bowang0911/colgemma-300m

PyLate model based on google/embeddinggemma-300m

This is a PyLate model finetuned from google/embeddinggemma-300m on the arguana_hn, cqadupstack_hn, aila, coir_apps, nv_embed_fever, fiqa_hn, nfcorpus_hn, nv_embed_hotpotqa, nv_embed_ms_marco, nv_embed_nq, miracl_hn_ar, miracl_hn_bn, miracl_hn_en, miracl_hn_es, miracl_hn_fa, miracl_hn_fi, miracl_hn_fr, miracl_hn_hi, miracl_hn_id, miracl_hn_ja, miracl_hn_ko, miracl_hn_ru, miracl_hn_sw, miracl_hn_te, miracl_hn_th and miracl_hn_zh datasets. It maps sentences & paragraphs to sequences of 128-dimensional dense vectors and can be used for semantic textual similarity using the MaxSim operator.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: PyLate model
• Base model: google/embeddinggemma-300m
• Document Length: 512 tokens
• Query Length: 32 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 128 tokens
• Similarity Function: MaxSim
• Training Datasets:
  • arguana_hn
  • cqadupstack_hn
  • aila
  • coir_apps
  • nv_embed_fever
  • fiqa_hn
  • nfcorpus_hn
  • nv_embed_hotpotqa
  • nv_embed_ms_marco
  • nv_embed_nq
  • miracl_hn_ar
  • miracl_hn_bn
  • miracl_hn_en
  • miracl_hn_es
  • miracl_hn_fa
  • miracl_hn_fi
  • miracl_hn_fr
  • miracl_hn_hi
  • miracl_hn_id
  • miracl_hn_ja
  • miracl_hn_ko
  • miracl_hn_ru
  • miracl_hn_sw
  • miracl_hn_te
  • miracl_hn_th
  • miracl_hn_zh

Model Sources

• Documentation: PyLate Documentation
• Repository: PyLate on GitHub
• Hugging Face: PyLate models on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

ColBERT(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 511, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'Gemma3TextModel'})
  (1): Dense({'in_features': 768, 'out_features': 3072, 'bias': False, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity', 'use_residual': False})
  (2): Dense({'in_features': 3072, 'out_features': 768, 'bias': False, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity', 'use_residual': False})
  (3): Dense({'in_features': 768, 'out_features': 128, 'bias': False, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.linear.Identity', 'use_residual': False})
)

Usage

First install the PyLate library:

pip install -U pylate

Retrieval

Use this model with PyLate to index and retrieve documents. The index uses FastPLAID for efficient similarity search.

Indexing documents

Load the ColBERT model and initialize the PLAID index, then encode and index your documents:

from pylate import indexes, models, retrieve

# Step 1: Load the ColBERT model
model = models.ColBERT(
    model_name_or_path="pylate_model_id",
)

# Step 2: Initialize the PLAID index
index = indexes.PLAID(
    index_folder="pylate-index",
    index_name="index",
    override=True,  # This overwrites the existing index if any
)

# Step 3: Encode the documents
documents_ids = ["1", "2", "3"]
documents = ["document 1 text", "document 2 text", "document 3 text"]

documents_embeddings = model.encode(
    documents,
    batch_size=32,
    is_query=False,  # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are documents, not queries
    show_progress_bar=True,
)

# Step 4: Add document embeddings to the index by providing embeddings and corresponding ids
index.add_documents(
    documents_ids=documents_ids,
    documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,
)

Note that you do not have to recreate the index and encode the documents every time. Once you have created an index and added the documents, you can re-use the index later by loading it:

# To load an index, simply instantiate it with the correct folder/name and without overriding it
index = indexes.PLAID(
    index_folder="pylate-index",
    index_name="index",
)

Retrieving top-k documents for queries

Once the documents are indexed, you can retrieve the top-k most relevant documents for a given set of queries. To do so, initialize the ColBERT retriever with the index you want to search in, encode the queries and then retrieve the top-k documents to get the top matches ids and relevance scores:

# Step 1: Initialize the ColBERT retriever
retriever = retrieve.ColBERT(index=index)

# Step 2: Encode the queries
queries_embeddings = model.encode(
    ["query for document 3", "query for document 1"],
    batch_size=32,
    is_query=True,  #  # Ensure that it is set to False to indicate that these are queries
    show_progress_bar=True,
)

# Step 3: Retrieve top-k documents
scores = retriever.retrieve(
    queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings,
    k=10,  # Retrieve the top 10 matches for each query
)

Reranking

If you only want to use the ColBERT model to perform reranking on top of your first-stage retrieval pipeline without building an index, you can simply use rank function and pass the queries and documents to rerank:

from pylate import rank, models

queries = [
    "query A",
    "query B",
]

documents = [
    ["document A", "document B"],
    ["document 1", "document C", "document B"],
]

documents_ids = [
    [1, 2],
    [1, 3, 2],
]

model = models.ColBERT(
    model_name_or_path="pylate_model_id",
)

queries_embeddings = model.encode(
    queries,
    is_query=True,
)

documents_embeddings = model.encode(
    documents,
    is_query=False,
)

reranked_documents = rank.rerank(
    documents_ids=documents_ids,
    queries_embeddings=queries_embeddings,
    documents_embeddings=documents_embeddings,
)

Evaluation

Metrics

Py Late Information Retrieval

• Dataset: ['NanoClimateFEVER', 'NanoDBPedia', 'NanoFEVER', 'NanoFiQA2018', 'NanoHotpotQA', 'NanoMSMARCO', 'NanoNFCorpus', 'NanoNQ', 'NanoQuoraRetrieval', 'NanoSCIDOCS', 'NanoArguAna', 'NanoSciFact', 'NanoTouche2020']
• Evaluated with pylate.evaluation.pylate_information_retrieval_evaluator.PyLateInformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	NanoClimateFEVER	NanoDBPedia	NanoFEVER	NanoFiQA2018	NanoHotpotQA	NanoMSMARCO	NanoNFCorpus	NanoNQ	NanoQuoraRetrieval	NanoSCIDOCS	NanoArguAna	NanoSciFact	NanoTouche2020
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.36	0.72	0.96	0.44	0.96	0.42	0.46	0.6	0.92	0.38	0.24	0.56	0.6939
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.54	0.88	0.98	0.64	0.98	0.62	0.56	0.76	1.0	0.66	0.5	0.84	0.898
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.66	0.92	1.0	0.7	1.0	0.72	0.66	0.82	1.0	0.68	0.6	0.84	0.9388
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.72	0.94	1.0	0.76	1.0	0.86	0.7	0.86	1.0	0.78	0.82	0.88	1.0
MaxSim_precision@1	0.36	0.72	0.96	0.44	0.96	0.42	0.46	0.6	0.92	0.38	0.24	0.56	0.6939
MaxSim_precision@3	0.2133	0.6467	0.3533	0.2867	0.5533	0.2067	0.3667	0.2533	0.4	0.3	0.1667	0.2867	0.6327
MaxSim_precision@5	0.18	0.596	0.216	0.22	0.36	0.144	0.328	0.172	0.26	0.248	0.12	0.188	0.5837
MaxSim_precision@10	0.104	0.522	0.108	0.126	0.182	0.086	0.268	0.09	0.134	0.164	0.082	0.098	0.5082
MaxSim_recall@1	0.1867	0.0907	0.8967	0.2461	0.48	0.42	0.0637	0.57	0.8073	0.078	0.24	0.535	0.0473
MaxSim_recall@3	0.279	0.194	0.95	0.4062	0.83	0.62	0.0934	0.7	0.948	0.1867	0.5	0.81	0.1295
MaxSim_recall@5	0.3823	0.2521	0.97	0.4981	0.9	0.72	0.1133	0.77	0.9793	0.2557	0.6	0.84	0.1963
MaxSim_recall@10	0.4323	0.3747	0.97	0.5608	0.91	0.86	0.1347	0.81	0.99	0.3357	0.82	0.88	0.3297
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.3751	0.6448	0.9571	0.4822	0.8858	0.6278	0.3456	0.7085	0.9534	0.3291	0.5069	0.734	0.5668
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.4799	0.8057	0.974	0.5527	0.974	0.5555	0.525	0.6998	0.9567	0.5247	0.4104	0.6887	0.8113
MaxSim_map@100	0.3079	0.4986	0.9444	0.4174	0.836	0.5619	0.152	0.6714	0.9323	0.2503	0.4148	0.6861	0.4212

Nano BEIR

• Dataset: NanoBEIR_mean
• Evaluated with pylate.evaluation.nano_beir_evaluator.NanoBEIREvaluator

Metric	Value
MaxSim_accuracy@1	0.5934
MaxSim_accuracy@3	0.7583
MaxSim_accuracy@5	0.8107
MaxSim_accuracy@10	0.8708
MaxSim_precision@1	0.5934
MaxSim_precision@3	0.3589
MaxSim_precision@5	0.2781
MaxSim_precision@10	0.1902
MaxSim_recall@1	0.3586
MaxSim_recall@3	0.5113
MaxSim_recall@5	0.5752
MaxSim_recall@10	0.6468
MaxSim_ndcg@10	0.6244
MaxSim_mrr@10	0.6891
MaxSim_map@100	0.5457

Training Details

Training Datasets

arguana_hn

• Dataset: arguana_hn at 42802de
• Size: 4,065 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 32 tokens mean: 32.0 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 25 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 25 tokens mean: 31.99 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Morsi Undermined Democratic Principles Separation of powers is a key democratic principle which Morsi undermined with the November 2012 declaration. The underlying idea of the separation of powers is that one branch of government should not have undue power over any other. That is why there are a number of checks and balances set out which allows each branch to constrain the actions of the others to prevent them acting illegally [1] . Morsi’s declaration that he would remove the checks and balances which the judiciary held over the presidency violated this principle. This led many to fear that Morsi was returning the country to a dictatorship where he could force through the Muslim Brotherhood’s agenda [2] , undoing the work of the Arab Spring [3] . The army’s intercession was welcomed by many as maintaining democracy [4] . [1] Wikipedia [2] CNN Staff, 2013 [3] Spencer, 2012 [4] Reuters, 2013	The post-Morsi leadership, with the assistance of the military, have arguably continued the trend of undemocratic governing. These actions have given the impression that they are acting hypocritically by removing Morsi. In November 2013 a new law was enacted which banned peaceful protest without prior notification to the police. Believed to be aimed at Morsi’s supporters and the Muslim Brotherhood, this law sought to curb protests being conducted against the Egyptian army’s leadership [1] . As protest is a political right, many human rights groups have had a negative response to this legislation. Defiance of these laws has led to the use of teargas and violence to disperse crowds [2] . The new constitution also places the defence ministry firmly in the hands of the military, giving policy control to an unelected official [3] . The claims of the military backed authorities being anti-democratic illustrate the hypocrisy of removing Morsi. [1] G uerin, 2013 [2] el-Deen, 2013 [3] Aswat ...	With any tool there are going to be people who misuse it, yet cases of misuse do not outweigh times when the internet has proven to be an important force for democracy. Internet and SMS have helped to organize almost every uprising in the Middle East and the Orange Revolution in Georgia1. Cases of citizen misuse are few and far between in comparison to the change that has been made partially thanks to the internet. Further, the internet provides tools to successfully catch the abusers and prevent continued undemocratic actions through tracking IP addresses and other tactics. The same goes for targeting terrorist networks. 1. Joyce, Digital Activism Decoded: Digital Activism in Closed and Open Societies. 2010
  The relationship between governments and PSBs can be problematic The broadcast media has so much power to form opinion that it is dangerous to give politicians too much influence over it. Once in government, a political party can use public ownership and control of television and radio stations to manipulate both the news agenda and its editorial policy - as many Middle-East regimes did during the 2011 Arab Spring. For example in Egypt, during sustained and substantial protests aimed at removing President Hosni Mubarak from office the state run media described protestors as “... ‘Vandals’ and ‘hooligans’. A few hours after Mubarak’s fall, the ‘vandalisers’ had become ‘heroes’, and what [they] had previously described as ‘chaos instigated by foreign powers’ had suddenly become ‘a glorious revolution.’” [1] [1] Diab, O. (2011) New Egypt, New Media. [Accessed 1st June 2011] Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/10/egypt-media-newspapers-mubarak-propaganda	It is true that government should not be allowed a monopoly over broadcasting, but that is very rare outside totalitarian states. Usually countries have at least one privately owned broadcasting network competing with the public media and so limiting political manipulation by the State. In addition, corporatization, as with the BBC in the UK, or CBC in Canada, sets the broadcaster up as accurate and impartial, allowing for the benefits of public ownership without the risk of political interference. Instead, the greatest risk of bias lies within a purely private broadcasting sector, where the high costs of entry and technological development encourage consolidation to the point where powerful individuals, such as Silvio Berlusconi in Italy, can manipulate the broadcast agenda in their own interests. Without the balance guaranteed by public service media, meaningful participation by all citizens in the social and political lives of their societies and fair elections might become impossib...	There is no such thing as these two duties that the opposition asserts for the media. The media is a business like any other, because its business is information and news it will report on violent crime as it is something that the people care about so will purchase news about it, but it does not have a duty to do such reporting. Similarly there is no duty to report on things that influence the lives of the citizens of the state, again the media does so but only because it sells. Indeed large amounts of media do not report things that are either things that most people care about or things that seriously influence society. There are lots of magazines and newspapers on things like hobbies, such as toy models, but it is absurd to suggest that this is what most people care about or that the issues that affect toy model hobbyists influence the rest of society. It would be equally absurd to suggest that such a magazine or newspaper should have a section devoted to violent crime because that ...
  Transparency can result in normalisation While something is secret it is clearly not a normal every day part of government, it is deniable and the assumption is that when it comes to light it has probably been wound up long ago. However making something transparent without winding it up can be a bad thing as it makes it normal which ultimately makes a bad policy much harder to end. The use of drones by the CIA may turn out to be an example of this. At the moment we are told almost nothing about drones, not even how many strikes there are or how many are killed. There have however been recent suggestions that the drone program could be transferred to the Department of Defence. This would then make the targeted killing that is carried out seem a normal part of military conflict, somehting it clearly is not. [1] And the public reacts differently to covert and military action; already more Americans support military drones doing targeted killing (75%) than CIA ones (65%). [2] [1] Waxman...	Drones are an unusual example (though not unique) because they are a new form of warfare over which there are few clear rules and norms. This means that making it transparent will create new norms. However in the vast majority of covert operations if made public they would clearly be illegal and would have to be ended. Drones are also unusual in that the public sees few downsides to the killing, this means there would be less public pressure than in most such operations.	Transparency is a good thing, but it would be unfair to single out sovereign wealth funds for special punishment over this issue. Hedge funds and private equity groups are even less transparent than SWFs, and their influence in the global economy is much greater. [1] Some countries (e.g. Norway) already operate very transparent investment strategies. Many have agreed to the Santiago Principles which encourage transparency and disclosure of financial information. [2] It is likely that other countries will come over time to follow their lead voluntarily, as it is in the interest of their own citizens to see that the state is managing their money in an efficiently and honestly. [1] Avendaño, Rolando, and Santiso, Javier, ‘Are Sovereign Wealth Funds’ Investments Politically Biased? A Comparison with Mutual Funds’, 2009, p.9. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/43/0/44301172.pdf [2] Ibid

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

cqadupstack_hn

• Dataset: cqadupstack_hn at 45a2c77
• Size: 50,000 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 11 tokens mean: 23.95 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 21 tokens mean: 31.95 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 22 tokens mean: 31.97 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  What are some good ways to express that I really need a break in a positive way?	What's the word for "preferring this option/choice" Context: I have two options to spend the coming summer, one would be to find a internship job and the other one would be to just relax and maybe try to do one of my projects that I have been telling you about lately. Honestly, I am _ __ to/for taking a break and start a project or two - I feel that I need it. The word I'm looking for is similar in the sense to "leaning" or "biased", but both of these words can't be used here.	Take advantage of - positively The phrase "take advantage of" is usually perceived as negative. Is there a word or a phrase with a similar meaning which would convey a more positive meaning? Akin to "make use of the situation" but more refined.
  What are effective caching strategies for improving WMS server performance when rendering large numbers of features?	How to optimize a WMS request by limiting number of tiles? I want to display the layer using WMS and meanwhile I want to limit the number of tiles with their respecive BBox when map is loaded. At the backend I am using geoserver. I can limit the number of features to load for WFS using "Maximum number of features" option in WFS setting in geoserver. But I am somehow lost to find the way of limiting number of tiles in WMS. If I do like: var bound = new OpenLayers.Bounds(6.9228, 50.9251, 6.9911, 50.9574); and if i go and play around with different lat-lon bbox i can see in tomcat log file that, get request for tiles with respective BBOX are varying depending upon how deep i am looking for. Is there any config setting in geoserver or openlayers api to control the tiles? Thanks	Best practice for serving data to OpenLayers client We have some polyline and point data in SHP format and would like to serve that data to an OpenLayers client. First we thought about converting the data to GeoJSON and send it to the client as a whole package, but then we saw that the data is quite large (> 500MB) and downloading such an amount as a whole is not a good idea. So we came up with the idea to dynamically serve the data in a tiled format, using WMS. We're not really experienced when it comes to do stuff like this, but at the same time, serving some SHPs as WMS shouldn't be too difficult, right? So what is the easiest and smoothest way to do that? We've heard of GeoServer and MapServer, which one is easier to deploy (We're on CentOS 6). And is the caching of tiles included with serving WMS or does it have to be configured separately?
  How can I customize taxonomy columns and quick edit in WordPress by modifying taxonomy names with a prefix like 'radio-'?	Change quick edit terms list to radio buttons is it possible to remove the current tax term checklist from the quick edit screen? i have switched the metabox for the "subject" taxonomy, to radio buttons, and would like to do the same in the quick edit box. i don't see any filters/hooks for changing the existing method, only an action for adding new items to the quick edit screen. is my only solution, therefore with javascript? quick edit only works w/ javascript enabled anyway.	Display a custom taxonomy as a dropdown on the edit posts page When you create a custom taxonomy, seemingly the only options are to display it as a tag (non-hierarchical) or category (hierarchical). Is there a way to display them as a dropdown menu? I realise that this an be done using add_meta_box() and actually manually adding it, but I'm looking for a builtin way (if one exists), to save lots of code! Thanks.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

aila

• Dataset: aila at 47df7f3
• Size: 7,028 training samples
• Columns: query and positive
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive
  type	string	string
  details	min: 32 tokens mean: 32.0 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 31 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive
  The respondents who were subscribers to a Kuri (Chit Fund) in 1962, committed default after they had prized the tickets and realised the amounts. The bonds executed by them contained a provision that in case of default they would be liable to pay all the future instalments in a lumpsum with interest at 12% without giving any credit for the dividend. The suit filed for realisation of the principal sum with interest and the balance Kuri due was decreed by the trial court in 1965. In appeal before the High Court it was con tended for the defendant respondents that the stipulation in the agreement that on default the Kuri foreman would be entitled to recover the entire balance amount with 12% interest in a lump sum without giving credit to the sub scribers was unconscionable and penal and hence not enforce able. The Division Bench took the view that the Kuri trans action and the contract between the Kuri foreman and the subscribers burdened them with unconscionable interest and were unreas...	Title: Savings Desc: (1) Nothing in this Act shall affect section 25 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872). (2) Where any special or local law prescribes for any suit, appeal or application a period of limitation different from the period prescribed by the Schedule, the provisions of section 3 shall apply as if such period were the period prescribed by the Schedule and for the purpose of determining any period of limitation prescribed for any suit, appeal or application by any special or local law, the provisions contained in sections 4 to 24 (inclusive) shall apply only insofar as, and to the extent to which, they are not expressly excluded by such special or local law. (3) Save as otherwise provided in any law for the time, being in force with respect to marriage and divorce, no thing in this Act shall apply to any suit or other proceeding under any such law. (4) Sections 25 and 26 and the definition of "easement" in section 2 shall not apply to cases arising in the territorie...
  The appellants migrated to India in 1947 from West Pakistan. To begin with, they were given temporary allotment of land in two villages. In 1949, land was allotted to them on quasi permanent basis, and they have remained in possession of the same eversince. Originally, land was classified into two kinds: urban and agricultural land. Later on, a third classification was introduced, known as sub urban land. The two villages in which land was allotted to the appellants were not included in the notification with respect to sub urban land. In February, 1952, the Director of Rehabilitation passed and order declaring those villages as 734 sub urban land. The result of the order was that the allotment made to the appellants was to be reduced. The appellants went in revision to the Custodian General, and their revision petitions were dismissed on the ground that the view of Rule 14(6)(iii)(d) of the Rule it was open to the Central Government by a special order to direct cancellation or variatio...	Title: Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan Desc: Notwithstanding anything in Article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of this Constitution if- (a) he or either of his parents or any of his grand-parents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and (b) (i) in the case where such person has so migrated before the nineteenth day of July, 1948, he has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration, or (ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the nineteenth day of July, 1948, he has been registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed in that behalf by the Government of the Dominion of India on an application made by him therefor to such officer before the commencement of this Constitution in the form and ...
  The petitioner had filed a Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 1951 of 1985 in the Supreme Court praying that the respondents States be directed: (a) to release all children detained in the jails in the respondent States ; (b) to furnish 'complete information respecting all children detained in the States and the circumstances and the legal facts of such detention and the number of available juvenile courts and children homes; (c) to appoint district judges of the districts to visit jails, sub jails and lock ups to identify and release children in such illegal detention; (d) to requisition immediately necessary buildings and provide infrastructure and make immediate interim arrangements for places of housing ' of children sought directions to the respective States, Legal.<br>Aid Boards, District Legal Aid Committees through the appointment of duty_counsel ' to ensure protection of the right of the children etc. The said petition was treated as a public interest litigation and in regard to mos...	Title: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part Desc: (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2). (4) The right guaranteed by this Article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constition.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

coir_apps

• Dataset: coir_apps at 6730a7a
• Size: 2,000 training samples
• Columns: query and positive
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive
  type	string	string
  details	min: 24 tokens mean: 31.99 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 10 tokens mean: 31.6 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive
  Polycarp has $n$ coins, the value of the $i$-th coin is $a_i$. It is guaranteed that all the values are integer powers of $2$ (i.e. $a_i = 2^d$ for some non-negative integer number $d$). Polycarp wants to know answers on $q$ queries. The $j$-th query is described as integer number $b_j$. The answer to the query is the minimum number of coins that is necessary to obtain the value $b_j$ using some subset of coins (Polycarp can use only coins he has). If Polycarp can't obtain the value $b_j$, the answer to the $j$-th query is -1. The queries are independent (the answer on the query doesn't affect Polycarp's coins). -----Input----- The first line of the input contains two integers $n$ and $q$ ($1 \le n, q \le 2 \cdot 10^5$) — the number of coins and the number of queries. The second line of the input contains $n$ integers $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ — values of coins ($1 \le a_i \le 2 \cdot 10^9$). It is guaranteed that all $a_i$ are integer powers of $2$ (i.e. $a_i = 2^d$ for some non-ne...	from collections import Counter n, q = map(int, input().split()) a = map(int, input().split()) b = [int(input()) for _ in range(q)] counts = 32 * [0] for value, count in Counter(a).items(): counts[value.bit_length() - 1] = count for bj in b: ans = 0 for i in reversed(range(32)): count = min(bj >> i, counts[i]) ans += count bj -= count << i if bj != 0: print(-1) else: print(ans)
  Dima loves representing an odd number as the sum of multiple primes, and Lisa loves it when there are at most three primes. Help them to represent the given number as the sum of at most than three primes. More formally, you are given an odd numer n. Find a set of numbers p_{i} (1 ≤ i ≤ k), such that 1 ≤ k ≤ 3 p_{i} is a prime $\sum_{i = 1}^{k} p_{i} = n$ The numbers p_{i} do not necessarily have to be distinct. It is guaranteed that at least one possible solution exists. -----Input----- The single line contains an odd number n (3 ≤ n < 10^9). -----Output----- In the first line print k (1 ≤ k ≤ 3), showing how many numbers are in the representation you found. In the second line print numbers p_{i} in any order. If there are multiple possible solutions, you can print any of them. -----Examples----- Input 27 Output 3 5 11 11 -----Note----- A prime is an integer strictly larger than one that is divisible only by one and by itself.	import math n=int(input()) def prime(p): if p == 1: return False fl=True for i in range(2,math.ceil(p**0.5) + 1): if p % i == 0: fl=False return fl def sum_of_primes(k): fl=True for i in range((k // 2) + 1): if prime(i) and prime(k-i): fl=True break return fl if prime(n): print(1) print(n) else: if prime(n-2): print(2) print(2 , n-2) else: l=1 for i in range(2, (n // 3) + 1): if prime(i) and sum_of_primes(n - i): l=i break print(3) r=1 for k in range((n-l) // 2): if prime(k) and prime(n-l-k): r=k break print(l,r,n-l-r)
  Misha and Vanya have played several table tennis sets. Each set consists of several serves, each serve is won by one of the players, he receives one point and the loser receives nothing. Once one of the players scores exactly k points, the score is reset and a new set begins. Across all the sets Misha scored a points in total, and Vanya scored b points. Given this information, determine the maximum number of sets they could have played, or that the situation is impossible. Note that the game consisted of several complete sets. -----Input----- The first line contains three space-separated integers k, a and b (1 ≤ k ≤ 10^9, 0 ≤ a, b ≤ 10^9, a + b > 0). -----Output----- If the situation is impossible, print a single number -1. Otherwise, print the maximum possible number of sets. -----Examples----- Input 11 11 5 Output 1 Input 11 2 3 Output -1 -----Note----- Note that the rules of the game in this problem differ from the real table tennis game, for example, the rule of "b...	k, a, b = map(int, input().split()) mx_a = a // k mx_b = b // k if mx_a == 0 and b % k != 0: print(-1) elif mx_b == 0 and a % k != 0: print(-1) else: print(mx_a + mx_b)

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

nv_embed_fever

• Dataset: nv_embed_fever at 892fb28
• Size: 119,320 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 14.27 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 14 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 15 tokens mean: 31.86 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Julian Assange expressed concern that he would be sheltered.	Julian Paul Assange ( -LSB- əˈsɒnʒ -RSB- born Julian Paul Hawkins , 3 July 1971 ) is an Australian computer programmer and the founder of WikiLeaks , an organisation which he founded in 2006 . He has won accolades including the Sam Adams Award and Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism . Assange founded WikiLeaks in 2006 , but came to global prominence in 2010 , when WikiLeaks published a series of leaks provided by Chelsea Manning . These leaks included the Collateral Murder video ( April 2010 ) , the Afghanistan war logs ( July 2010 ) , the Iraq war logs ( October 2010 ) , and CableGate ( November 2010 ) . Following the 2010 leaks , the United States government launched a criminal investigation into WikiLeaks and asked allied nations for assistance . In November 2010 , a request was made for Assange 's extradition to Sweden , where he had been questioned months earlier over allegations of sexual assault and rape . Assange continued to deny the allegations , and expressed concern th...	WikiLeaks : Inside Julian Assange 's War on Secrecy is a 2011 book by British journalists David Leigh and Luke Harding . It tells the story of Julian Assange , WikiLeaks , and the leak by Chelsea Manning ( then known as Bradley ) of classified material to the website in 2010 . It was published by Guardian Books in February 2011 .
  Raccoons originally inhabited mixed forests.	The raccoon ( -LSB- rəˈkuːn -RSB- or -LSB- USræˈkuːn -RSB- , Procyon lotor ) , sometimes spelled racoon , also known as the common raccoon , North American raccoon , northern raccoon and colloquially as coon , is a medium-sized mammal native to North America . The raccoon is the largest of the procyonid family , having a body length of 40 to and a body weight of 3.5 to . Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather . Two of the raccoon 's most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask , which are themes in the mythology of several Native American ethnic groups . Raccoons are noted for their intelligence , with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years . The diet of the omnivorous raccoon , which is usually nocturnal , consists of about 40 % invertebrates , 33 % plant foods , and 27 % vertebrates . The original habitats of the raccoon are deciduous and m...	Coon hunting or raccoon hunting is the practice of hunting raccoons , most often for their meat and fur . It is almost always done with specially bred dogs called coonhounds , of which there are six breeds , and is most commonly associated with rural life in the Southern United States . Coon hunting is also popular in the rural Midwest . Most coon hunts take place at night , with the dogs being turned loose , trailing and putting the raccoon up a tree without human assistance . Once the raccoon is in the tree , with the dog at the base , it is referred to as treed '' , with treeing '' being the active verb form . Besides practical hunting , there are also competition hunts to demonstrate the speed and skill of the dog : in these , no raccoons are actually killed , but are treed and then released . Some of the largest competitions are the Grand American , Autumn Oaks , and Leafy Oaks . Coon hunting has been recorded in such books as Where the Red Fern Grows and popularized in st...
  2004 was a year when Michael Schumacher won a title.	Michael Schumacher ( -LSB- ˈmɪçaʔɛl ˈʃuːmaxɐ -RSB- ; born 3 January 1969 ) is a German retired racing driver . He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time . He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice . He won two titles with Benetton in and before moving to Ferrari where he drove for eleven years . His time with Ferrari yielded five consecutive titles between and . Schumacher holds many of Formula One 's driver records , including most championships , race victories , fastest laps , pole positions and races won in a single season -- 13 in 2004 ( the last record was equalled by fellow German Sebastian Vettel nine years later ) . In 2002 , he became the only driver in Formula One history to finish in the top three in every race of a season and then also broke the record for most consecutive podium finishes . According to the official Formula One website , he is `` statistically the greatest driv...	The Ferrari F2004 was a highly successful Formula One racing car designed by Rory Byrne , Ross Brawn and Aldo Costa for the 2004 Formula One season . Heavily based on the previous season 's F2003-GA , the F2004 continued the run of success the team had enjoyed since 1999 , winning the team 's 6th straight Constructors ' Championship and 5th straight Drivers ' Championship for Michael Schumacher , his 7th world drivers ' title overall , in 2004 . It is one of the most dominant cars in the history of Formula One . The car also brought a close to Ferrari 's and Michael Schumacher 's five-year domination of the sport , leaving the door open for Renault and Fernando Alonso .

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

fiqa_hn

• Dataset: fiqa_hn at 75a4f7c
• Size: 9,913 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 5 tokens mean: 16.59 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 31.78 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 14 tokens mean: 31.86 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Should I pay more into company pension, or is there a better way to save?	"Re: Specifically, am I right in that everything I put on these is deducted from tax, or are there other rules? and Am I correctly understanding this as ""anything above £3,600 per year will not be deducted from your tax""? Neither interpretation seems quite right… Unless what you mean is this: The contributions (to a pension, or to the share-save scheme) are deducted from your pay before it is taxed. That's how it works for employer-run pension schemes. In other words, you are paying the gross amount you earn into the pension, not the amount after tax. It's a tax-efficient way to save, because: compared to other forms of saving: (The bit about the £3,600: you can ignore this assuming you're earning more than £3,600 a year.) What happens to the pension if you decide to move back to France or another country? In some cases you can transfer tax free. Worst case, you'd pay some tax on the transfer but not more than 25%. [See here for the current rules: https://www.gov.uk/transferring-you...	"You might consider working on getting your new employer to sponsor a 401k, there may be options where you can invest and they aren't required to add anything as a match (which gives you higher limits). If they don't match, they may just be liable for some administration fees. If you have any side business that you do, you might also be eligible for other ""self-employed"" options that have higher limits (SEP, Simple - I think they may go up to $15k) although, I'm not sure the nitty gritties of them."
  Paying restaurants in cash instead of credit card - how signficant is this?	Credit cards charge about 2% fee from merchants. This is already priced into the restaurant menu. Generally, dealing with cash will not cost the merchant significantly less since he needs to make more trips to the bank, pay fees for frequent cash deposits (banks charge per operation), and maintain a safe location for storage of that cash. Bottom line - I doubt it makes any significant difference to the restaurant owner.	"This isn't so much a legal issue, the prohibition on giving discounts was written into the merchant agreements that most of the major credit card companies enforced on businesses that accepted their credit cards. That is, until the recent Financial Reform Bill (2010) passed Congress. It changes everything. (The logic on this is a little convoluted, so read carefully) Credit card companies can no longer prohibit merchants from requiring a minimum purchase amount to use a credit card. Meaning: That if merchants want to, they can now stop taking credit cards for a $4 latte. Credit card companies can no longer prohibit merchants from giving discounts for cash. Here is an article with a lot more detail: Financial Reform Bill Good News for Credit Card Holders Here is a link to the actual bill details and content: HR 4173 - Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Here is the relevant part: This subsection is supposed to take affect ""at the end of the 12-month period beginn...
  Mortgage or not?	"If you do as you propose you are going to get burned. You need to sell, then start to rent. amongst other things. Since 2008, the economy never ""recovered,"" but was sort of stabilized temporarily like a fighter on the ropes. The economy is beginning to collapse again, and that collapse will accelerate around the Fall. The dollar too will also begin its delayed downward fall come Autumn. Just one example of what I speak: https://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/CIVPART I would be happy to tell you more if you like, but I am already going to get pilloried for what I have already said. I do not sell anything, or push anything, but since you asked, and I follow this day in and day out, I thought that I would give you my very well informed answer. Take it for what it's worth. So let me know if you want more."	I would go with the family route if I was you. And i think many other people would if they were fortunate to have such a great option. This will allow you to move faster when your trying to buy a new house because you can easily get a mortage if you see a stellar deal. Also you can establish credit in much cheaper ways than paying the 4% or so on a mortgage. finance a car that you have the money to buy because the interest rates are much lower .9% and you build the credit while paying less interest. Or even better, try and make most of your purchases on a 0 fee credit card and every 6-8 months get a new credit card to have multiple lines of ongoing credit. to use the mortage to establish credit isnt worth the 4% hit in wealth that it offers. now mind you if your options were to buy the house with your own money outright or get a mortgage i would say get the mortgage because the added leverage would help your investments beat the market most years . figure if you get 6% an average por...

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

nfcorpus_hn

• Dataset: nfcorpus_hn at b65966b
• Size: 9,913 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 4 tokens mean: 6.52 tokens max: 18 tokens	min: 30 tokens mean: 32.0 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 32 tokens mean: 32.0 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  medications	Epidemiology of OA Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis in the US, and a leading cause of disability. It is typically defined in epidemiologic studies on the basis of radiographic findings and consideration of symptoms. Its incidence and prevalence are rising, likely related to the aging of the population and increasing obesity. Risk factors for OA include a number of person-level factors, such as age, sex, obesity, and genetics, as well as joint-specific factors that are likely reflective of abnormal loading of the joints. A number of methodologic challenges exist in studying OA that can hamper our ability to identify pertinent relationships.	Dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absence in adolescent girls and a common problem in women of reproductive age. Risk factors for dysmenorrhea include nulliparity, heavy menstrual flow, smoking, and depression. Empiric therapy can be initiated based on a typical history of painful menses and a negative physical examination. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the initial therapy of choice in patients with presumptive primary dysmenorrhea. Oral contraceptives and depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate also may be considered. If pain relief is insufficient, prolonged-cycle oral contraceptives or intravaginal use of oral contraceptive pills can be considered. In women who do not desire hormonal contraception, there is some evidence of benefit with the use of topical heat; the Japanese herbal remedy toki-shakuyaku-san; thiamine, vitamin E, and fish oil supplements; a low-fat vegetarian diet; and acupressure. If dysmenorrhea remains uncontrolled ...
  strawberries	Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses Demand for organic foods is partially driven by consumers' perceptions that they are more nutritious. However, scientific opinion is divided on whether there are significant nutritional differences between organic and non-organic foods, and two recent reviews have concluded that there are no differences. In the present study, we carried out meta-analyses based on 343 peer-reviewed publications that indicate statistically significant and meaningful differences in composition between organic and non-organic crops/crop-based foods. Most importantly, the concentrations of a range of antioxidants such as polyphenolics were found to be substantially higher in organic crops/crop-based foods, with those of phenolic acids, flavanones, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins being an estimated 19 (95 % CI 5, 33) %, 69 ...	A premeal snack of raisins decreases mealtime food intake more than grapes in young children. The effect of a premeal snack of grapes, raisins, or a mix of almonds and raisins, compared with a water control, on food intake (FI) was examined in 8- to 11-year-old normal-weight (15th to 85th percentile) children. Children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum (Experiment 1: 13 boys, 13 girls) or fixed-calorie (150 kcal; Experiment 2: 13 boys, 13 girls) treatments, followed by an ad libitum pizza meal 30 min later. Appetite was measured throughout the study, and FI was measured at 30 min. The ad libitum consumption (Experiment 1) of raisins reduced pizza intake (p < 0.037), compared with water (26%), grapes (22%), and the mixed snack (15%). Cumulative energy intake (in kcal: snack + pizza) was lower after water and raisins than after either grapes or the mixed snack (p < 0.031). As a fixed-calorie (150 kcal) snack (Experiment 2), raisins reduced pizza intake, compared with water (∼11%, p = ...
  The Best Apple	Postprandial plasma lipid hydroperoxides: a possible link between diet and atherosclerosis. There is increasing evidence implicating a dietary source of plasma lipid peroxides that become elevated in the postprandial state. This phenomenon may be a contributing factor to the correlation found between postprandial hyperlipidemia and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Using a newly developed method for measuring lipid hydroperoxides directly in plasma, a pilot study was performed which revealed that lipid hydroperoxides are indeed elevated following a fatty meal. Lipid hydroperoxides increased within 2-4 h after the meal and returned to basal levels, corresponding to the usual postprandial hyperlipidemia. A marked suppression of postprandial hydroperoxides was found when a meal was consumed with wine, suggesting that these hydroperoxides can be formed and then absorbed during the digestive process.	A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. The Beverage Guidance Panel was assembled to provide guidance on the relative health and nutritional benefits and risks of various beverage categories. The beverage panel was initiated by the first author. The Panel's purpose is to attempt to systematically review the literature on beverages and health and provide guidance to the consumer. An additional purpose of the Panel is to develop a deeper dialog among the scientific community on overall beverage consumption patterns in the United States and on the great potential to change this pattern as a way to improve health. Over the past several decades, levels of overweight and obesity have increased across all population groups in the United States. Concurrently, an increased daily intake of 150-300 kcal (for different age-sex groups) has occurred, with approximately 50% of the increased calories coming from the consumption of calorically sweetened beverages....

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

nv_embed_hotpotqa

• Dataset: nv_embed_hotpotqa at 93d1797
• Size: 137,292 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 10 tokens mean: 24.05 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 18 tokens mean: 31.82 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 5 tokens mean: 29.14 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  What film, with actor Adam J. Yeend, was about the relationship of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton?	Adam J. Yeend is an Australian actor/producer best known for his roles in "Offing David", "Liz & Dick" and "Holding the Man", and producer of the 2014 feature film "Lust for Love" as well as the horror series "Scary Endings". He was born in The Blue Mountains, Australia and resides in Los Angeles.	Burton & Taylor is a BBC Four TV film directed by Richard Laxton, and based on the legendary acting duo and former husband and wife, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor, during their preparation for a 1983 theatrical production of the play, "Private Lives". The film stars Helena Bonham Carter and Dominic West in the title roles.
  The MG 08 machine gun was an adaptation of a gun invented by who?	The "Maschinengewehr" 08, or MG 08, was the German Army's standard machine gun in World War I and is an adaptation of Hiram S. Maxim's original 1884 Maxim gun. It was produced in a number of variants during the war. The MG 08 served during World War II as a heavy machine gun in many German infantry divisions, although by the end of the war it had mostly been relegated to second-rate fortress units.	The Parabellum MG14 was a 7.9 mm caliber World War I machine gun built by Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken. It was a redesign of the Maschinengewehr 08 machine gun (itself an adaptation of the Maxim gun) system intended for use on aircraft and zeppelins, that used a toggle action that broke upwards rather than downwards opposite the MG 08, making for a much more compact receiver. The fusee spring was dispensed with for an internal spring design, the breech block was completely different and the spent cartridges dropped out the bottom of the receiver rather than forward through a hole in receiver. There appears to be no action or receiver parts interchangeable with the MG 08. The MG08's belt-style ammunition feed was enclosed in a drum, the recoil casing was lightened and the cooling jacket was modified for air- instead of water-cooling. The rate of fire was 700 rounds/minute. The belt was reduced to 30 mm in width.
  The Mitsubishi 6B3 engine is an engine range with only one 3.0-litre V6 currently developed for a second generation mid-size crossover that was sold at Japan dealership chain called what?	The Mitsubishi Outlander is a mid-size crossover manufactured by Japanese automaker Mitsubishi. It was originally known as the Mitsubishi Airtrek when it was introduced in Japan in 2001, and was based on the Mitsubishi ASX concept vehicle exhibited at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. It was sold at Mitsubishi Japan dealership chain called "Car Plaza". The ASX (Active Sports Crossover) represented Mitsubishi's approach to the industry wide SUV trend for retaining the all-season and off-road abilities offered by a high ground clearance and four-wheel drive, while still offering car-like levels of emissions, economy and size.	The Mitsubishi 4N1 engine is a family of all-alloy four-cylinder diesel engines developed by Mitsubishi Motors, produced at the company's powertrain facility in Kyoto, Japan for use in Mitsubishi's small to mid-sized global passenger cars.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

nv_embed_ms_marco

• Dataset: nv_embed_ms_marco at d7ab979
• Size: 451,298 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 5 tokens mean: 9.75 tokens max: 28 tokens	min: 19 tokens mean: 31.95 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 20 tokens mean: 31.88 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  who sings rise up	The evening culminates with a powerful musical performance by soul, R&B, and jazz singer Andra Day, who sings her widely hailed song Rise Up and the announcement of the 2015 CNN Hero of the Year. Throughout the broadcast, viewers may donate to any of this year’s Top 10 CNN Heroes at CNNHeroes.com.	Burning Spear with Original Harmony Singers 'RISE UP' TEASE - Duration: 2 minutes, 27 seconds.
  what is the approximate bandwidth of a vhf repeater fm phone signal?	The bandwidth of the signal is 146.526 – 146.514 = 0.012 MHz, or 12 kHz. VHF Repeater FM Phone Signal: The question specifies a “VHF repeater FM phone signal.” The VHF portion indicates operations on the 6-meter, 2-meter, or 1.25-meter bands. Beyond the fact that FM phone signals are commonly used on the three VHF amateur bands this information is mostly irrelevant.	The VHF FM channels range from 87.8 to 108.0 MHz, proving an overall bandwidth of 20.2 MHz. The stations are assumed to have a bandwidth of 200 kHz, and they are allocated centre frequencies (dial frequencies) with odd numbers for the figure after the decimal point, i.e. 87.9, 88.1 . . . etc..
  how much does an engineer make in india	The average salary of a civil engineer in India depends on the companies the civil engineers are working for.Civil engineers working in public sectors in India earns significantly less money than civil engineers working for the private sector companies.The average salary of a civil engineer in India is between $12,000 and $40,000 per year.The starting salary of a civil engineer is usually from $8,000 and senior civil engineers from private section may sometimes earn up to $70,000 including the bonuses.he starting salary of a civil engineer is usually from $8,000 and senior civil engineers from private section may sometimes earn up to $70,000 including the bonuses.	SUMMARY. India. Annual average income for software engineer/developer in India is around 650,000 INR per year and average income for more experienced senior software developer is around 900,000 INR or more. Data from the end of year 2011.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

nv_embed_nq

• Dataset: nv_embed_nq at db5f73d
• Size: 65,082 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 10 tokens mean: 12.9 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 31.86 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 4 tokens mean: 24.04 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  when was the disputation of the holy sacrament painted	The Disputation of the Sacrament ( Italian : La disputa del sacramento ) , or Disputa , is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael . It was painted between 1509 and 1510 as only the first part of Raphael 's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms that are now known as the Stanze di Raffaello , in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican . At the time , this room was known as the Stanza della Segnatura , and was the private papal library where the supreme papal tribunal met .	Disputation of the Sacrament Artist Raphael Year 1509 -- 1510 Type Fresco 500 cm × 770 cm ( 200 in × 300 in ) Location Apostolic Palace , Vatican City
  what is the length of the british coastline	The mapping authority for the United Kingdom , the Ordnance Survey , records the coastline of the main island , Great Britain , as 11,072.76 miles rounding to 11,073 miles ( 17,820 km ) . The British Cartographic Society points out that `` The true answer is : it depends ! '' . If the larger islands are added , the coastline as measured by the standard method at Mean High Water Mark rises to about 19,491 miles ( 31,368 km ) . According to the CIA Factbook , the length of the UK coastline is around 12,429 km or 7,723 miles , although no details are provided about how this figure was calculated . On the basis of EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive boundaries , the UK coastline can be divided into the eastern , Greater North Sea section , which using 1km2 box counts and including islands is 4,994 km , and a western Celtic Seas coastline , which using the same measurement approach and including Northern Ireland is 14,201 km .	As a result of this shape and the number of islands , the coastline of the UK is longer than that of similar sized countries . For example , the coastline of Italy is around 9,226 km in length , France 7,330 km and Spain 7,268 km . Greece , which has a large number of islands similar to the UK , has a coastline of around 15,147 km . This means the UK has a relatively high coast / area ratio .
  who wrote the poem stopping by woods on a snowy evening	Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost , and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume . Imagery , personification , and repetition are prominent in the work . In a letter to Louis Untermeyer , Frost called it my best bid for remembrance '' .	Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury , Vermont . He had been up the entire night writing the long poem New Hampshire '' and had finally finished when he realized morning had come . He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' . He wrote the new poem about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I 'd had a hallucination '' in just a few minutes without strain '' .

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_ar

• Dataset: miracl_hn_ar at c1ff0fa
• Size: 6,217 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 13.67 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 26 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 31.62 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  ما هي الرابطة الببتيدية؟	ببتيد وتنشأ الرابطة الببتيدية من اتحاد حمضين أمينيين بكل من NH2 للحمض الأول مع COOH للحمض الثاني ويتم نزع جزئ ماء نتيجة الإتحاد مكوناً رابطة ببتيدية C(=O)NH. ويعتبر هذا التفاعل نازعا للماء dehydration reaction.	درة تأسست أوّل جمعيةٍ لمُربي ببغاوات الدرّة في بريطانيا سنة 1925، تحت اسم "نادي الدرّة" (بالإنگليزية: The Budgerigar Club)، وقد اكتسبت شعبيةً واسعة حول العالم، حتى إنه بحلول سنة 1957 كان قد انضم إليها آلاف الأعضاء من دولٍ مُختلفة. وفي ألمانيا تأسست أولى الجمعيات سنة 1926 تحت اسم "الجمعيّة الألمانية لمُربي الدرّة" ، بصفتها فرعٌ من جمعية الحفاظ على الحياة البرية وتربية الطيور والثقافة الطيريّة . وفي عام 1959 تأسست الجمعية القياسيّة لمُربي الدرّة بصفتها مُنظمة مُختصة بتربية وإكثار وعرض ببغاوات الدرّة دون غيرها من الطيور، وقد ساهمت هذه الجمعية في إنشاء أخرى عالميّة هي جمعيّة الدرّة العالميّة (بالإنگليزية: World Budgerigar Organisation). أظهرت إحصائيات بعض هذه الجمعيّات أنّ عدد الفراخ المُستأنسة التي فقست حول العالم ما بين عاميّ 2002 و2008 بلغ حوالي 20,000 من نِتاج بضعة آلافٍ من الأزواج.
  متى تم إكتشاف قبر توت عنخ آمون ؟	وادي الملوك وبالقرب من جبانة المومياوات هذه تقع مقبرة توت عنخ أمون والتي تعتبر أكبر كشف لعلماء الآثار الغربيين في العصر الحديث والتي تم اكتشافها على يد هوارد كارتر في الرابع من نوفمبر عام 1922 والذي استمر العمل في كشفها وترميمها حتى عام 1932 وكان هذا هو أول المقابر الملكية التي يتم الكشف عنها والعثور عليها بحالة جيدة وشبه مكتملة على الرغم من دخول لصوص المقابر إليها وكانت تعتبر آخر الاكتشافات الكبرى بوادي الملوك حتى اكتشاف المقبرة الأخيرة (مقبرة 63) في العاشر من مارس عام 2005، فعلى الرغم من صغر مقبرته نسبيا إلا أن محتويات المقبرة تدل على الرخاء الذي شهده عهد توت عنخ أمون وربما لا تزال هناك مقابر أخرى تضم كنوزا أكبر من تلك التي احتوتها مقبرة توت عنخ أمون.	توت عنخ آمون ترجع أهمية مجموعة الملك توت عنخ آمون إلى العديد من الأسباب؛ أولها أن كنز الملك توت عنخ أمون هو أكمل كنز ملكي عُثر عليه ولا نظير له، إذ يتكون من ثلاثمائة وثمان وخمسين قطعة تشمل القناع الذهبي الرائع وثلاثة توابيت على هيئة الإنسان، أحدها من الذهب الخالص والآخران من خشب مذهب. ثانيا:ًأن تلك الأمتعة ترجع إلى الأسرة الثامنة عشر أشهر وأزهى عصور الدولة الحديثة حيث انفتحت البلاد على أقاليم الشرق الأدنى القديم بفضل الحملات العسكرية والعلاقات التجارية من تصدير واستيراد للموارد والمنتجات المصنعة ونشاط أهل الحرف والفنانين. وأخيراً؛ أن هذه المجموعة الهائلة قد ظلت في مصر، وتوضح كيف كان القبر الملكي يجهز ويعد فهناك أمتعة الحياة اليومية كالدمى واللعب، ثم مجموعة من أثاث مكتمل وأدوات ومعدات حربية، وتماثيل للأرباب تتعلق بدفن الملك وما يؤدى له من شعائر، وبوق توت عنخ آمون الشهير المصنوع من الفضة وأخر من النحاس، وكل هذه المحتويات الآن بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة. رابعاً: من هذا الكنز أو المجموعة الهائلة نتعرف على الكثير من حياة الملك وحبة للصيد وعلاقته بزوجته "عنخ أسان آمون" التي من المعتقد أن تكون ق...
  أين تقع منطقة إقليم الباسك؟	بلاد البشكنش بلاد الباسك أو بلاد البشكنش (بالباسكية Euskal Herria و) هو إقليم ضخم يمتد عبر جبال البيرينييه الغربية على الحدود ما بين فرنسا وإسبانيا تصل مساحتها لحوالي 20 ألف كم². بلاد الباسك مقسوم سياسيا بين دولتي فرنسا وإسبانيا. ويمتد الإقليم حتى شاطئ خليج البسكاي. وتعتبر المنطقة بشكل عام منطقة تاريخية يقطنها شعب الباسك ويتحدثون لغتهم الخاصة بهم التي تعرف بالباسكية. وهي تعد أصعب الغات بالعالم وهناك من يطالب بالانفصال عن إسبانيا وفرنسا، ومن أشهر المنظمات الانفصالية، الموصوفة بالإرهابية من طرف الجهات الرسمية، منظمة إيتا الانفصالية. من أهم مدن الإقليم مدينة بلباو وسان سباستيان وبامبلونا. ويشهد إقليم بلد الباسك إضرابا دعت اليه حركات اليسار التابعة للحزب المحظور هيري باتاسونا الجناح السياسي لمنظمة إيتا للاحتجاج على الاعتقالات الواسعة في صفوف القوميين الباسك وما يوصف بالتضييق على الأحزاب السياسية الأخرى مثل الحزب الشيوعي للأراضي الباسكية وحزب العمل القومي الباسكي. و في عدة مناسبات قامت مجموعات من الشباب بالهجوم على مقرات بعض الأحزاب مثل الحزب الشعبي اليميني ومؤسسات الدولة الأسبانية وألحقت ب...	تقسيم أقاليم إسبانيا 1833 تمكن التقسيم المقاطعاتي من استعادة الأسماء التقليدية لمقاطعات اقليم الباسك ونافارا، والتي قد تم تغيير أسمائها في التقسيم الإقليمي 1822 إلا أنها قدمت بعض التنازلات للأراضي المطوقة والمعزولة تاريخيا. وأهم تلك التي تم الاحتفاظ بها هو (جزء من فالنسيا ولكن يقع بين تيروال وقونكة) و (جزء من بورغوس ولكن تحيط به ألافا)؛ أما النقطة المعزولة المهمة فهي ييفيا (جزء من جرندة، ولكن يجب على المرء أن يدخل إلى فرنسا للوصول إليها).

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_bn

• Dataset: miracl_hn_bn at 9b5d009
• Size: 3,859 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 14.62 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 17 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 31.84 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  পৃথিবীর প্রথম কম্পিউটারের নাম কী ?	জেডথ্রি (কম্পিউটার) জেডথ্রি বা জেড৩ () জার্মান প্রকৌশলী কনরাড ৎসুজে কর্তৃক ডিজাইনকৃত পৃথিবীর সর্বপ্রথম কার্যকরী টেপ-রক্ষিত-প্রোগ্রাম নিয়ন্ত্রিত গণকযন্ত্র বা কম্পিউটার। এটি টুরিং-সম্পূর্ণ। ২,০০০টি বৈদ্যুতিক রিলে দ্বারা নির্মিত জেডথ্রি প্রায় ৫–১০; হার্জ ক্লক কম্পাঙ্কে (ক্লক ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি) ২২ বিটের শব্দে পরিচালিত হত। এর প্রোগ্রামিং সংকেত এবং উপাত্ত ছিদ্রযুক্ত সেলুলয়েডের ফিতা বা ফিল্মে করে সংরক্ষিত হয়।	কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞানের ইতিহাস এরপর ১৯৪৮ সালে আসে দুনিয়ার প্রথম স্টোরড্-প্রোগ্রাম কম্পিউটার যা মেমরিতে স্টোর করা প্রোগ্রাম বা নির্দেশাবলী নির্বাহ করতে পারতো। ম্যাঞ্চেস্টার বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের রয়্যাল সোসাইটি কম্পিউটার মেশিন ল্যাবরেটরী-এর প্রতিষ্ঠাতা ম্যাক্স নিউম্যানের অনুপ্রেরণায় ফ্রেডেরিক উইলিয়ামস, টম কিলবার্ন ও জিওফ টুটিল এই তিনজন গবেষক ট্যুরিং মেশিনের কার্যনীতির উপর ভিত্তি করে ম্যাঞ্চেস্টার এসএসইএম বা ম্যাঞ্চেস্টার বেবি(ডাকনাম)নামক এই কম্পিউটারটি তৈরী করা হয়।
  সমকামিতার ইংরেজি প্রতিশব্দ কী ?	সমকামী উভকামী ও রুপান্তরকামীদের ২০০২ সালে অধিকার সমকামিতা (হোমোসেক্সুয়ালিটি) বা সমপ্রেমিতা বলতে সমলিঙ্গের ব্যক্তির প্রতি "রোমান্টিক আকর্ষণ, যৌন আকর্ষণ অথবা যৌন আচরণ"কে বোঝায়। যৌন অভিমুখীতা হিসেবে সমকামিতা বলতে বোঝায় মূলত সমলিঙ্গের ব্যক্তির প্রতি "আবেগীয়, রোমান্টিক ও/বা যৌন আকর্ষণের একটি স্থায়ী কাঠামোবিন্যাস"। এই ধরনের সম্পর্কের ভিত্তিতে গড়ে ওঠা ব্যক্তিগত বা সামাজিক পরিচিতি, এই ধরনের আচরণ এবং সমজাতীয় ব্যক্তিদের নিয়ে গঠিত কোনো সম্প্রদায়কেও এই শব্দটি দ্বারা নির্দেশ করা হয়।"	সমলৈঙ্গিক বিবাহ সমলৈঙ্গিক বিবাহ বা সমকামি বিবাহ হচ্ছে একই লিঙ্গের দুইজন মানুষের মাঝে বিবাহ। এই বিবাহ সেক্যুলার সিভিল অনুষ্ঠানের মাধ্যমে হতে পারে কিংবা ধর্মীয়ভাবেও হতে পারে।
  হাত্তিনের যুদ্ধে কোন দলের জয় হয় ?	হাত্তিনের যুদ্ধ ২০,০০০ সৈনিক নিয়ে মাঠে নামার কারণে ক্রুসেডারদের দুর্গ ও আবাসথলগুলো অরক্ষিত হয়ে পড়ে। হাত্তিনে বড় ধরনের পরাজয় সালাদিনের বিপক্ষে লড়াইয়ের জন্য স্বল্পসংখ্যক রিজার্ভ সৈনিকের উপস্থিতি প্রমাণ করে। এই পরাজয়ের ফলাফল হিসেবে সালাদিনের সেনারা ক্রুসেডারদের এলাকা দখলে নিয়ে নেয়। মধ্য সেপ্টেম্বর নাগাদ সালাদিন এক্রে, নাবলুস, জাফা, টোরন, সিডন, বৈরুত ও আসকেলন দখল করে নেন। সৌভাগ্যবশত কনরাড অব মন্টফেরাটের আগমনের কারণে টায়ার রক্ষা পায়। রাণী সিবিলা, পেট্রিয়ার্ক হেরাক্লিয়াস ও বেলিয়ান জেরুজালেম প্রতিরক্ষা করতে থাকেন। ২ অক্টোবর বেলিয়ান সালাদিনের সাথে আত্মসমর্পণের ব্যাপারে আলোচনা করেছিলেন (দেখুন জেরুজালেম অবরোধ (১১৮৭))।	রাশিদুন সেনাবাহিনী সিরিয়া বিজয়ের সময় মুসলিমদের হালকা অশ্বারোহী বাহিনী সেনাবাহিনীর সবচেয়ে শক্তিশালী অংশে পরিণত হয়। ইয়ারমুকের যুদ্ধে এদের শক্তিমত্তা ব্যাপকভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়। যুদ্ধের বিভিন্ন প্রতিকূল পর্যায়ে খালিদ অশ্বারোহীদেরকে বিভিন্ন দিকে চালনা করে যুদ্ধের মোড় ঘুরিয়ে দেন। খালিদের মাধ্যমে শক্তিশালী অশ্বারোহী দল গঠিত হয়। প্রথমদিককার মুসলিম ইতিহাসবিদরা এদেরকে মুতাহাররিক তুলাইহা ( متحرك طليعة ) বা "মোবাইল গার্ড" নাম দেন। এদেরকে অগ্রবর্তী দল হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হত। শত্রুদের সমূলে উৎপাটনের ব্যাপারে দক্ষ ছিল। বাইজেন্টাইনদের বিরুদ্ধে এদের কৌশল যথেষ্ট কাজ দেয়। হামলার কার্যকারিতার কারণে মুসলিমদের পক্ষে সিরিয়া বিজয় সহজ হয়।

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_en

• Dataset: miracl_hn_en at e63378c
• Size: 7,899 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 11.44 tokens max: 27 tokens	min: 19 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 31.66 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Who discovered Halley's Comet?	Halley's Comet Halley's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC. Clear records of the comet's appearances were made by Chinese, Babylonian, and medieval European chroniclers, but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time. The comet's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley, after whom it is now named.	Halley's Comet If, as has been suggested, the reference in the Talmud to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err" (see above) refers to Halley's Comet, it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance, because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah. This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah's lifetime.
  Who won in the Battle of Ravenna?	Battle of Ravenna (475) The Battle of Ravenna was fought between supporters of Orestes and supporters of Julius Nepos for control of the Western Roman Empire. In prelude to the battle, Orestes had been ordered to raise a large army to confront tribal rulers in Gaul. Instead he led his force against Emperor Julius Nepos in the capital Ravenna. Nepos was defeated and deposed, but managed to flee to Dalmatia. Orestes in turn enthroned his son Romulus Augustulus as Roman emperor. He was in turn overthrown by Odoacer in September 476 following the Roman defeat at Pavia.	Odoacer The events around the Battle of Ravenna were used in the Germanic heroic saga of Dietrich von Bern (Theoderic of Verona). The event in which Theoderic kills Odoacer with his own hands is mirrored in the saga in the episode in which Dietrich kills the Dwarf King Laurin.
  Where is Gjakova?	Gjakova Gjakova is located in the south-western part of Kosovo. To the north-east of the city, the west Kosovan plain of Dukagjin/Metohija opens, while in the south-west the peak of Dinaric alps rises. The city is also situated at the entrance to the Erenik Valley, where the river Krena flows from the north to the Erenik mountain stream. After a few kilometers, it flows into the White Drin, the longest river in Kosovo. The municipality covers an area of 521 km, including the town of Gjakova and 84 villages.	Culture of Gjakova The forms of denominating the city had changed during the centuries. The oldest form "Jakova" originates from the base "Jak" anthroponym dispersed among vendor Albanians and the Ottoman suffix "ovasi" that means a field. Therefore, "Jak ovasi" means Jak’s field, because Jak Vula, according to the tradition, allowed Hadum Aga to build the mosque and the above-mentioned objects with the condition that the city to be built would carry his name.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_es

• Dataset: miracl_hn_es at d703212
• Size: 10,025 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 14.43 tokens max: 27 tokens	min: 26 tokens mean: 31.99 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 31.87 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  ¿Cómo actúan las fuerzas policiales de Japón?	Fuerzas policiales de Japón La policía antidisturbios se compromete a utilizar una fuerza disciplinada y no letal y no portar armas de fuego mientras realiza tareas de control de disturbios. Están entrenados para enorgullecerse de su aplomo bajo estrés. Los manifestantes también suelen ser restringidos. La brutalidad policial rara vez es un problema. Cuando ocurren excesos, el autor es disciplinado y, a veces, transferido de la fuerza si se considera que es incapaz de mantener su temperamento.	Fuerzas policiales de Japón Hoy en día, las mujeres oficiales casi nunca usan una falda con vestimenta de trabajo, y con frecuencia también usan pantalones con vestimenta formal. Los oficiales también usan con frecuencia chaquetas reflectantes impermeables, que han reemplazado los viejos abrigos y capas que tradicionalmente se usaban en condiciones climáticas adversas. La mayoría de los oficiales ahora usan chalecos de puñalada, un tipo de armadura, cuando están de servicio.
  ¿Cuáles eran los principales alimentos en la Edad Media?	Gastronomía de la Edad Media La gastronomía medieval es el conjunto de alimentos, hábitos alimenticios y prácticas culinarias de diferentes países europeos durante la Edad Media, que duró del al . Durante este período, las dietas y la cocina cambiaron poco que en la Edad Moderna temprana que siguió, cuando esas transformaciones ayudaron a sentar las bases de la gastronomía europea moderna. Los cereales continuaron siendo el alimento básico más importante durante la Alta Edad Media, ya que el arroz se introdujo tarde y la papa se incorporó en 1536, con una fecha muy posterior al consumo generalizado. Los pobres comían cebada, avena y centeno. El trigo era para las clases gobernantes. Eran consumidos como pan, gacha, gruel y pasta por todos los miembros de la sociedad. Las habas y las verduras eran complementos importantes en la dieta basada en cereales de las clases inferiores. (Las especies del género "Phaseolus", especialmente "P. vulgaris" o frijol, provenían del Nuevo Mundo y se int...	Historia del hambre en España La dieta de los españoles durante este periodo consistía fundamentalmente en un gran porcentaje de cereales y legumbres (generalmente garbanzos y lentejas), frutos secos. La carne ocupaba un lugar muy limitado en el consumo habitual de las clases bajas, y quedaba relegado su consumo a contadas ocasiones festivas. La alimentación de la época era muy poco variada y con gran monotonía de preparaciones culinarias. Generalmente fundamentado en cereales (con protagonismo en el pan) en la que se podía preparar una especie de migas, como los formigos.
  ¿Qué idiomas se hablan en Argelia?	Separatismo bereber en África del Norte Desde el desmantelamiento del sistema monopartidista del FLN en 1989 -seguido por la democratización abortiva y la guerra civil-, el Estado ha satisfecho algunas de las demandas de la «Primavera Bereber», y el idioma bereber es ahora una lengua nacional de Argelia. Sin embargo, este idioma sigue siendo distinto del árabe, que sigue siendo el idioma oficial, y quedan muchos otros puntos de controversia. En 2014 y 2015 se produjeron varios incidentes de disturbios étnicos en Argelia, con una docena de víctimas mortales en actos de violencia entre árabes y bereberes.	Lenguas de Argelia Además del turco existen otras lenguas:

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_fa

• Dataset: miracl_hn_fa at b0be573
• Size: 4,277 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 9 tokens mean: 16.21 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 18 tokens mean: 31.9 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 10 tokens mean: 31.65 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  تمدن ایلام در کدام مناطق پدید آمد؟	فهرست شاهان ایلام تمدن ایلام نام تمدنی باستانی در منطقه‌ای است که بخش بزرگی در جنوب غربی ایران از خوزستان، ایلام کنونی، چهارمحال بختیاری، بوشهر، کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، شمال پارس کنونی (اَنشان) و لرستان را در پایان هزاره سوم قبل از میلاد دربرمی گرفت؛ ولی در دورهٔ هخامنشیان به منطقه جغرافیایی دشت شوش تقلیل یافت. در اینجا فهرستی از نام‌های همهٔ شاهان شناخته شدهٔ ایلام و فرمانروایانِ وابسته به ایلام آورده شده‌است.	تاریخ خاورمیانه قدیمی‌ترین تمدن‌های تاریخی در منطقه‌ای که در حال حاضر به عنوان خاور نزدیک شناخته می‌شود، در حدود ۳۵۰۰ سال پیش از میلاد، در بین‌النهرین (عراق کنونی) به وجود آمدند و امروزه به عنوان گهواره تمدن از آن‌ها یاد می‌شود. سومری‌ها، اکدیها، بابلی‌ها و آشوری‌ها همه در این منطقه شکل گرفته و رشد پیدا کردند. بلافاصله پس از پیدایش تمدن سومری، در ساحل رودخانه دره نیل مصر باستان در هزاره چهارم پیش از میلاد تحت فرمان فراعنه یکپارچه شد، و تمدن خود را به سرعت از طریق هلال بارور (Fertile Crescent) به سواحل غرب دریای مدیترانه و سراسر مشرق گسترش داد. فینیقیه ای‌ها، اسرائیلیها و بسیاری دیگر بعدها تمدن‌های مهمی در این منطقه بناکردند. در شبه جزیره عربی (عربستان سعودی امروز) اعراب اولیه، مانند نباطی‌ها (Nabatean) (به عربی: الأنباط) و سبایی‌ها (Sabaean) (به عربی: السبأیین) ظاهر شدند و در حدود ۸۰۰ سال قبل از میلاد تمدن قدرتمند و با نفوذی تأسیس کردند که برای قرن‌ها به مرکز تجارت در قلب کویر بدل شد. در قرن ۵پیش از میلاد امپراطوری هخامنشیان توسط کوروش بزرگ تأسیس شد اسکندر مقدونی به ایران حمله کرد و حک...
  جنگ آشوریان در چه تاریخی شروع شد؟	دوره‌های گاه‌شماری نام‌بخش‌های آشوری فهرست یا جدولی است از الواح میخی که هر ساله وقایع مهم دولت آشور در آن ذکر می‌شد، این وقایع دوران سلطنت دو پادشاه اسرحدون و آشوربانیپال می‌باشد، و اکنون این اسناد وجود دارد ولی بالکل ضایع شده‌است. منابع آشوری از سال سی‌ام قرن هفتم پ.م. - ۶۳۰ - به این طرف وجود ندارند، اما به لحاظ اثبات ماهیت وقایع تاریخی واجد اهمیت می‌باشد، از آنجا که در دوران آشوری مبدأ تاریخی وجود نداشت آشوریان سال‌ها را به نام وقایع مهمه مانند جنگ، سیل، طوفان، قیام و شورش، یا کسوفی که رخ داده بود و همچنین اسامی اشخاص برجسته و تأثیرگذار می‌نامیدند. یک گزارش از جنگ آشوریان علیه اورارتو در فهرست مردان سال آشوری (اپونیم‌ها) در ذیل وقایع سال - ۷۷۶ پ.م. - مذکور است و بار دیگر در فهرست مردان سال ذیل وقایع سال - ۷۷۴ پ.م. - از لشکرکشی علیه اورارتو و نامار یاد می‌شود. نظر برخی مورخان این است که ذکر وقایع مهم هر سال منوط به پیروزی آشوریان بوده و اگر در جایی آشوریان دچار شکست می‌شدند ذکری از آن اتفاق در اپونیم یا نام‌بخش‌ها ثبت نمی‌شد.	آشوریه هخامنشی در سال‌های ۵۴۶ و ۵۲۰ پیش از میلاد مسیح، دو استان آشوریه یعنی ماد و آشورا علیه امپراتوری ایران شورش کردند. هرچند که شورش‌ها سرکوب شدند، اما این شورش‌ها نشان دهندهٔ اتحاد عمل این دو منطقه و شاید پیوند فرهنگی میان این دو باشد. با این حال این شورش‌ها می‌توانستند در جاهای مختلفی رخ دهند و حتی در سراسر میان‌رودان رخ دهند.
  قله دماوند چه ارتفاعی دارد؟	دماوند به نقل از درگاه ملّی آمار ایران، فرازایِ کوه دماوند از سطح آب‌های آزاد ۵٬۶۱۰ متر است. سازمان نقشه‌برداری کشور در سال ۱۳۸۵ در جریان پروژه ای ده روزه و با روش‌های مختلف اقدام به اندازه‌گیری ارتفاع دقیق قله کرد و عدد ۵۶۰۹/۲۰ (پنج هزار و ششصد و نه متر و بیست سانتی‌متر) را برای قله به ثبت رساند و بعد از آن در تمامی منابع ارتفاع ۵۶۰۹/۲ یا به صورت گردشده، ۵۶۱۰ متر عنوان شد که در واقع عدد صحیح ارتفاع دماوند است.	بینالود قلهٔ بینالود، مشهور به بام خراسان، یکی از بلندترین قله‌ها در استان خراسان رضوی به بلندی ۳٬۲۱۱ متر است که در ۲۷ کیلومتری شمال شرق نیشابور و در غرب مشهد قرار دارد.این قله در رشته‌کوه بینالود واقع است و بین بلندی آن با قله شیرباد که در همین رشته‌کوه می‌باشد اختلاف‌نظر وجود دارد.قلهٔ بینالود، در میان شهرستان‌های نیشابور و مشهد، گلبهار و شهرستان بینالود قرار داشته و دهستان بینالود در دامنه جنوبی آن واقع است. از دیگر قلل مرتفع رشته‌کوه بینالود می‌توان به شیرباد (حدود ۳۲۰۰ متر)، زرگران (حدود ۳۱۰۰ متر) فلسکه (۳٬۱۰۰ متر) و قوچگر (۳٬۰۵۰ متر) اشاره کرد.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_fi

• Dataset: miracl_hn_fi at 9e028e9
• Size: 4,928 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 15.12 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 22 tokens mean: 31.97 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 31.81 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Kuka Svetlana Kuznetsova on?	Svetlana Kuznetsova Svetlana Aleksandrovna Kuznetsova ( s. 27. kesäkuuta 1985 Leningrad) on venäläinen tennispelaaja, Yhdysvaltain avointen ja Ranskan avointen voittaja.	Jevgeni Kuznetsov (jääkiekkoilija) Jevgeni Jevgenevitš Kuznetsov (, s. 19. toukokuuta 1992 Tšeljabinsk, Venäjä) on venäläinen jääkiekkoilija, joka pelaa NHL-joukkue Washington Capitalsissa. Hyvin luisteleva, pehmeäkätinen Kuznetsov osaa pelata sekä keskellä että laidassa. Hän voitti Stanley cupin kaudella 2017–2018 olleen pudotuspelien pistepörssin voittaja tehoin 12+20=32
  Milloin Tony Iommi aloitti soittamaan kitaraa?	Tony Iommi Iommin suku on alun perin lähtöisin Italiasta, josta he olivat muuttaneet Britanniaan ja hänen vanhempansa toimivat kauppiaina Birminghamin Astonissa. Tony Iommi kävi lapsuudessaan samaa koulua kuin tuleva yhtyetoveri Ozzy Osbourne. Nuorena Iommi harrasti kamppailulajeja, kuten nyrkkeilyä, judoa ja painia, joista ensin mainitussa hän oli lahjakas. Koulussaan Iommi kuului ns. "koviin kavereihin" ja oli suosittu oppilas. Kitaransoitosta hän kiinnostui teini-ikäisenä kuultuaan Hank Marvinin ja The Shadows -yhtyeen soittoa. Iommi on aina ollut vasenkätinen kitaristi. Iommin ensimmäinen yhtye, jossa hän soitti, oli Rockin' Chevrolets vuosina 1964–1965.	Fabrizio Moretti Moretti aloitti rumpujen soittamisen ollessaan vain noin viisivuotias. Hän oli kiinnostunut soittamisesta jo neljän vuoden iässä. Hän sai rummut ja harjoitteli niillä ahkerasti äänieristetyssä komerossa. Ollessaan 13-vuotias Moretti tapasi yhtyekumppaninsa Julian Casablancasin sekä Nick Valensin Dwight Schoolissa New Yorkissa. Silloin Moretti unelmoi vielä taiteen opettajan urasta ja opiskeli taidetta yliopistossa. Kun pojat perustivat yhtyeen, Moretti lopetti opiskelunsa kesken jotta voisi soittaa yhtyeessä kokopäiväisesti. Vuonna 2001 yhtye pongahti kuuluisuuteen.
  Mitä aari tarkoittaa?	Aari (nimi) Aari on suomalainen miehen etunimi. Se on kutsumamuoto nimestä Adrianos. Nimi on annettu Suomessa noin 200 miehelle, eniten sitä on annettu 1900-1940-luvuilla.	AER AER tai aer voi tarkoittaa seuraavia:

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_fr

• Dataset: miracl_hn_fr at 67b7107
• Size: 2,321 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 13.69 tokens max: 26 tokens	min: 23 tokens mean: 31.93 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 14 tokens mean: 31.84 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Qui est le roi de Belgique?	Maison du roi (Belgique) La Maison du roi (officiellement : Maison de Sa Majesté le Roi), en Belgique, a été créée le 23 juillet 2013, après la prestation de serment du roi Philippe. Elle se compose de six services différents: le Cabinet du Roi, le Secrétariat général du Roi, la Maison Militaire du Roi, la Liste Civile du Roi, le Secrétariat de la Reine et du Détachement de Sécurité. Cela représente un total de 300 personnes; ceci sans compter le personnel d'entretien, les cuisiniers, les domestiques, qui ne sont pas des membres de la Cour.	Pays-Bas Il rassemble les actuels territoires du Benelux ainsi que les colonies néerlandaises, dont la plus importante est les Indes orientales néerlandaises, l'actuelle Indonésie. Son premier roi est Guillaume d'Orange-Nassau, l'un des vainqueurs de la bataille de Waterloo. Le royaume a deux capitales : Amsterdam et Bruxelles. En 1830, la Belgique se soulève. Peuplée surtout de catholiques, elle supporte mal le règne du protestant , mais aussi sa politique d'imposition de la langue néerlandaise comme seule langue officielle. La révolution belge aboutit à la création du nouveau royaume de Belgique (région des Pays-Bas méridionaux), qui intègre également le Luxembourg. La convention de Zonhoven en 1833, met fin officiellement au conflit. Le grand duché reste intégré à la Belgique jusqu'en 1839, date à laquelle sa moitié orientale est érigée en État indépendant, le grand-duché de Luxembourg, membre de la confédération germanique. Ce nouvel État et le royaume des Pays-Bas restent toutefoi...
  Quelles sont les étapes de développement du cancer?	Cancer La formation d'un cancer – au sens strict – comporte deux étapes distinctes et nécessairement successives : cancérogenèse et tumorogenèse.	TotalBiscuit En , il est l'invité d'un épisode du H3 Podcast au cours duquel il détaille son état de santé. Il décrit sa maladie comme (c'est-à-dire que le cancer est toujours présent, mais ne s'étend pas). Il dit également que c'est un cancer de stade 4. Le , il tweete que sa chimiothérapie ne fait dès à présent plus effet, mais qu'il reste d'autres traitements envisageables. Il fait également remarquer que si le cancer ne s'est pas propagé, il a recommencé à se développer.
  Quels sont les traits principaux d’un martyr?	Martyr On retrouve dans les représentations de martyrs la présence d’attributs permettant de les identifier. C’est un système que l’on peut retrouver bien avant dans d’autres religions. En effet, durant l’Antiquité, les Grecs, par exemple, identifiaient déjà leurs dieux via des attributs particuliers, tels les éclairs pour Zeus. Ces attributs sont dits, parmi les trois types dégagés par Louis Réau, « individuels ». Ils « se rapportent à un épisode de la légende ou du martyre des saints, à un aspect de leur culte, voire encore à leur nom ». Pour nos martyrs, c’est à un épisode de leur martyre qu’ils se rapportent, prenant la forme de l’instrument qui a causé leur mort ou le plus de souffrance. Les premières représentations de ce type sont observables vers la fin du dans le nord de l’Europe. Leur utilisation s’étend progressivement jusqu’à devenir systématique, dans tous les types de représentations, dans le courant du , et continue aux siècles suivants. Ces objets ont ensuite été réaffi...	Charte du Hamas L'universitaire Meir Hatina de l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem a étudié la charte dans le contexte de l'ethos du sacrifice et du martyre dans l'Islam : le "Chahid". Il note qu'au contraire de mouvements comme le Jihad islamique, la charte met en avant, dans la lutte contre Israël, le prêche et l'éducation plutôt que le martyre au nom de Dieu. Il souligne également que la charte n'a eu aucun impact sur les principes mis en avant dans la Révolution islamique en Iran, et qui inspirèrent la vénération du martyr propre au Jihad islamique. Le Hamas de son côté utiliserait l'image du martyr pour stimuler l'enthousiasme et le recrutement mais pas comme modèle à suivre.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_hi

• Dataset: miracl_hn_hi at c675fe1
• Size: 2,469 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 9 tokens mean: 16.56 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 16 tokens mean: 31.89 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 9 tokens mean: 31.41 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  मेघालय की आधिकारिक भाषाएं कौन है?	मेघालय गारो भाषा का तिब्बती-बर्मी भाषा-परिवार की सदस्य कोच एवं बोडो भाषाओं से निकट सामीप्य है। गारो भाषा अधिकांश जनसंख्या द्वारा बोली जाती है और इसकी कई बोलियां प्रचलित हैं, जैसे अबेंग या अम्बेंग, अटोंग, अकावे (या अवे), मात्ची दुआल, चोबोक, चिसक मेगम या लिंगंगम, रुगा, गारा-गञ्चिंग एवं माटाबेंग।	जयपुरहाट सदर उपज़िला यहाँ की आधिकारिक स्तर की भाषाएँ बांग्ला और अंग्रेज़ी है। तथा बांग्लादेश के किसी भी अन्य क्षेत्र की तरह ही, यहाँ की भी प्रमुख मौखिक भाषा और मातृभाषा बांग्ला है। बंगाली के अलावा अंग्रेज़ी भाषा भी कई लोगों द्वारा जानी और समझी जाती है, जबकि सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक निकटता तथा भाषाई समानता के कारण, कई लोग सीमित मात्रा में हिंदुस्तानी(हिंदी/उर्दू) भी समझने में सक्षम हैं। यहाँ का बहुसंख्यक धर्म, इस्लाम है, जबकि प्रमुख अल्पसंख्यक धर्म, हिन्दू धर्म है। राजशाही विभाग में, जनसांख्यिकीक रूप से, इस्लाम के अनुयाई, आबादी के औसतन ८८.४२% है, जबकि शेष जनसंख्या प्रमुखतः हिन्दू धर्म की अनुयाई है। यह मुख्यतः ग्रामीण क्षेत्र है, और अधिकांश आबादी ग्राम्य इलाकों में रहती है।
  उज्जैन का प्राचीन काल में क्या नाम था?	उज्जैन उज्जैन (उज्जयिनी) भारत के मध्य प्रदेश राज्य का एक प्रमुख शहर है जो क्षिप्रा नदी या शिप्रा नदी के किनारे पर बसा है। यह एक अत्यन्त प्राचीन शहर है। यह महान सम्राट विक्रमादित्य के राज्य की राजधानी थी । उज्जैन को कालिदास की नगरी के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यहाँ हर 12 वर्ष पर सिंहस्थ महाकुंभ मेला लगता है। भगवान शिव के 12 ज्योतिर्लिंगों में एक महाकाल इस नगरी में स्थित है। उज्जैन मध्य प्रदेश के सबसे बड़े शहर इन्दौर से 45 कि॰मी॰ पर है। उज्जैन के प्राचीन नाम अवन्तिका, उज्जयनी, कनकश्रन्गा आदि है। उज्जैन मंदिरों की नगरी है। यहाँ कई तीर्थ स्थल है। इसकी जनसंख्या 515215 लाख सन ,2011 की जनगणना के हिसाब से है। यह मध्य प्रदेश का पाँचवा सबसे बड़ा शहर है। नगर निगम सीमा का क्षेत्रफल 152 वर्ग किलोमीटर है।	इलाहाबाद शहर का प्राचीन नाम 'प्रयाग 'या 'प्रयागराज' है। हिन्दू मान्यता है कि, सृष्टिकर्ता भगवान ब्रह्मा ने सृष्टि कार्य पूर्ण होने के बाद सबसे प्रथम यज्ञ यहां किया था। इसी प्रथम यज्ञ के 'प्र' और 'याग' अर्थात यज्ञ की सन्धि द्वारा प्रयाग नाम बना। ऋग्वेद और कुछ पुराणों में भी इस स्थान का उल्लेख 'प्रयाग' के रूप में किया गया है। हिन्दी भाषा में प्रयाग का शाब्दिक अर्थ "नदियों का संगम" भी है - यहीं पर गंगा, यमुना और सरस्वती नदियों का संगम होता है। अक्सर "पांच प्रयागों का राजा" कहलाने के कारण इस नगर को प्रयागराज भी कहा जाता रहा है।
  किस ने बाल विवाह को पंजीकृत करने के लिए एक विधेयक पारित किया है?	केरल में मुसलमानों के बीच बाल विवाह केरल में मुस्लिमों के बीच बाल विवाह के मुद्दे को इंडियन यूनियन मुस्लिम लीग (केरल के सत्तारूढ़ यूनाइटेड डेमोक्रेटिक फ्रंट (UDF) का हिस्सा) के सामाजिक-कल्याण विभाग द्वारा 14 जून 2013 को जारी एक परिपत्र द्वारा संबोधित किया गया था। सर्कुलर में विवाह रजिस्ट्रार को निर्देश दिया जाता है कि वे मुस्लिम विवाह पंजीकृत करें, भले ही पार्टियों ने बाल विवाह अधिनियम द्वारा निर्धारित आयु प्राप्त नहीं की हो। राजनीतिक दलों और मुस्लिम महिला संगठनों ने कहा है कि इससे बाल विवाह को बढ़ावा मिलेगा। संशोधन के बाद, 28 जून 2013 से पहले होने वाली केवल कम उम्र की शादियाँ ही पंजीकृत हो सकीं। केरल में नौ प्रमुख मुस्लिम संगठनों ने कानूनी कार्रवाई करते हुए सामुदायिक विवाह-आयु प्रतिबंधों से छूट की मांग की,महिलाओं के लिए न्यूनतम विवाह आयु (बाल विवाह अधिनियम द्वारा निर्धारित १) है। इंडियन यूनियन मुस्लिम लीग (IUML) बाल विवाह अधिनियम का विरोध इस आधार पर करती है कि यह मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ को नियंत्रित करता है। एकीकृत बाल विकास योजना के एक सर्वेक्षण के अनुसार, 2012 में केरल के मलप्पुरम में 13 ...	भारत में बंधुआ मजदूरी बाल मजदूरों को काम से हटाने के साथ ही उनके पुनर्वास पर भी ध्यान देना जरूरी है। श्रम मंत्रालय के अनुसार राष्ट्रीय बाल श्रम परियोजना के तहत चलाए जा रहे विशेष बाल श्रमिक विद्यालय ऐसे बच्चों के लिए ही हैं। पिछले तीन सालों में देश के २६० जिलों में चल रहे इन विद्यालयों में लगभग तीन लाख बाल मजदूरों को दाखिला दिया गया है। पर गैर सरकारी संगठनों की शोध रपटों से यह खुलासा हुआ है कि इन विद्यालयों में नामांकित अधिकतर बच्चे कभी बाल मजदूर नहीं रहे और उनका दाखिला पहले से भी सर्व शिक्षा अभियान में चल रहे स्कूलों में था। बाल श्रमिकों के पुनर्वास के लिए पढ़ाई के साथ-साथ उनके परिवारों के आर्थिक प्रोत्साहन पर भी काम करना होगा। मालिक से वसूला गया जुर्माना बच्चे और उसके परिवार के आर्थिक पुनर्वास पर खर्च होना चाहिए, पर ऐसा हो नहीं रहा है। बाल श्रम प्रतिषेध व विनियमन अधिनियम 1986 में परिवर्तन का यह एकदम उपयुक्त समय है। १४ वर्ष तक के बच्चे का किसी भी तरह से काम करना पूर्णतः प्रतिबंधित किया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि शिक्षा अब उसका कानूनी अधिकार है। साथ ही यह भी सुनिश्चित करना चाहिए कि यदि कहीं बच...

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_id

• Dataset: miracl_hn_id at 0fd4cc5
• Size: 12,505 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 11.85 tokens max: 25 tokens	min: 27 tokens mean: 31.99 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 31.69 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  apakah penyebab kematian Sargon II?	Sargon II Sargon II (bahasa Akadia Šarru-kên "raja yang benar", , ; berkuasa 722 – 705 SM) adalah raja Asyur. Sargon II menjadi penguasa bersama dengan Salmaneser V pada tahun 722 SM dan menjadi penguasa satu-satunya atas kerajaan Asyur pada tahun 722 SM setelah wafatnya Salmaneser. Tidak jelas apakah ia merupakan putra dari Tiglath-Pileser III atau perebut kuasa yang bukan dari keluarga kerajaan. Dalam inskripsinya, dia menyebut dirinya sebagai manusia baru dan jarang menyebut pada pendahulunya; walau begitu, ia menggunakan nama "Sharru-kinu" ("raja sejati"), setelah Sargon dari Akkadia — yang mendirikan Kekaisaran Semitik pertama di wilayah tersebut sekitar 16 abad silam. "" merupakan bentuk dalam Alkitab untuk menyebutnya.	Hugues III dari Bourgogne Hugues kemudian membalikkan minatnya Tanah Suci, dimulai pada Perang Salib Ketiga di dalam rombongan Philippe II. Ketika Philippe kembali ke Perancis, ia menyerahkan Hugues bertanggung jawab atas pasukan Perancis. Hugues memainkan sebuah peranan penting di dalam kemenangan Perang Arsuf (7 September 1191) dan di pengepungan Acre, dimana ia meninggal pada bulan Agustus 1192.
  Kapan perusahaan majalah Kartini didirikan?	Maclean's Majalah ini mulai diterbitkan pada tahun 1905 oleh wartawan sekaligus pengusaha asal Toronto, Letnan Kolonel John Bayne Maclean. Maclean waktu itu berusia 43 tahun dan berusaha di bidang penerbitan majalah niaga. Ia membeli majalah niaga untuk kalangan internal dari sebuah biro periklanan berikut 5.000 pelanggannya. Majalah tersebut diluncurkan kembali dalam ukuran saku dengan nama "Business Magazine". Di dalamnya berisi ringkasan artikel-artikel yang dikumpulkannya dari majalah-majalah Kanada, Britania Raya, dan Amerika Serikat. Majalah diterbitkan bulanan, dan laku 6.000 eksemplar. Slogannya berbunyi "inti sari majalah dunia yang direproduksi untuk orang sibuk" (""the Cream of the World's magazines reproduced for Busy People""). "Business Magazine" diganti namanya menjadi "The Busy Man's Magazine" sejak Desember 1905, dan mulai menerima kiriman artikel asli untuk berbagai topik seperti imigrasi, pertahanan nasional, hak suara perempuan, dan juga fiksi. Maclean akhirnya mema...	Harian Rakjat Harian Rakjat adalah surat kabar Indonesia yang pertama kali terbit pada 1951 dengan jargon "Untuk rakjat hanja ada satu harian "Harian Rakjat"". Media resmi Partai Komunis Indonesia itu berkantor di Jalan Pintu Besar Nomor 93, Jakarta, dengan direksi/penanggung jawab/redaksi Mula Naibaho. Wakil Ketua II CC PKI, Njoto, menjadi pemimpin redaksi media ini dan Supeno, menjadi anggota dewan redaksinya. Njoto sering menulis editorial, pojok atau kolom.
  Apa warna bendera Skotlandia ?	Bendera Britania Raya Ladang biru dengan salib merah Saint George (santo pelindung Inggris) yang diberi pinggit di putih yang dilapiskan ke atas salib merah diagonal Saint Patrick (santo pelindung Irlandia), yang dilapiskan ke atas salib putih Saint Andrew (santo pelindung Skotlandia); biasa dikenal sebagai Union Flag, namun umumnya disebut Union Jack; desain dan warnanya (khususnya Blue Ensign) menjadi dasar untuk sejumlah bendera lain termasuk anggota Commonwealth of Nations dan negara bagian atau provinsi konstituennya, seperti teritori seberang lautan Inggris.	Jambul (heraldik) Tanda-tanda pembeda pada lambang-lambang kebesaran yang tampak seragam, yakni lambang-lambang kebesaran yang disandang oleh orang-orang dari satu keluarga yang sama, pada umumnya tidak dirangkaikan dengan jambul, kendati tidak salah jika dilakukan. Kaidah ini masih dilestarikan oleh keluarga kerajaan Inggris. Meskipun demikian, kaidah yang diikuti secara luas di Inggris melarang penggunaan satu bentuk jambul yang sama oleh dua keluarga yang berbeda. Kaidah ini tidak diikuti di Skotlandia, tempat jambul tidak begitu dipentingkan, sehingga sejumlah besar orang yang tidak memiliki hubungan kekerabatan dapat saja menggunakan satu bentuk jambul yang sama. Karena tidak begitu perlu dibedakan, jambul-jambul Skotlandia cenderung kurang ornamental dibanding jambul-jambul Inggris.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_ja

• Dataset: miracl_hn_ja at a01caf6
• Size: 6,984 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 13.49 tokens max: 28 tokens	min: 19 tokens mean: 31.99 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 31.58 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  世界初のシューティングゲームは何	スペースウォー! 『スペースウォー!』（）は、宇宙戦争をモチーフとした対戦型コンピューターゲームで、世界初のシューティングゲームとされている。1962年、当時マサチューセッツ工科大学（MIT）の学生であった（Steve Russell, 1937年 - ）を中心に、DEC社のミニコンPDP-1上で稼動するデモンストレーションプログラムとして開発された。また宇宙船の型から「wedge（くさび）とneedle（ミシン針）」とも呼ばれる。 1961年夏、DECからMITのコンピュータ室にPDP-1が贈られた。学内関係者達はPDP-1を熱心にいじり倒し、こうした人々が、ハッカーの元祖となっていった。	バルトロン 東映動画による初のゲーム作品である。ジャンルは横スクロールシューティングゲーム。
  ムスリム教徒にとって新約聖書も経典になる？	聖書 ユダヤ教およびキリスト教関連の宗教ではもっとも重要な宗教文書とされる。もっとも、旧約聖書と新約聖書の両者を聖書と呼ぶのはキリスト教の立場に基づくものである。ユダヤ教ではいわゆる新約聖書は教典ではなく、イスラム教では両聖書（に相当するもので現在読まれているものとは異なる。アラビア語で、旧約聖書に収められているモーゼ五書は「タウラー」、詩篇は「ザブール」、新約聖書に収められている福音書は「インジール」と呼ばれる。）とクルアーンとはいずれも教典（またはそれに準じて尊重される文書）である（ただし、クルアーンが優越すると考えられており、内容に𪗱𪘚がある場合はクルアーンの記述が優先される）。 2017年現在、聖書は全部または一部が世界3200以上の言語で翻訳されている。	日本聖書協会 口語訳聖書は日本聖書協会が初めて自力で行った聖書翻訳事業であり、プロテスタント教会の典礼に使用されてきたが主に福音派諸教会から激しい批判が行われ、口語訳聖書に対抗する聖書として、新改訳聖書が発刊された。その後1978年に新約のみが出版された共同訳聖書は動的等価法や原語に忠実な表記法が非常に不評であったために方針を変更されることになり、そのままの方針での旧約聖書は刊行されなかったが、1987年に刊行された新共同訳聖書は、エキュメニズムの流れに沿って実現した共同の翻訳委員会が、共同訳の失敗に学んで動的等価法を破棄し、最新の研究成果を取り入れつつミサ・礼拝に用いるべく文体の格調に留意して訳出したもので、現代日本でもっともよく利用されている聖書となっている。
  著作権は著者の没後何年で切れる？	著作権の保護期間 一般的な著作物（写真や映画の著作物を除く）の原則的な保護期間は、1899年7月15日に施行された旧著作権法（明治32年法律第39号）では、著作者の死後30年までと規定されていた。その後は、以下のような変遷をたどっている。改正された法律の施行前に著作権が消滅していた著作物の場合、延長の対象とならず、著作権の保護期間は1971年改正の場合なら著作者の死後50年、2018年改正の場合なら70年とならないので、注意が必要である。たとえば、芥川龍之介、梶井基次郎、島崎藤村、太宰治の作品の著作権の保護期間は以下のとおりとなる。旧著作権法を考慮した著作権の保護期間を表にまとめると、次のとおりである。 無名または変名の著作物の著作権は、その著作物の公表後70年を経過するまでの間、存続する（1項本文）。より正確には、公表してから70年を経過した年の12月31日まで存続する（著作権法第57条第1項。著作権の保護期間#保護期間の計算方法（暦年主義））。無名または変名の著作物では著作者の死亡時点を客観的に把握することが困難であるから、ベルヌ条約7条(4)が容認する公表時起算を適用した。	著作権の保護期間 2007年8月29日、東京地裁は原告側の主張を全面的に認め『モダン・タイムス』など7タイトルは旧法の規定に伴いチャップリンの個人著作物と認められ、著作権保護期間は経過措置により2015年まで有効であると判断。さらに『殺人狂時代』（1947年製作）及び『ライムライト』（1952年製作）については2003年改正法の附則第2条（旧法と現行法のどちらかで保護期間が異なる場合は、より長い方を適用する）に基づき、公表後70年が適用されると判断。『殺人狂時代』は2017年、『ライムライト』は2022年まで保護期間が存続するとし、被告側に対し9タイトルの販売禁止と在庫の全量及びDVD製作に使用したマスターの廃棄・約1053万円の損害賠償を命じた。発売業者は知財高裁に控訴したが、2008年2月28日に控訴棄却の判決を下した。

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_ko

• Dataset: miracl_hn_ko at a2ab97b
• Size: 1,973 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 15.09 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 26 tokens mean: 31.98 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 12 tokens mean: 31.79 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  조조는 어느 나라 사람인가?	조조 모예스 조조 모예스(, 1969년 8월 4일 ~ )는 잉글랜드의 소설가이다. 로맨스 소설 협회가 주최하는 로맨스 소설 협회상에서 2004년에 《Foreign Fruit》으로, 2011년에 《The Last Letter From Your Lover》로 두번 수상하였다.	전조 (오호 십육국) 유요는 319년에 장안에서 국호를 “조”로 고치면서 한의 황제들에게 제사하던 것을 폐지하고 흉노의 선우인 모돈 선우를 모셨다. 이로써 한나라의 후예를 자처하던 흉노의 한나라는 사라지고 흉노의 후예를 자처하는 조나라가 성립되었다.
  아랍 연맹에는 몇 개의 나라가 있는가?	아랍 연맹 아랍 연맹( '), 옛 명칭 아랍 국가 연맹( ', )은 북아프리카, 아프리카의 뿔, 아라비아 주변의 아랍권이 결성한 지역 기구이다. 1945년 3월 22일 이집트 왕국, 이라크 왕국, 트란스요르단, 레바논, 사우디아라비아, 시리아 공화국이 이집트 카이로에 모여 결성했다. 예멘 왕국이 1945년 5월 5일 회원국으로 참여했다. 현재 아랍 연맹의 회원국은 22개국이지만, 시리아의 참여는 2011년 11월 시리아 내전의 영향으로 자격이 정지된 상황이다.	나빌 엘아라비 나빌 엘아라비 (, Nabil el-Araby, 1935년 3월 15일 ~ )는 현 아랍 연맹 사무총장이다. 엘아라비는 2011년 3월 6일에 이집트 외무장관에 임명되었으며, 2011년 6월 1일 외무장관에서 물러났다.
  고조선은 언제 멸망했나요?	고조선 고조선(古朝鮮, , ? ~ 기원전 108년)은 한국의 역사상 최초의 고대 국가이다. 본래 국호는 조선(朝鮮)이나, 일반적으로 14세기 말 이성계(李成桂)가 건국한 같은 이름의 왕조(조선)와의 구분을 위해 '고조선'이라 부른다. 문헌상의 기록에 따라 실존했던 국가라는 사실은 분명하지만 관련 기록이 적고 추상적이고 모호하며 직접적으로 고조선의 것이라 암시되는 유물·유적이 발견되지 않았기 때문에 고조선의 연대와 강역·역사·문화 등에 대해서는 많은 논란이 있다.	한반도 발해는 지배층의 분열과 거란의 급속한 성장과 함께 멸망했고, 신라는 지배층의 타락과 각 지역의 반란으로 인해 점차 수도를 제외한 지역의 통치력이 약화되었다. 이러한 시기에 견훤은 백제 유민들과 더불어 후백제를 세웠고, 궁예는 고구려 유민들과 더불어 후고구려를 세웠다. 이 시기를 후삼국 시대라고 부른다. 이후 후고구려의 장수였던 왕건이 다른 호족 세력들과 함께 궁예를 축출하였고, 고려를 건국하였다. 고려는 신라와 후백제를 멸망시키고 후삼국을 통일하였다. 그리고 발해가 멸망한 뒤, 많은 발해 유민들을 수용하였다.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_ru

• Dataset: miracl_hn_ru at 8cef4c0
• Size: 10,000 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 16.04 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 20 tokens mean: 31.97 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 13 tokens mean: 31.9 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Сколько раз Марадонна был чемпионом мира?	Марадона, Уго Уго Эрнан Марадона, также известный как Эль Турко (, родился 9 мая 1969 года в Ланусе) — аргентинский футбольный тренер и бывший игрок, брат чемпиона мира 1986 года Диего Марадоны. Уго Марадона играл за различные клубы в Южной Америке, Европе, Японии и Канаде, выступал за юношескую сборную Аргентины.	Ковач, Каталин Чемпионкой мира Ковач впервые стала в 1998 году в Сегеде, а последний раз — в 2011 году там же в Сегеде. Самым успешным для Каталин стал ещё один домашний чемпионат мира 2006 года в Сегеде, где она стала 6-кратной чемпионкой мира. Кроме 31 золотой медали на её счету ещё 6 серебряных и 3 бронзовые медали чемпионатов мира.
  Какое значение слова "сиони́зм"?	Сионизм Сам термин «сионизм» был введён в употребление одним из ранних теоретиков сионизма, лидером ортодоксально-религиозного движения «Агудат Исраэль» и идишизма Натаном Бирнбаумом. Краткая еврейская энциклопедия утверждает, что впервые термин появился в 1890 году на страницах редактировавшегося Бирнбаумом журнала «Selbstemancipacion» (с мая 1893 года выходил с подзаголовком «Орган сионистов») как название «партии», которая, в противоположность чисто практической поселенческой программе «Ховевей Цион», стремилась бы обеспечить возвращение еврейского народа в Эрец-Исраэль политическими методами. Однако, по мнению Вальтера Лакера, появление термина в печати в 1890—1891 годах происходило без каких-либо политических коннотаций. А в общепринятом смысле Бирнбаум впервые употребил этот термин 23 января 1892 года на дискуссионном собрании в Вене.	Новый антисемитизм Источники, отвергающие существование такого явления, как "новый антисемитизм" полагают, что сторонники существования явления неправомерно объединяют понятия "антисионизм" и "антисемитизм", что степень допустимости критики Израиля трактуется сторонниками термина как слишком узкая, а под их понятие "демонизация" подпадает слишком широкий спектр обвинений и критики в отношении Израиля. Кроме того по мнению противников использования термина, он применяется для того, чтобы прекратить обсуждения политики Израиля. Использование слова "антисемитизм" не по назначению по некоторым мнениям ведёт к обесцениванию термина "антисемитизм".
  Главный герой «Преступление и наказание» совершил убийство?	Преступление и наказание (манга) Действие романа происходит в Санкт-Петербурге незадолго до революции 1917 года. Раскольников, главный герой манги и романа «Преступление и наказание» убивает и грабит старуху-процентщицу, оправдывая этот поступок собственной теорией преступления.	Преступление и наказание (фильм, 1983) Инспектор полиции Пеннанен и следователь Снеллман уверены в причастности к убийству Рахикайнена. Сыщики начинают психологическую игру с потерявшим самообладание юношей, заставляют того нервничать и путаться в показаниях.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_sw

• Dataset: miracl_hn_sw at 85fa6ec
• Size: 2,687 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 16.28 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 12 tokens mean: 31.6 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 31.48 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  Nchi ya Marekani ina majimbo mangapi?	Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani Majimbo ya Marekani ni jumla la madola 50 ya Maungano ya Madola ya Amerika au Marekani yanayojitawala katika mambo mengi ya ndani.	Florida Mji mkuu wa jimbo ni Tallahassee, na Jacksonville ni mji mkubwa jimboni. Miji mingine mikubwa ni Tampa, Orlando na Miami. Orlando kuna maonyesho mashuhuri wa Disney Land. Florida ni pia mahali ambako makombora na vyombo vya angani vya Marekani hurushwa kwenye uwanja wa Cape Canaveral unaoitwa pia "Kituo cha Angani cha Kennnedy".
  Ni mji gani nchini Nigeria yenye idadi kubwa ya watu?	Nigeria Mji mkubwa zaidi ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani) ukiwa na wakazi 15,000,000. Kati ya miji mingine kuna Abuja, Kano, Ibadan, Oshogbo, Ilorin, Abeokuta, Ogbomosho na Port Harcourt.	Enugu Kwa jina ya utani eneo hili linajulikana kama "the Coal City" katika miaka ya 1900, Enugu ilikuwa kituo kuu chamadini ya makaa ya mawe kilichozinduliwa na Albert Ernest Kitson katika Udi Kampuni ya makaa ya Nigeria imekuwa mjini Enugu tangu ianzishwe mwaka wa 1950. Vita ya Biafran vilileta uharibifu ambao ulilazimishwa kupunguka kwa kutengeneza kwa makaa ya mawe kutoka hasara au uharibifu wa vifaa. [1] ingawa makaa ya mawe si tena chanzo kikuu cha mapato, ni kiasi kidogo sana kinachosafirishwa kusini kwa reli hadi Bahari la Harcourt kwa ajili ya kuuza nje. Uchumi wa mji huu mpana katika miaka ya sasa na unaendeshwa na uuzaji, biashara, na viwanda vidogo vidogo. Wengi wa watu wa Enugu huuza bidhaa njiani au katika moja la masoko za Enugu. Baadhi ya masoko maarufu zaidi katika Enugu ni soko la Ogbete , Soko la Artisan , na Nsoko lipya. Masoko haya huuza vyakula vya kawaida, mazao, mavazi, na vilevile mapambo.
  Innocent Cornel Sahani alizaliwa mwaka upi?	Dknob Innocent Cornel Sahani (amezaliwa tar. 12 Februari 1980) ni msanii wa hip hop na Bongo Flava kutoka nchini Tanzania. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jia lake la kisanii kama "Dknob". Dknob ametoa nyimbo nyingi tu zenye kuwika sana katika Afrika ya Mashariki. Nyimbo hizo ni kama vile, Elimu Mitaani.com, Sauti ya Gharama, Ingewezekana, Kitu Gani, Mr. Sahani, Bora Tumeachana, na Nishike Mkono ambayo kaimba na Mwasity.	Shirin Ebadi Shirin Ebadi (amezaliwa 21 Juni, 1947 mjini Hamadan) ni mwanasheria kutoka nchi ya Uajemi. Mwaka wa 2003 alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_te

• Dataset: miracl_hn_te at f5e21b0
• Size: 4,119 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 8 tokens mean: 17.41 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 28 tokens mean: 31.99 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 12 tokens mean: 31.91 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  2011 నాటికి జడ్చర్ల పట్టణ జనాభా ఎంత?	జడ్చర్ల ఇది 7 వ నెంబరు జాతీయ రహదారి పై ఉన్న ముఖ్య కూడలి. హైదరాబాదు నుంచి కర్నూలు, బెంగుళూరు వైపు వెళ్ళు అన్ని ఆర్టీసీ బస్సులు ఇచ్చట ఆపుతారు. ఇది బాదేపల్లి జంట పట్టణం. ప్రస్తుతం ఈ రెండు పట్టణాల గ్రామపంచాయతీలు వేరువేరుగా ఉన్ననూ భౌగోళికంగా ఈ పట్టణాల మధ్య సరిహద్దు గుర్తించడం కష్టం. చాలా కాలం నుంచి ఈ రెండు పట్టణాలను కల్పి పురపాలక సంఘం చేయాలనే ప్రతిపాదన ఉన్ననూ రాజకీయ కారణాల వల్ల వాయిదా పడుతోంది. 2011 భారత జనాభా గణాంకాల ప్రకారం జనాభా మొత్తం 1,02,766 - పురుషులు 51,240 - స్త్రీలు 51,526.అక్షరాస్యుల సంఖ్య 61056. అందులో జడ్చర్ల పట్టణ జనాభా 50366 కాగా, గ్రామీణ జనాభా 52191.	ఝజ్జర్ జజ్జర్ జిల్లా 1,890 చ.కి.మీ, 2001 గణాంకాలను అనుసరించి జంసంఖ్య 7,09,000.జిల్లాలో 2 పారిశ్రామిక ప్రాంతాలు ఉన్నాయి. వాటిలో 2408 ప్లాట్లు ఉన్నాయి. సెరామిక్స్, గ్లాస్, కెమికల్స్, ఇంజనీరింగ్, ఎలెక్ట్రికల్, ఎలెక్ట్రానిక్స్ పరిశ్రమలు ఉన్నాయి. వీటిలో 48 బృహత్తర మరియు మద్యతరహా పరిశ్రమలు, 213 చిన్న తరహా పరిశ్రమలు ఉన్నాయి. పారిశ్రమిక సంస్థల కొరకు పెట్టుబడి 3,400 మిలియమ్ల. అలాగే ప్రదేశ వైశాల్యం 8,248 చ.కి.మీ. మొత్తం వ్యవసాయభూమి వైశాల్యం 670చ.కి.మీ. 3 వ కారణం ఈ ప్రాంతంలో జజ్జర్ జలాశయం ఉన్న కారణంగా కూడా ఈ పేరు వచ్చింది.
  శ్రీమహావిష్ణువు కలియుగ అవతారం ఏంటి?	వేంకటేశ్వరుడు వేంకటేశ్వరుడు (సంస్కృతం: वेंकटेश्वर), లేదా వేంకటాచలపతి, శ్రీనివాసుడు. విష్ణువు యొక్క కలియుగ అవతారముగా భావించబడే హిందూ దేవుడు. వేం = పాపాలు, కట=తొలగించే, ఈశ్వరుడు=దేవుడు. భక్తుల కష్టాలు తొలగించే దేవునిగా వేంకటేశ్వర నామముతో ప్రసిద్ధి చెందాడు. అతి ప్రసిద్ధ ఆలయం తిరుమల, ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ లో ఉంది	విష్ణువు వేయి నామములు-501-600 583) నిష్ఠా - ప్రళయ కాలమున సర్వజీవులకు లయస్థానమైనవాడు.
  2011 నాటికి రామచంద్రునిపేట గ్రామ జనాభా ఎంత?	రామచంద్రునిపేట (జగ్గయ్యపేట) రామచంద్రునిపేట కృష్ణా జిల్లా, జగ్గయ్యపేట మండలంలోని గ్రామం. ఇది మండల కేంద్రమైన జగ్గయ్యపేట నుండి 10 కి. మీ. దూరంలో ఉంది. 2011 భారత జనగణన గణాంకాల ప్రకారం ఈ గ్రామం 213 ఇళ్లతో, 764 జనాభాతో 383 హెక్టార్లలో విస్తరించి ఉంది. గ్రామంలో మగవారి సంఖ్య 388, ఆడవారి సంఖ్య 376. షెడ్యూల్డ్ కులాల సంఖ్య 290 కాగా షెడ్యూల్డ్ తెగల సంఖ్య 4. గ్రామం యొక్క జనగణన లొకేషన్ కోడ్ 588835.పిన్ కోడ్: 521175.	రామచంద్రాపురం (వోలేటివారిపాలెము) రామచంద్రాపురం, వోలేటివారిపాలెము, ప్రకాశం జిల్లా, వోలేటివారిపాలెము మండలానికి చెందిన గ్రామము.

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_th

• Dataset: miracl_hn_th at d86225f
• Size: 4,778 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 18.65 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 16 tokens mean: 31.94 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 14 tokens mean: 31.91 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  เรื่องคินดะอิจิยอดนักสืบ วางจำหน่ายครั้งแรกเมื่อใด ?	คินดะอิจิยอดนักสืบ คินดะอิจิยอดนักสืบ เป็นนิยายแนวสืบสวนสอบสวน บทประพันธุ์โดยโยโคมิโซะ เซชิ ตีพิมพ์ในประเทศญี่ปุ่นตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2479 ปัจจุบันตีพิมพ์ในประเทศญี่ปุ่นโดยสำนักพิมพ์คาโดกาวา โชเท็นและ สำนักพิมพ์ชุน โย โด นิยายชุดคินดะอิจิยอดนักสืบมีทั้งหมด 77 คดี (แต่ไม่ใช่ 77 เล่ม เพราะมีเป็นนวนิยายขนาดยาวจริง ๆ แค่ประมาณ 20 เล่ม ที่เหลือเป็นนิยายขนาดสั้นและเรื่องสั้น รวมจริงๆแล้วมีประมาณ40เล่ม) ได้รับความนิยมและกระแสตอบรับจากนักอ่านนิยายแนวสืบสวนสอบสวนในประเทศญี่ปุ่นเป็นอย่างมาก ด้วยการผูกปมเรื่องที่เป็นปริศนาซับซ้อนซ่อนเงื่อน เต็มไปด้วยเงื่อนไขผสมกับคดีฆาตกรรมสะเทือนขวัญ ที่ทำให้ผู้อ่านได้ติดตามและลุ้นระทึกไปกับปริศนาที่ต้องขบคิดเพื่อค้นหาตัวฆาตกร	ซูเปอร์แฟมิคอม เครื่องซูเปอร์นินเทนโดออกแบบโดยนาย มาซายูกิ อุเอมูระ ผู้ซึ่งเป็นผู้พัฒนาเครื่องแฟมิคอม และเครื่องซูเปอร์นินเทนโดได้ออกวางจำหน่ายในญี่ปุ่นเป็นครั้งแรกในปีค.ศ. 1990 ในราคา 25,000 เยน ซึ่งการวางขายก็ได้ประสบความสำเร็จอย่างรวดเร็ว สามารถขายได้ถึง 300,000 เครื่องภายในไม่กี่ชั่วโมงแรก สร้างกระแสในประเทศญี่ปุ่นเป็นอย่างมาก เครื่องซูเปอร์แฟมิคอมขายดีมากจนถึงกับไปดึงดูดความสนใจของพวกยากูซ่า ทำให้ทางนินเทนโดถึงกับต้องตัดสินใจเลื่อนย้ายสินค้าในตอนกลางคืนเพื่อป้องกันการปล้นชิงเลยทีเดียว ความสำเร็จอย่างล้นหลามนี้ ทำให้นินเทนโดยังคงรักษาตำแหน่งผู้นำในวงการอุตสาหกรรมวิดีโอเกมเอาไว้ได้ เครื่องซูเปอร์นินเทนโดออกวางขายในอเมริกาในปี 1991 โดยทางนินเทนโดได้ออกแบบรูปร่างของเครื่องใหม่ และเปลี่ยนชื่อใหม่เป็น ซูเปอร์ นินเทนโด เอนเตอร์เทนเม้นท์ ซิสเทม (SNES)ซึ่งก็ประสบความสำเร็จอย่างสูงเช่นกัน
  หม่อมเจียงคำ ชุมพล ณ อยุธยาเกิดวันที่เท่าไหร่?	หม่อมเจียงคำ ชุมพล ณ อยุธยา หม่อมเจียงคำ เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 4 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2422 ที่เมืองอุบลราชธานี เป็นธิดาลำดับที่ 9 หรือเป็นธิดาท่านสุดท้องของท้าวสุรินทรชมภู (หมั้น บุตโรบล) กับญาแม่ดวงจันทร์ บุตโรบล หม่อมเจียงคำมีศักดิ์เป็นหลานปู่ ในเจ้าราชบุตร (สุ่ย บุตโรบล) (บรรดาศักดิ์เดิมที่ ท้าวสุริยะ) กับอัญญานางทอง บุตโรบล มีศักดิ์เป็นเหลนทวด ในท้าวสีหาราช (พูลสุข หรือ พลสุข) กรมการเมืองอุบลราชธานีชั้นผู้ใหญ่ กับอัญญานางสุภา ซึ่งสืบเชื้อสายมาจากท้าวโคต ผู้เป็นพระราชโอรสในเจ้าพระตา (เจ้าพระวรราชปิตา) ผู้ครองนครเขื่อนขัณฑ์กาบแก้วบัวบาน (จังหวัดหนองบัวลำภูในปัจจุบัน) นอกจากนี้ ท้าวโคตผู้เป็นต้นสกุล บุตโรบล ยังมีศักดิ์เป็นอนุชากับเจ้าพระประทุมวรราชสุริยวงศ์ (คำผง) เจ้าเมืองอุบลราชธานีศรีวนาลัยประเทศราช องค์ที่ 1 กับเจ้าพระวิไชยราชสุริยวงษขัติยราช (ฝ่ายหน้า) เจ้าผู้ครองนครจำปาศักดิ์ (เมืองเก่าคันเกิง) องค์ที่ 3 ด้วย	เทพ ชุมสาย ณ อยุธยา เทพ ชุมสาย ณ อยุธยา (เกิด 5 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2473 ที่จังหวัดปราจีนบุรี) เป็นนักเขียนนวนิยายแนวลึกลับสยองขวัญ และแนวบู๊ เจ้าของนามปากกา ตรี อภิรุม และ เทพเทวี เกิดที่อำเภอบ้านสร้าง จังหวัดปราจีนบุรี มารดามีอาชีพเป็นครู จึงชอบเขียนหนังสือมาตั้งแต่เด็ก
  สถานีรับส่งผู้โดยสารอากาศยานในเมือง มีระยะทางเท่าไหร่?	สถานีรับส่งผู้โดยสารอากาศยานในเมือง สถานีรับส่งผู้โดยสารอากาศยานในเมือง (, รหัส: A6) หรือ สถานีมักกะสัน เป็นสถานีรถไฟฟ้าในเส้นทางระบบขนส่งทางรถไฟเชื่อมท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ (Suvarnabhumi Airport Rail Link - SARL) โดยเป็นสถานีต้นทางของรถไฟฟ้าเชื่อมท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ สาย Express Line (Suvarnabhumi Airport Rail Link Express Line) ซึ่งจะวิ่งตรงจากมักกะสันสู่สถานีท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิโดยไม่แวะสถานีรายทาง ระยะทาง 25.7 กิโลเมตร ใช้เวลาไม่เกิน 15 นาที (ต่างจากรถไฟฟ้าเชื่อมท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ สาย City Line (Suvarnabhumi Airport Rail Link City Line) ที่แวะจอดรายทางจากสถานีพญาไทถึงสุวรรณภูมิ) สถานีแห่งนี้เป็นสถานีเดียวในระบบรถไฟฟ้าเชื่อมท่าอากาศยานฯ ที่มีจอแสดงผลข้อมูลเที่ยวบินตรงจากท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิติดตั้งอยู่ และเป็นสถานีที่ผู้โดยสารสามารถมาเช็คอินและโหลดกระเป๋าได้	เทศบาลนครนครศรีธรรมราช ท่าอากาศยานนครศรีธรรมราช ห่างจากตัวเมืองนครศรีธรรมราชประมาณ 17 กิโลเมตร มีเที่ยวบินให้บริการ 10 เที่ยวบินต่อวัน โดยมี 2 สายการบินคือ นกแอร์ และ ไทยแอร์เอเชีย รายละเอียดเพิ่มเติมดูได้ที่ ท่าอากาศยานนครศรีธรรมราช

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

miracl_hn_zh

• Dataset: miracl_hn_zh at 81d114b
• Size: 3,187 training samples
• Columns: query, positive, and negative
• Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

  	query	positive	negative
  type	string	string	string
  details	min: 7 tokens mean: 9.94 tokens max: 20 tokens	min: 17 tokens mean: 31.9 tokens max: 32 tokens	min: 8 tokens mean: 31.59 tokens max: 32 tokens

• Samples:

  query	positive	negative
  南斯拉夫内战波士尼亚战争哪一年爆发？	斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇 在米洛舍维奇和南斯拉夫人民军的支持下，全新民族国家克罗地亚和波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納境內的塞爾維亞人分別使用武力手段來要求建立塞族自治区，此舉则引发了克罗地亚战争（1991年至1995年）和波士尼亞戰爭（1992年至1995年）。這兩場战争造成塞尔维亚在经济上的衰退，再加上北约派出维持和平部队阻止了部分塞爾維亞人對別族的种族屠杀，在克罗地亚和波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納境內的塞爾維亞人所追求的自治目的始終未能达成。在這兩場战争中，关于各方对平民进行种族清洗式大屠杀的指控层出不穷。1995年在波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納发生的-{zh-hans:斯雷布雷尼察;zh-tw:雪布尼查;zh-hk:斯雷布雷尼察;}-屠殺，有人怀疑是米洛舍维奇控制下的塞尔维亚特种部队所为，米洛舍维奇后来因此被控犯有种族屠杀罪。	波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 1992年2月19日，波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納在境內塞爾維亞人抵制的情况下，就独立问题举行公民投票。投票结果显示，约占人口62.8%的穆斯林族和克罗地亚族支持独立。3月3日，波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納议会在塞爾維亞人议员缺席抵制的情况下宣布独立，致使民族矛盾激化。4月6日，就在欧洲共同体承认波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那共和國独立的當天，其境内5个塞爾維亞人自治区宣布联合成立塞族共和国，独立于波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納之外，但依然留在南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國之内。塞尔维亚人的行动立即招致了波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納政府的镇压，驻扎在波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納境内的南斯拉夫人民军亦招穆斯林和克罗地亚两族武装部隊的攻击。4月7日，南斯拉夫人民军出动飞机轰炸了克罗地亚族武装力量的弹药库，武装冲突骤然升级。冲突由首都萨拉热窝向外蔓延，酿成全面内战。
  2000夏季奥运会在哪里举办？	2000年夏季奥林匹克运动会奖牌榜 2000年夏季奥林匹克运动会于2000年9月15日至10月1日在澳大利亚悉尼举行，此乃奥运史上，继1956年墨尔本奥运会后第二次由澳大利亚举办之奥运会，亦为南半球所举办的第二次奥运会，全球199个国家和地区的10,651多名运动员参加了28个大项、300个小项的角逐。	2004年夏季奥林匹克运动会 在1997年的第二次申办中，有11個地區，分别為希臘雅典、土耳其伊斯坦布爾、位於法國的里爾、巴西里約熱內盧、意大利罗马、位於阿根廷的布宜诺斯艾利斯、位於西班牙的塞維利亞、位於瑞典的斯德哥尔摩、南非开普敦和圣胡安在1996年1月10日、提名最後限期前，向奧委會提出申辨，為史上最多地區申請的一屆，破下奧運舉行以來的記錄。申辨過程中的投標評核結果，在1997年2月，由評估委員上報給奧委會。
  中国当代有哪些漫画家？	时代漫画 《时代漫画》（Modern Sketch）是一份民国时期的漫画杂志，于1934年创刊至1937年因抗战终刊。出版者为时代图书公司，创刊人为漫画家张光宇和鲁少飞。该杂志上刊登传统的讽刺漫画、都会写生和连环漫画等，作为民国时期漫画传播的一大平台，集结了一大批当时有名的漫画家如鲁少飞、张光宇、张正宇、曹涵美、叶浅予等，而廖冰兄、丁聪和华君武等也在刊中崭露头角。	龚鼎 (漫画家) 龚鼎，笔名CMJ，中国新锐派漫畫家。龚鼎出生于江西丰城，毕业于四川美术学院，以处女作《阳光灿烂的日子3部曲》和《我的奋斗》走红于互连网。该漫画获得了2008年OACC金龙奖最佳编剧奖。

• Loss: pylate.losses.contrastive.Contrastive

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 512
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 512
• num_train_epochs: 1.0
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• bf16: True
• dataloader_num_workers: 8
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': True, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 512
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 512
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1.0
• num_train_epochs: 1.0
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.1
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: True
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 7
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: True
• dataloader_num_workers: 8
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': True, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• parallelism_config: None
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch_fused
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: None
• hub_always_push: False
• hub_revision: None
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• include_for_metrics: []
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• use_liger_kernel: False
• liger_kernel_config: None
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• average_tokens_across_devices: True
• prompts: None
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
• router_mapping: {}
• learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	NanoClimateFEVER_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoDBPedia_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoFEVER_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoFiQA2018_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoHotpotQA_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoMSMARCO_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoNFCorpus_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoNQ_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoQuoraRetrieval_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoSCIDOCS_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoArguAna_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoSciFact_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoTouche2020_MaxSim_ndcg@10	NanoBEIR_mean_MaxSim_ndcg@10
0.0273	50	32.1437	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.0546	100	5.6394	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.0819	150	6.292	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1092	200	4.0888	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1365	250	10.5896	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1638	300	4.5757	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.1910	350	6.114	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.2183	400	4.1089	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.2456	450	4.7831	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.2729	500	3.2098	0.3277	0.6009	0.9412	0.4129	0.8720	0.5519	0.2997	0.6890	0.9640	0.3206	0.4495	0.7052	0.5605	0.5919
0.3002	550	5.3031	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.3275	600	3.8664	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.3548	650	4.3308	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.3821	700	3.2287	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4094	750	3.8314	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4367	800	6.8102	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4640	850	3.4555	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.4913	900	4.7319	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.5186	950	3.9948	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.5459	1000	2.9682	0.3552	0.6409	0.9675	0.4696	0.8968	0.5860	0.2972	0.6501	0.9728	0.3165	0.4837	0.7363	0.5603	0.6102
0.5731	1050	3.5641	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6004	1100	2.6512	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6277	1150	6.9695	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6550	1200	2.6641	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.6823	1250	3.8047	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7096	1300	2.5789	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7369	1350	4.2181	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7642	1400	2.1843	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.7915	1450	5.8564	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.8188	1500	4.5424	0.3751	0.6448	0.9571	0.4822	0.8858	0.6278	0.3456	0.7085	0.9534	0.3291	0.5069	0.7340	0.5668	0.6244
0.8461	1550	3.1006	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.8734	1600	3.5453	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9007	1650	5.1147	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9279	1700	3.607	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9552	1750	2.4164	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
0.9825	1800	4.4096	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.12.11
• Sentence Transformers: 5.1.1
• PyLate: 1.4.0
• Transformers: 4.56.2
• PyTorch: 2.9.0+cu128
• Accelerate: 1.13.0
• Datasets: 4.7.0
• Tokenizers: 0.22.2

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084"
}

PyLate

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cikm/ChaffinS25,
  author       = {Antoine Chaffin and
                  Rapha{"{e}}l Sourty},
  editor       = {Meeyoung Cha and
                  Chanyoung Park and
                  Noseong Park and
                  Carl Yang and
                  Senjuti Basu Roy and
                  Jessie Li and
                  Jaap Kamps and
                  Kijung Shin and
                  Bryan Hooi and
                  Lifang He},
  title        = {PyLate: Flexible Training and Retrieval for Late Interaction Models},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 34th {ACM} International Conference on Information
                  and Knowledge Management, {CIKM} 2025, Seoul, Republic of Korea, November
                  10-14, 2025},
  pages        = {6334--6339},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://github.com/lightonai/pylate},
  doi          = {10.1145/3746252.3761608},
}