Data/PDF Data Extraction_Data_Team/Data Preprocessing/All Extracted Data/tuberculosis_31-07-23_v1.json

{
    "disease": "Tuberculosis",
    "background": {
      "diseaseInfo": "Clinically, the pulmonary form of the disease is more common than the extra-pulmonary form. The cardinal symptoms of pulmonary TB are chronic cough, weight loss, fever, loss of appetite and night sweats. Incubation period is approximately 1 to 3 months.",
      "transmissionRoutes": "Infection of the lungs and other organs usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted person-to-person by droplet infection through coughing, sneezing or spitting.",
      "priorityReason": "Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of infectious illness and death worldwide with over 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths per year. In African countries, approximately 1.6 million of the new cases and over 600 000 cases occur each year. It is also estimated that between 30 and 50% of all new TB cases detected are infected with HIV and 40% of all AIDS deaths are due to TB. The global HIV pandemic has been a major cause of increasing TB cases, especially in African countries.",
      "riskFactors": "Those who are at highest risk of dying from TB include people with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition and other immuno-compromising conditions, the very young, and the very old.",
      "additionalInfo": "WHO recommends the Directly Observed Therapy, Short-course (DOTS) strategy to maximize compliance and treatment efficacy and to reduce development of drug-resistant strains. The DOTS strategy has been implemented by at least 40 of 46 Member States in the African Region. Varying degrees of success have been achieved in controlling TB where resources and motivation for diagnosis, treatment, and patient follow up are adequate. Clinically, bacterial pneumonia, malaria, trypanosomiasis, HIV/AIDS and a variety of other bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections may cause similar syndromes of fever, cough, fatigue, and weight loss, or may themselves precipitate active TB in an already infected individual. Abdominal or other extra-pulmonary sites of infection may occur after ingestion of un-pasteurized cow's milk (M. bovis). MDR =Resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin; X-DR= Resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin (MDR); plus additional resistance to a fluoroquinolone and a second-line injectable agent"
    },
    "surveillanceGoal": "Early detection of persons with infectious lung disease to improve chances of clinical improvement and reduce transmission of TB. Improve percentage of TB cases confirmed by microscopy",
    "standardCaseDefinition": {
      "suspectedCase": "Any person with a cough of 3 weeks or more.",
      "probableCase": "",
      "confirmedCase": "Smear-positive pulmonary TB: a) a suspected patient with at least 2 sputum specimens positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), or b) one sputum specimen positive for AFB by microscopy and radiographic abnormalities consistent with active PTB as determined by the treating medical officer, or c) one positive sputum smear by microscopy and one sputum specimen positive on culture for AFB. Smear negative PTB: a patient who fulfils all the following criteria: a) two sets taken at least 2 weeks apart of at least two sputum specimens negative for AFB on microscopy, radiographic abnormalities consistent with PTB and a lack of clinical response despite one week of a broad spectrum antibiotic, a decision by a physician to treat with a full course of anti-TB chemotherapy, or b) a patient who fulfils all the following criteria: severely ill, at least two sputum specimens negative for AFB by microscopy, radiographic abnormalities consistent with extensive pulmonary TB (interstitial and miliary), a decision by a physician to treat with a full course of anti-TB chemotherapy, or c) a patient whose initial sputum smears were negative, who had sputum sent for culture initially, and whose subsequent sputum culture result is positive."
    },
    "respondToAlertThreshold": "If you observe that the number of cases or deaths is increasing over a period of time: Report problem to the next level, or according to national guidelines. Treat individual cases with direct observation (DOTS) including a treatment supporter. Where feasible, isolate persons using respiratory infection control practices, especially if multi-drug resistant TB is suspected. Investigate cause of increase, including performance of DOTS program in your area.",
    "respondToActionThreshold": "If the number of cases or deaths increases to two times the number usually seen in a similar period in the past: Assess health worker performance with detection and treatment of smear-positive PTB and improve practices as needed. Assess DOTS program and take action to make identified improvements. Conduct drug susceptibility tests to establish patterns of resistance.",
    "analyzeAndInterpretData": {
      "person": "Count monthly cases and deaths. Analyze age and sex distribution quarterly",
      "time": "Graph cases and deaths monthly.",
      "place": "Plot distribution of case households and workplaces"
    },
    "laboratoryConfirmation": {
      "diagnosticTest": "Microscopy: Presence of acid fast bacillus (AFB) in Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) stained smears, Culture and identification, Drug susceptibility test : Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance occurs when a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate is resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents as evidenced by internationally recommended methods for susceptibility tests)",
      "specimen": "Deep-chest sputum, Aspirates",
      "whenToCollect": "Collect sputum (not saliva) for direct smear microscopy and examine at least two stained specimens taken on different days.",
      "howToPrepareStoreTransport": "Smear should be examined at health facility where the specimen is taken. TB cultures should be packaged in leak proof containers, wrapped in cotton wool. Transport in waterproof container to reference lab.",
      "results": "TB microscopy is read daily. Quantification of observed mycobacterium are reported using various reporting methods. Refer to the criteria used by the examining laboratory. Culture : after 6 - 8 weeks. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance :The national reference laboratory should be linked to an Supranational reference laboratory by strain exchange to ensure quality control"
    },
    "reference": "Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programs. WHO/TB/97.230; Policy Statement of Prevention Therapy Against TB in People Living with HIV; WHO/TB/98.255; Laboratory Services in Tuberculosis Control, Parts I, II and III. WHO publications WHO/TB/98.258; Guidelines to surveillance of drug resistance in tuberculosis 4th ed. WHO/HTM/TB/2009.422"
}



---


[
  {
      "prompt": "What is Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "Clinically, the pulmonary form of the disease is more common than the extra-pulmonary form. The cardinal symptoms of pulmonary TB are chronic cough, weight loss, fever, loss of appetite and night sweats. Incubation period is approximately 1 to 3 months. Infection of the lungs and other organs is usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted person-to-person by droplet infection through coughing, sneezing or spitting."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "Why is Tuberculosis considered a priority?",
      "completion": "Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of infectious illness and death worldwide with over 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths per year. In African countries, approximately 1.6 million of the new cases and over 600 000 cases occur each year. It is also estimated that between 30 and 50% of all new TB cases detected are infected with HIV and 40% of all AIDS deaths are due to TB. The global HIV pandemic has been a major cause of increasing TB cases, especially in African countries."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "Who is at the highest risk of Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "Those who are at the highest risk of dying from TB include people with HIV/AIDS, malnutrition and other immuno-compromising conditions, the very young, and the very old."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "What are the surveillance goals for Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "Early detection of persons with infectious lung disease to improve chances of clinical improvement and reduce transmission of TB. Improve the percentage of TB cases confirmed by microscopy."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "What is the standard case definition for a suspected new case of Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "Any person with a cough of 3 weeks or more."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "What is the standard case definition for a confirmed case of Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "Smear-positive pulmonary TB: a) a suspected patient with at least 2 sputum specimens positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), or b) one sputum specimen positive for AFB by microscopy and radiographic abnormalities consistent with active PTB as determined by the treating medical officer, or c) one positive sputum smear by microscopy and one sputum specimen positive on culture for AFB. Smear negative PTB: a patient who fulfills certain criteria."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "When should an alert be raised for Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "If you observe that the number of cases or deaths is increasing over a period of time: Report the problem to the next level, or according to national guidelines. Treat individual cases with direct observation (DOTS) including a treatment supporter. Investigate the cause of the increase."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "What actions should be taken if there's an unusual increase in Tuberculosis cases?",
      "completion": "If the number of cases or deaths increases to two times the number usually seen in a similar period in the past: Assess health worker performance with detection and treatment of smear-positive PTB and improve practices as needed. Conduct drug susceptibility tests to establish patterns of resistance."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "How should data about a person with Tuberculosis be analyzed and interpreted?",
      "completion": "Count monthly cases and deaths. Analyze age and sex distribution quarterly."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "How should data about time in the context of Tuberculosis be analyzed and interpreted?",
      "completion": "Graph cases and deaths monthly."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "How should data about place in the context of Tuberculosis be analyzed and interpreted?",
      "completion": "Plot distribution of case households and workplaces."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "How is Tuberculosis diagnosed in the laboratory?",
      "completion": "Microscopy: Presence of acid fast bacillus (AFB) in Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) stained smears, Culture and identification, Drug susceptibility test. Specimen required is Deep-chest sputum or Aspirates. Collect sputum (not saliva) for direct smear microscopy and examine at least two stained specimens taken on different days. Results interpretation varies with the method."
  },
  {
      "prompt": "What are the references for Tuberculosis?",
      "completion": "1. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programs. WHO/TB/97.230.\n2. Policy Statement of Prevention Therapy Against TB in People Living with HIV; WHO/TB/98.255.\n... [and so on, listing all the references provided in the original data]"
  }
]