M-parameter, encoder-only time series foundation model for zero-shot forecasting.
It supports **univariate**, **multivariate**, and **covariate-informed** tasks within a single architecture.
Inspired by the T5 encoder, Chronos-2 produces multi-step-ahead quantile forecasts and uses a group attention mechanism for efficient in-context learning across related series and covariates.
Trained on large-scale synthetic datasets, it achieves **state-of-the-art zero-shot accuracy** among public models on [**fev-bench**](https://huggingface.co/spaces/autogluon/fev-leaderboard), [**GIFT-Eval**](https://huggingface.co/spaces/Salesforce/GIFT-Eval), and [**Chronos Benchmark II**](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815).
Chronos-2 is also **highly efficient**, delivering over 300 time series forecasts per second on a single A10G GPU and supporting both **GPU and CPU inference**.

## Links
- 📄 [Technical report](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15821v1)
- 💻 [GitHub](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting)
- 🚀 [Deploy Chronos-2 on Amazon SageMaker](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting/blob/main/notebooks/deploy-chronos-to-amazon-sagemaker.ipynb)
- 📘 [Example notebook](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting/blob/main/notebooks/chronos-2-quickstart.ipynb)
- 📰 [Amazon Science Blog](https://www.amazon.science/blog/introducing-chronos-2-from-univariate-to-universal-forecasting)


## Overview

| Capability | Chronos-2 | Chronos-Bolt | Chronos |
|------------|-----------|--------------|----------|
| Univariate Forecasting | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| Cross-learning across items | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| Multivariate Forecasting | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| Past-only (real/categorical) covariates | ✅ | ❌ | ❌ |
| Known future (real/categorical) covariates | ✅ | 🧩 | ❌ |
| Max. Context Length | 8192 | 2048 | 512 |
| Max. Prediction Length | 1024 | 64 | 64 |

🧩 Chronos-Bolt does not natively support future covariates, but they can be combined with external covariate regressors (see [AutoGluon tutorial](https://auto.gluon.ai/stable/tutorials/timeseries/forecasting-chronos.html#incorporating-the-covariates)). This only models per-timestep effects, not effects across time. In contrast, Chronos-2 supports all covariate types natively.


## Usage

### Local usage

Install the inference package
```
pip install "chronos-forecasting>=2.0"
```

Make zero-shot predictions using the `pandas` API

```python
import pandas as pd  # requires: pip install 'pandas[pyarrow]'
from chronos import Chronos2Pipeline

pipeline = Chronos2Pipeline.from_pretrained("amazon/chronos-2", device_map="cuda")

# Load historical target values and past values of covariates
context_df = pd.read_parquet("https://autogluon.s3.amazonaws.com/datasets/timeseries/electricity_price/train.parquet")

# (Optional) Load future values of covariates
test_df = pd.read_parquet("https://autogluon.s3.amazonaws.com/datasets/timeseries/electricity_price/test.parquet")
future_df = test_df.drop(columns="target")

# Generate predictions with covariates
pred_df = pipeline.predict_df(
    context_df,
    future_df=future_df,
    prediction_length=24,  # Number of steps to forecast
    quantile_levels=[0.1, 0.5, 0.9],  # Quantiles for probabilistic forecast
    id_column="id",  # Column identifying different time series
    timestamp_column="timestamp",  # Column with datetime information
    target="target",  # Column(s) with time series values to predict
)
```

### Deploying a Chronos-2 endpoint to SageMaker

First, update the SageMaker SDK to make sure that all the latest models are available.

```
pip install -U sagemaker
```

Deploy an inference endpoint to SageMaker.

```python
from sagemaker.jumpstart.model import JumpStartModel

model = JumpStartModel(
    model_id="pytorch-forecasting-chronos-2",
    instance_type="ml.g5.2xlarge",
)
predictor = model.deploy()
```

Now you can send time series data to the endpoint in JSON format.

```python
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AileenNielsen/TimeSeriesAnalysisWithPython/master/data/AirPassengers.csv")

payload = {
    "inputs": [
        {"target": df["#Passengers"].tolist()}
    ],
    "parameters": {
        "prediction_length": 12,
    }
}
forecast = predictor.predict(payload)["predictions"]
```

For more details about the endpoint API, check out the [example notebook](https://github.com/amazon-science/chronos-forecasting/blob/main/notebooks/deploy-chronos-to-amazon-sagemaker.ipynb)

## Citation

If you find Chronos-2 useful for your research, please consider citing the associated paper:

```
@article{ansari2025chronos2,
  title        = {Chronos-2: From Univariate to Universal Forecasting},
  author       = {Abdul Fatir Ansari and Oleksandr Shchur and Jaris Küken and Andreas Auer and Boran Han and Pedro Mercado and Syama Sundar Rangapuram and Huibin Shen and Lorenzo Stella and Xiyuan Zhang and Mononito Goswami and Shubham Kapoor and Danielle C. Maddix and Pablo Guerron and Tony Hu and Junming Yin and Nick Erickson and Prateek Mutalik Desai and Hao Wang and Huzefa Rangwala and George Karypis and Yuyang Wang and Michael Bohlke-Schneider},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.15821}
}
```