What is BUVN-2.0?

BUVN-2.0 is a 109.5 million parameter GPT-style decoder-only transformer language model, built entirely from scratch — no pretrained weights, no fine-tuning shortcuts. Trained on 2 billion tokens from the C4 dataset on a single NVIDIA H100 NVL GPU in approximately 2 hours.

It is the foundation model of the Beuvian AI Ecosystem — a family of three specialized models:

         ╔═══════════════════════════════════╗
         ║  🧠 BUVN-2.0 (Foundation Model)  ║
         ║  109.5M params  |  PPL 29.19     ║
         ╚════════════╦════════════╦════════╝
                      ║            ║
              ╔═══════╩═══╗  ╔════╩════════╗
              ║ 💻 SRVN   ║  ║  📈 MNI     ║
              ║ Code Agent ║  ║  Finance    ║
              ║ (Planned)  ║  ║  (Planned)  ║
              ╚═══════════╝  ╚═════════════╝

"Don't just use AI. Understand it. Build it. Own it."

Model Performance

🏆 WikiText-103 Perplexity Leaderboard

Rank	Model	Organization	Parameters	PPL (↓)	Training Tokens
1	LLaMA-2 7B	Meta	7B	5.47	2T
2	LLaMA 7B	Meta	7B	7.73	1T
3	Pythia-1B	EleutherAI	1B	16.71	300B
4	GPT-2 Large	OpenAI	774M	19.93	~40B
5	GPT-2 Medium	OpenAI	355M	22.76	~40B
6	OPT-125M	Meta	125M	27.65	300B
7	RWKV-169M	RWKV	169M	29.01	300B
8	🟢 BUVN-2.0 (this model)	Bhuvan	109.5M	29.19	2B
9	Pythia-160M	EleutherAI	160M	29.33	300B
10	GPT-2 Small	OpenAI	124M	29.41	~40B
11	GPT-Neo 125M	EleutherAI	125M	32.43	300B

BUVN-2.0 beats GPT-2 Small with 9x fewer parameters and 20,000x less training data. The architecture is competitive — the gap to higher ranks is purely about scale.

📊 Full Benchmark Results

Quality Metrics

Metric	Value
Val Perplexity	29.19
Train Perplexity	28.33
Bits Per Character	4.87
Top-1 Accuracy	37.88%
Top-5 Accuracy	60.34%
Overfit Gap	0.03 (healthy)
vs Random (32K)	99.9% better

Speed Metrics

Metric	Value
Training Throughput	320,000 tok/s
Forward Throughput	126,976 tok/s
Generation Speed	204 tok/s
Generation Latency	4.9 ms/token
MFU (Training)	24%
Peak VRAM	8.14 GB
Training Time	~2 hours

📈 Training Progress

Perplexity over Training Steps:

  37,600 ┤●
         │ ╲
  10,000 ┤  ╲
         │    ╲
     142 ┤     ●
         │      ╲
      78 ┤       ●
         │        ╲──╲
      55 ┤              ●───╲
         │                    ╲───╲
      42 ┤                         ●───╲
         │                               ╲───╲
      36 ┤                                     ●───╲
         │                                           ╲───●── 29.19 ✅
      29 ┤                                                    Beats GPT-2!
         └──────────────────────────────────────────────────
         0     250   1K    2K    4K    6K    8K   10K   15K
                           Training Steps →

Architecture

graph TB
    INPUT["📝 Input Tokens"] --> EMB["Token Embedding<br/>(weight-tied with output)"]
    EMB --> DROP["Dropout"]
    DROP --> TB1["🔲 Transformer Block 1"]
    TB1 --> TB2["🔲 Transformer Block 2"]
    TB2 --> DOTS["⋮ (12 blocks total)"]
    DOTS --> TBN["🔲 Transformer Block 12"]
    TBN --> NORM["RMSNorm (final)"]
    NORM --> OUT["📤 Output Projection → 32K Logits"]

    subgraph TB["Each Transformer Block"]
        direction TB
        A1["RMSNorm"] --> A2["Multi-Head Attention<br/>12 heads × 64 dims + RoPE"]
        A2 --> A3["+ Residual"]
        A3 --> A4["RMSNorm"]
        A4 --> A5["SwiGLU FFN<br/>768 → 2048 → 768"]
        A5 --> A6["+ Residual"]
    end

    style INPUT fill:#0d1117,stroke:#58a6ff,color:#fff
    style OUT fill:#0d1117,stroke:#16c79a,color:#fff
    style TB1 fill:#161b22,stroke:#58a6ff,color:#fff
    style TB2 fill:#161b22,stroke:#58a6ff,color:#fff
    style TBN fill:#161b22,stroke:#58a6ff,color:#fff
    style EMB fill:#161b22,stroke:#bc6ff1,color:#fff
    style NORM fill:#161b22,stroke:#f39c12,color:#fff

Model Configuration

Parameter	Value	Description
`d_model`	768	Embedding dimension
`n_layers`	12	Transformer blocks
`n_heads`	12	Attention heads
`head_dim`	64	Per-head dimension
`vocab_size`	32,000	BPE vocabulary
`max_seq_len`	1,024	Context window
`ffn_hidden`	2,048	SwiGLU hidden dim
`dropout`	0.0	No dropout (pre-training)
`bias`	False	No bias terms (LLaMA-style)
Total Params	109.53M
Non-Embedding	84.95M	Excluding shared embeddings

Architecture Highlights

Component	Choice
Position Encoding	RoPE (Rotary)
Normalization	RMSNorm (pre-norm)
Feedforward	SwiGLU
Attention	Flash (SDPA)
Weight Tying	Yes (emb = output)
Initialization	Depth-scaled residual

Design Choice	Why
RoPE over absolute	Better generalization, relative positions
RMSNorm over LayerNorm	10-15% faster, same quality
SwiGLU over ReLU	2-3% better PPL via gating
No bias	Standard in LLaMA, PaLM
Weight tying	Saves 24.6M parameters
Pre-norm	More stable training

Parameter Breakdown

╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║  BUVN-2.0 Parameter Distribution                 ║
╠══════════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║                                                  ║
║  Token Embedding     ████████░░░░  24.6M  (22%)  ║
║  (weight-tied)                                   ║
║                                                  ║
║  12× Attention       ██████████░░  28.3M  (26%)  ║
║  (Wq, Wk, Wv, Wo)                               ║
║                                                  ║
║  12× SwiGLU FFN      ████████████  56.6M  (52%)  ║
║  (W1, W2, W3)        ← Most "knowledge" here    ║
║                                                  ║
║  Norms + Other       ░░░░░░░░░░░░   18K  (<1%)  ║
║                                                  ║
║  TOTAL               ████████████ 109.5M (100%)  ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

Training Details

Data Pipeline

C4 Dataset (HuggingFace)
    │ 8 parallel stream workers (no download, 1.48M tok/s)
    ↓
BPE Tokenizer (32K vocab, trained on 100K samples in 14s)
    │ tokenize in memory
    ↓
Binary files: train.bin (3.8 GB) + val.bin (20 MB)
    │ 2.0 billion tokens total
    ↓
Memory-mapped DataLoader → GPU (zero-copy I/O)

Training Configuration

Setting	Value
Optimizer	AdamW
Peak LR	6×10⁻⁴
Min LR	6×10⁻⁵
Schedule	Cosine decay with 500-step warmup
Batch Size	64 × 2 gradient accumulation = 128
Tokens/Iteration	131,072
Total Steps	15,000
Total Tokens	~2 billion
Precision	bfloat16
Compiler	torch.compile (1.5x speedup)
Weight Decay	0.1
Grad Clip	1.0
Beta1 / Beta2	0.9 / 0.95

Hardware

Component	Spec
GPU	NVIDIA H100 NVL (96 GB VRAM)
CPU	AMD EPYC 9V84 96-Core (40 vCPUs)
RAM	314 GB
PyTorch	2.9.1 + CUDA 12.8

Usage

Download and Run

# 1. Clone the repo
# git clone https://github.com/bhuvan0808/beuvian.git
# cd beuvian/BUVN-1.1
# pip install -r requirements.txt

# 2. Download weights from this HuggingFace repo
python scripts/load_from_hub.py

# 3. Generate text
python inference/generate.py \
    --prompt "The future of artificial intelligence" \
    --checkpoint checkpoints/buvn_2.0_best.pt \
    --tokenizer tokenizer/tokenizer_32k.json \
    --max_new_tokens 150 \
    --temperature 0.7 \
    --top_k 50

Load in Python

import torch
from model.config import BUVNConfig
from model.model import BUVNModel

# Load checkpoint
ckpt = torch.load('buvn_2.0_best.pt', map_location='cuda', weights_only=False)

# Handle torch.compile prefix
state_dict = ckpt['model']
for k in list(state_dict.keys()):
    if k.startswith('_orig_mod.'):
        state_dict[k[len('_orig_mod.'):]] = state_dict.pop(k)

# Build model
config = BUVNConfig.from_dict(ckpt['model_args'])
model = BUVNModel(config).cuda()
model.load_state_dict(state_dict)
model.eval()

# Generate
from inference.sample import generate
text, usage = generate(model, tokenizer, "Your prompt here",
                       max_new_tokens=100, temperature=0.7, top_k=50, device='cuda')
print(text)

API Server

python api/app.py \
    --checkpoint checkpoints/buvn_2.0_best.pt \
    --tokenizer tokenizer/tokenizer_32k.json \
    --port 8000

# Test with curl:
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/generate \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"prompt": "The history of science", "max_tokens": 100, "temperature": 0.7}'

Sampling Parameters

Parameter	Range	Default	Effect
`temperature`	0.0 – 2.0	0.7	0 = deterministic, higher = more creative
`top_k`	0 – 32000	50	Only sample from top K most likely tokens
`top_p`	0.0 – 1.0	—	Nucleus sampling (adaptive token filtering)
`max_tokens`	1 – 1024	100	Maximum generation length

Sample Outputs

Prompt: "The history of artificial intelligence began"

The number of people living with heart disease in the United States is projected to increase by nearly 20 million every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) created the National Heart Disease Prevention and Control Program in 2007, the American Heart Association (AHA) released its findings on March 25, 2018...

Prompt: "The president of the United States announced"

Here at The Ritz and Suites, we are proud to offer a variety of unique and unique packages. Our experienced staff is here to help you find the perfect vacation, getaway or special event. Treat yourself to a luxurious vacation in the comfort of your own home!

Prompt: "In a groundbreaking study published today"

If you are having a dental emergency, you may be wondering how to get the most out of your dental treatment, right? Well, that's where the dental implant comes in. The dental implant is the most extensive prosthetic bone in the world...

Note: The model generates fluent, grammatically correct web-text. It does not follow prompt topics because it has not been instruction-tuned yet. This is expected behavior for a foundation model. Instruction tuning (SFT) is the planned next step.

The Beuvian Ecosystem

graph LR
    A["📚 Raw Text<br/>C4 (2B tokens)"] -->|Pre-training| B["🧠 BUVN-2.0<br/>Foundation"]
    B -->|Fine-tune on Code| C["💻 SRVN<br/>Code Agent"]
    B -->|Train on Markets| D["📈 MNI<br/>Finance"]

    style A fill:#1a1a2e,stroke:#16c79a,color:#fff
    style B fill:#0d1117,stroke:#58a6ff,color:#fff,stroke-width:3px
    style C fill:#0d1117,stroke:#f39c12,color:#fff,stroke-width:2px
    style D fill:#0d1117,stroke:#bc6ff1,color:#fff,stroke-width:2px

Model	Role	Status	Description
🧠 BUVN	Foundation	✅ Released	General language model — the base for everything
💻 SRVN	Code Agent	🔜 Planned	Fine-tuned on code (The Stack v2), agentic workflows
📈 MNI	Finance	🔜 Planned	Trained on market data, SEC filings, sentiment analysis

Roadmap

✅ BUVN-1.1 — 13.7M params, WikiText-103, PPL 35.87
✅ BUVN-2.0 — 109.5M params, C4 2B tokens, PPL 29.19 (beats GPT-2 Small!)
🔜 Instruction Tuning (SFT) on OpenAssistant + Alpaca
🔜 SRVN — Code agent fine-tuning
🔜 MNI — Finance model training
📋 RLHF / DPO alignment
📋 Chat UI deployment
📋 HuggingFace Spaces demo

Files in This Repository

File	Size	Description
`buvn_2.0_best.pt`	1.31 GB	Model checkpoint (109.5M params, trained 15K steps)
`tokenizer_32k.json`	2.2 MB	32K BPE tokenizer (Byte-Level, trained on C4)
`config.json`	~200 B	Model hyperparameters
`README.md`	—	This model card

Citation

@misc{buvn2026,
  title={BUVN-2.0: A Foundation Language Model Built From Scratch},
  author={Bhuvan},
  year={2026},
  url={https://huggingface.co/bhuvan0808/buvn-2.0},
  note={109.5M parameter decoder-only transformer, PPL 29.19 on WikiText-103}
}

Links

Resource	URL
🐙 GitHub	bhuvan0808/beuvian
📘 Documentation	docs/
🤗 HuggingFace	bhuvan0808/buvn-2.0

Built with ❤️ by Bhuvan

BUVN-2.0 — Part of the Beuvian AI Ecosystem

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Dataset used to train bhuvan0808/buvn-2.0

Evaluation results

Perplexity on WikiText-103
self-reported

29.190
Top-1 Accuracy on WikiText-103
self-reported

37.880
Top-5 Accuracy on WikiText-103
self-reported

60.340