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2018 Measuring Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective: Lessons Learned from the EDGE Project United Nations This document is being reproduced without formal editing This report was prepared under the Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) project by Ms. Yumiko Kamiya (EDGE) and Ms. Francesca Grum (UNSD) with support from Mr. Gulab Singh (EDGE), Ms. Haoyi Chen (UNSD), Mr. Mehmet Sökeli (UNSD) and Mr. Zhiyuan Qian (EDGE). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 132 |
The conceptual framework described in the report is based on an initial research paper written for EDGE by Mr. Mario Piacentini (OECD) and Ms. Mariarosa Lunati (OECD).
Sincere appreciation goes to Ms. Joan Vanek (WIEGO); Ms. Elisa Benes (ILO); Mr. Kieran Walsh (ILO); and Mr. Kaushal Joshi (ADB) for their technical advice and overall feedback.
Front cover photo: “A woman attends her post in a market in zone 3”, Guatemala City.
Guatemala. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 137 |
Guatemala.
Photo: Maria Fleischmann / World Bank Photo Suggested citation: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division (2018).
Technical Report on Measuring Entrepreneurship: Lessons Learned from the EDGE Project.
New York: United Nations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 73 |
New York: United Nations.
New York, December 2018 1 CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 A. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 57 |
Background ............................................................................................................................................... 6 B.
Why measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 28 |
.............................................................. 7 C. Organization of the Report ..................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter One: A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective ............ 13 1.1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 61 |
Literature review ................................................................................................................................ 13 Expert consultations to develop the EDGE conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurship 1.2. from a gender perspective ............................................................................................................................. 17 1.3.
1.4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 64 |
EDGE Operational definition and classification of entrepreneurs-key variables of interest ............. 19 Conceptual framework and relevant indicators ................................................................................ 22 Key dimensions of entrepreneurship ......................................................................................................... 25 Indicators on Motivations and Aspirations ................................................................................................ 26 Indicators on entrepreneurial resources and constraints .......................................................................... 29 Chapter Two. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 98 |
Development of a MODEL Questionnaire on entrepreneurship and its adAptation in the EDGE pilot coUntries .................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.1.
2.2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 51 |
Pilot Surveys ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Questionnaire design ......................................................................................................................... 43 Household Questionnaire: « first pilots » of Entrepreneur Participation Questions ................................. 45 Individual Questionnaire: Module on entrepreneurship ........................................................................... 47 CUSTOMIZATION IN PILOT COUNTRIES ...................................................................................................... 49 2.3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 106 |
2.4.
Revised entrepreneurship questionnaire .......................................................................................... 65 Data Analyses from the Pilot Studies ................................................................................................. 81 Chapter Three.
Lessons learnED and the way forward....................................................................................... 91 3.1.
3.2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 79 |
Lessons learned from the EDGE pilot studies .................................................................................... 91 Conclusions and the way forward ...................................................................................................... 94 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 97 Annexes............................................................................................................................................................. 101 South Africa - EDGE Household questionnaire ............................................................................................. 101 Annex 1: EDGE « Model » individual questionnaire on entrepreneurship ....................................................... 0 Annex 2: The EDGE/OECD and the OECD-Eurostat framework for entrepreneurship indicators .................. 10 Annex 3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 156 |
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) ........................................................................................ 13 2 3 PREFACE Entrepreneurship is recognized as a key element for women’s economic empowerment in the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action, the 1995 World Summit for Social Development, and the United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/202,1 and it is strongly linked to the realization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly in terms of achieving gender equality and full and productive employment and decent work for all. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 126 |
With increased evidence on the fact that entrepreneurship is not a gender-neutral phenomenon, interest in women’s entrepreneurship and in gender gaps in entrepreneurship participation and performance has grown among both scholars and policymakers. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 45 |
While the rationale for women’s entrepreneurship has traditionally focused on enhancing women’s equality, empowerment and social inclusion, its development is now widely accepted to make good economic sense, as women entrepreneurs can be a powerful economic resource.
Studies show that women entrepreneurs make significant contributions to economic growth and poverty reduction, not only in developing countries but also in high-income countries2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 85 |
Women entrepreneurs boost employment by creating new jobs for themselves and others.
Furthermore, women’s entrepreneurship supports the diversification of business, stimulating innovation and diversification in management, in production and in marketing practices as well as in products and services.
Women tend to provide different solutions to management, organizational and business problems than men3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 77 |
Despite the clear policy relevance of measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, there is a lack of harmonized and regularly produced official data on the nexus between entrepreneurship and gender, in part due to the absence of standards and methods for collecting the required information. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 54 |
To address these data and methodological gaps, in 2013 the Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE)4 project initiated methodological work to develop and pilot methodologies to integrate a gender dimension into entrepreneurship data.
UNSD and UN Women worked closely with national 1 A/RES/67/202 2 World Bank (2014).
Supporting high-growth potential women entrepreneurs.
Innovation, technology and entrepreneurship policy note; no.
5.
Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
3 Kelly, L. (2014). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 140 |
3 Kelly, L. (2014).
Entrepreneurial women: new management and leadership models.
Westport, CT: , Praeger.
4 EDGE is a joint initiative of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 79 |
4 statistical offices, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank (WB) and other experts to identify sound statistical concepts, definitions and methods to fill the information gap on women and men entrepreneurs at the national level, and to improve comparability of data internationally. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 79 |
The proposed EDGE methodology was tested and revised based on the results of data collected in six pilot countries- Georgia, the Maldives, Mongolia, the Philippines, South Africa and Uganda, over the period 2014–2016 and multiyear experts’ consultations.
This technical report presents the different steps followed under the EDGE project to develop a conceptual framework and related indicators for measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 98 |
It also includes a brief review of existing research on gender gaps in entrepreneurship; the EDGE survey instrument; and results of pilot studies as well as feedback received from countries.
The report concludes with lessons learned from the implementation of the EDGE project and highlights topics for future research. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 59 |
Given the adoption in October 2018 of the revised International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18), and its implications on the definition of “entrepreneurs”5, this report should be used as a starting point for further development of practical guidance on how to measure entrepreneurship, from a gender perspective and in line with ICSE-18. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 79 |
Throughout this technical report, the terms “business”, “enterprise”, “company” and “firm” are used interchangeably, in line with the OECD’s definition6 of an enterprise. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 43 |
5 ICSE-18 was adopted in Resolution I of the 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) in October 2018. International Labour Organization, document ICLS/20/2018/Resolution I, avalable at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/- --dgreports/---stat/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_648693.pdf According to the adopted definition, entrepreneurs are “persons who own and control an enterprise and seek to generate value through the creation of economic activity by identifying and exploiting new products, processes or markets. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 148 |
In doing so, they create employment for themselves and potentially for others.” The Resolution also noted that “independent workers” in the revised classification of status in employment (ICSE-18) provided the best starting point for the statistical identification of entrepreneurs.
6 OECD (1993).
Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law, compiled by R. S. Khemani and D. M. Shapiro, commissioned by the Directorate for Financial, Fiscal and Enterprise Affairs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 116 |
According to the adopted definition, an enterprise is “a term in the commercial world used to describe a project or venture undertaken for gain.
It is often used with the word "business" as in "business enterprise".
Usually, by extension, it refers to the business entity carrying out the enterprise and is thus synonymous with "undertaking", "company" or "firm".” 5 INTRODUCTION A.
Background 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 98 |
Background 1.
The role of entrepreneurs in creating jobs, innovation and in stimulating economic growth has received new attention as the development of information and communications technology and other advanced technologies has fostered new breeds of start-ups, and new attitudes toward entrepreneurial activity.
Entrepreneurs, and the new businesses they establish, are now seen as an important source of economic growth and as critical in the development and well-being of their societies. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 95 |
As such, there is increased appreciation for and acknowledgement of the importance of new and small businesses in an economy.
Fostering entrepreneurship is a key policy goal for governments that expect that high rates of entrepreneurial activity will create sustainable jobs.
2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 56 |
2.
It is also recognized that, while entrepreneurship is considered as a key element for women’s economic empowerment, women are still under-represented among entrepreneurs in many countries7: women are less likely than men to become entrepreneurs, and when they do, their enterprises are smaller and concentrated in fewer sectors8. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 72 |
Measuring entrepreneurship with a gender perspective will provide an understanding of how women and men contribute to the economy and of how women’s entrepreneurial activity can be fostered in order to promote job creation, to reduce poverty and promote gender equality and women’s empowerment.
3.
Despite the clear policy relevance of measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, official statistics on female and male entrepreneurs and their enterprises are lacking in most countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 96 |
The absence of data is partly due to the difficulty of defining “entrepreneurs”.
As a matter of fact, the word entrepreneur is commonly used to describe very different economic agents, including, for example, the founder of a business, a member of the directing board of a company, a self-employed person in an inherited business, or an innovating manager9. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 78 |
Furthermore, even when data exist, they are often not comparable across countries because the methodologies used to collect them differ with respect to the concepts and definitions used to measure 7 OECD (2013).
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook and Scoreboard.
8 Coleman S. and A. Robb.
(2009).
A comparison of new firm financing by gender: evidence from the Kaufman Firm Survey data, Journal of Small Business Economics, 33:397.
9 Ibid.
6 entrepreneurship. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 129 |
9 Ibid.
6 entrepreneurship.
Finally, only few of the existing data are collected directly by National Statistical Systems10.
B.
Why measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective?
4.
An increased policy interest in women’s entrepreneurship has stimulated a deeper analysis of the gender gap in entrepreneurship.
The media have challenged the existence of this gap, showing evidence on the rise of women-owned businesses and portraying stories of highly successful women entrepreneurs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 112 |
Some research has questioned the existence of performance gaps between women- and men-owned businesses and explored different explanations for the lower propensity of women to engage in business ventures 11,12,13.
5.
However, a growing body of research finds that gender is relevant to the determinants of entrepreneurial participation and to the characteristics and performance of enterprises. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 81 |
On average, in both developing and developed countries, women are less likely than men to become entrepreneurs and more likely to be motivated by necessity-based “push factors” such as poverty, divorce, unemployment, or perception of limited opportunities for entering into the labor market, rather than market opportunities (pull factors), when starting an enterprise14,15,16.Further, women-owned enterprises tend to be smaller, operating with less capital, more family-owned/run and less sustainable than men-owned enterprises. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 110 |
For example, women-owned firms in Australia and the United States are significantly more likely than men-owned firms to close, especially during the first years after their start-up17.
10 Availability of official entrepreneurship statistics for countries on a compar able basis is limited to only OECD/Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme within the framework of the OECD Gender Initiative which started in 2006. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 97 |
Two other data sources on entrepreneurship data in the private sector include the Kauffman Firm Survey and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)- annex 3 for additional information.
11 Robert Fairlie and Alicia Robb (2009).
Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owner Survey, Journal of Small Business Economics, vol.
33(4), 375-395.
12 Gallaway, J. H., & Bernasek, A.
(2002).
Gender and informal sector employment in Indonesia. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 144 |
Journal of Economic Issues, vol.36(2): 313-321 13 Gottschalk, S. and M. Niefert.
(2011).
Gender Differences in Business Success of German Start -up Firms, ZEW Discussion Paper, No.
11-019.
14 Alstete, W. (2002).
On becoming an entrepreneur: an evolving topology, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Behaviour and Research, 8 (4), 222-234.
15 Hughes, K. (2006).
Exploring motivation and success among Canadian women entrepreneurs, Journal of Small Business Entrepreneurship, 19 (2), 117-120. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 191 |
16 Kirkwood, J.
(2009).
Motivational factors in a push–pull theory of entrepreneurship, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24 (5), 346-35.
17 Robb, A. and J. Watson (2010).
Comparing the Performance of Female- and Male-Controlled SMEs: Evidence from 7 6. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 102 |
In addition to the push and pull factors, research has shown that women are more likely than men to start their ventures for non-pecuniary reasons, such as satisfaction with their work, possibility of making a difference in their community, or search for better work-family life balance18,19,20. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 66 |
For example, married women are more likely to be entrepreneurs than single women, and women with children are more likely to start their own business than those without because self-employment gives the former groups more time flexibility21.
In contrast, men are more motivated by financial success, opportunities in the market, preferences for independence, social status and power22 .
7. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 79 |
7.
There is a wide literature assessing the existence of significant differences in financial structure between women- and men- owned enterprises.
In particular, women-owned enterprises tend to start their business with less external funding than male-owned enterprises23,24; they are less likely to raise capital even in matured phases of their business life cycle25; they are more likely to borrow from family and friends26 and are less leveraged27,28. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 104 |
Moreover, some sources of finance, such as venture capital, are used only to a very limited extent by women-owned enterprises29.
Australia and the US, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Vol.
30, No.
8, pp.
1-12.
18 Piacentini, M. (2013).
Women Entrepreneurs in the OECD: Key Evidence and Policy Challenges ,OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.
147, OECD Publishing, Paris.
19 Mas-Tur A., Soriano D.R., Roig-Tierno N. (2015).
“Motivational Factors of Female Entrepreneurs”. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 180 |
“Motivational Factors of Female Entrepreneurs”.
In: Ramadani V., Gërguri-Rashiti S., Fayolle A.
(eds) Female Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies.
Palgrave, Macmillan, London 20 Carter, S., Anderson, S., & Shaw, E. (2001).
Women's Business Ownership: A Review of the Academic, Popular and Internet Literature.
London, UK: Small Business Service.
21 OECD (2010).
Open for Business: Migrant Entrepreneurship in OECD Countries, OECD Pub lishing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 163 |
Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264095830-en 22 Ibid.
23 Carter C. and E. Shaw.
(2006).
Women’s business ownership: recent research and policy developments”, Report to the Small Business Service, UK Minister of State for Industry and the Regions.
24 Coleman S. and A. Robb (2009).
A comparison of new firm financing by gender: evidence from the Kaufman Firm Survey data”, Journal of Small Business Economics, 33 25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Robb, A., and Walken, J. D.(2002). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 176 |
26 Ibid.
27 Robb, A., and Walken, J. D.(2002).
Firm, owner, and financing characteristics: Differences between female- and male-owned small businesses.
Federal Reserve Working Paper, No.
2002-186 28 Constantinidis, C., Cornet, A., & Asandei, S. (2006).
Financing of women-owned ventures: The impact of gender and other owner- and firm-related variables.
Venture Capital, 8(2), 133–157.
29 Aspray W. and J. McGrath Cohoon (2007). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 169 |
29 Aspray W. and J. McGrath Cohoon (2007).
Access to Finance Capital: A Review of Research Literature on Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Information Technology Field, Entrepreneurial Report Series, National Centre for 8 8.
The available evidence demonstrates that there are structural differences between women- and men-owned businesses (in terms of firm size, firm age, area of economic activity and legal status) which affect borrowers' creditworthiness. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 112 |
Women-owned businesses are on average younger and smaller than men-owned businesses, less growth-oriented and in less capital-intensive sectors (more concentrated in the commerce and service sectors) and more likely to be organized as sole proprietors rather than corporations.
Women-owned businesses thereby may be considered riskier by banks30,31,32,33,34. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 82 |
Besides these structural differences, women-owned businesses, independent of their credit riskiness, may suffer from a gender-based bias exercised by loan officers due to gender-related favoritism and thus have limited access to finance35.
Furthermore, gender inequality in the law and regulations may put women-owned businesses at a legal disadvantage, reducing women’s ability to engage in entrepreneurial activities and access to finance. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 90 |
Evidence on gaps in sales and profits between women- and men-owned firms suggests that many women entrepreneurs are not yet able to fulfil their productive and innovative potential36.
9.
However, designing support policies is not straightforward.
Various national and local programmes offer loans at preferential rates, preferential treatments in public procurement and privileged access to training to nascent or established women entrepreneurs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 91 |
The economy-wide returns of these targeted policies are difficult to quantify given the scarcity of monitoring and Women and Information Technology.
30 Cole R A, Mehran H. (2009).
Gender and the Availability of Credit to Privately Held Firms Evidence from the Surveys of Small Business Finances, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Staff Reports No.
383 31 Fabowale, L., Orser, R. & Riding, A.
(1995).
Gender, structural factors, and credit terms between Canadi an small businesses and financial institutions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 142 |
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19(4), 41 -65.
32 Shaw, E., Carter, S. & Brierton, J.
(2001).
Unequal Entrepreneurship: Why Female Entrepreneurship is an Uphill Business.
London: Industrial Society 33 Marlow, S, Patton, D. (2005).
All Credit to Men?
Entrepreneurship, Finance and Gender, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(6), 717-35 34 Lee S, Denslow D. (2005). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 156 |
A study on the major problems of US women -owned small businesses, Journal of Small Business Strategy, 15 (2) 35 The World Bank (2018).
Project Appraisal Document for Inclusive Access to Finance Project in Turkey.
Report No: PAD2768.
Available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/510621527219081674/pdf/Turkey -IncAFP- PAD-05032018.pdf 36 Piacentini, M. (2013).
Women Entrepreneurs in the OECD: Key Evidence and Policy Challenges, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 182 |
147, OECD Publishing, Paris.
9 evaluation efforts37, evident by the lack of national and international data on gender gaps in both entrepreneurship participation and performance.
10.
To respond to these data needs, the Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) project (see box 1) initiated the development of a conceptual framework to measure entrepreneurship from a gender perspective and tested methodologies based on a model survey instrument in six pilot countries38 over the period 2014- 2016. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 122 |
This technical report describes the development of the EDGE conceptual framework and indicators for measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, the questionnaire design, the results and the lessons learned from pilot surveys, and it provides some recommendations for future research.
Box 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 55 |
Box 1.
The EDGE project 39 The Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) initiative aimed at improving the integration of gender issues into the regular production of official statistics, with a view to better inform evidence-based polices. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 56 |
Building on the work of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics, the multi-year initiative was jointly executed by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and UN Women in collaboration with national statistical offices, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank (WB). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 95 |
The project was guided by a steering committee composed of members of the donor community, members of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics, regional commissions and regional development banks.
EDGE received funding from the Governments of Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, the Republic of Korea, and the United States of America.
37 OECD/European Union (2016).
Policy Brief on Women’s Entrepreneurship. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 104 |
Policy Brief on Women’s Entrepreneurship.
Available at https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/Policy-Brief-on-Women-s-Entrepreneurship.pdf 38 The module on entrepreneurship was not included in the pilot study in Mexico.
39 https://unstats.un.org/edge/ for additional information on the EDGE project and to access/download the Guidelines and supporting material, developed under the project. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 109 |
10 From 2013 to 2018, EDGE aimed, specifically, to accelerate existing efforts to generate internationally comparable gender indicators on health, education, employment, entrepreneurship and asset ownership by: (a) contributing to the development of the Minimum Set of Gender Indicators (available online at genderstats.un.org), disseminating gender-relevant data and metadata on education, employment, health, public life and decision-making, and human rights; (b) developing methodological guidelines on measuring asset ownership from a gender perspective; and (c) developing an initial conceptual framework to measure entrepreneurship for gender analysis. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 140 |
To develop methods on measuring asset ownership and entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, the EDGE project consolidated technical inputs over a multi-year process from a wide range of stakeholders, including national statistics offices, regional and international agencies, and researchers with expertise in gender analysis and asset ownership. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 58 |
The project then tested the proposed methodology in seven pilot countries – Georgia, the Maldives, Mexico (only assets), Mongolia, the Philippines, Uganda, and South Africa – and refined the methodology based on the lessons learned from the pilots. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 54 |
Consistent with a clear imperative for evidence-based policymaking, the ultimate aim of the EDGE initiative was to build a cost-effective and sustainable model for integrating gender issues into regular statistical production while strengthening countries’ capacities to produce gender data in all policy areas.
C. Organization of the Report 11. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 70 |
C. Organization of the Report 11.
This report is organized into three chapters: • Chapter one presents a summary of the literature on entrepreneurship to identify potential dimensions that should be included in a definition of entrepreneurs that is gender sensitive. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 51 |
This is followed by a description of the EDGE conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, including proposed indicators of entrepreneurship that resulted from extensive consultations with experts from national and international organizations and academia.
11 • Chapter two presents how the EDGE conceptual framework was translated into a survey module on entrepreneurship which was tested in selected pilot surveys. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 78 |
It also provides feedback received on the questionnaire by pilot countries.
Finally, for illustrative purposes, this chapter presents key findings on gender gaps in entrepreneurship from the pilot surveys.
• Chapter three summarizes the lessons learned from implementing the EDGE survey module in pilot countries and identifies areas for future development and further testing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 70 |
The final EDGE model questionnaire on entrepreneurship, reflecting feedback received from pilot countries and other experts, is available as annex 1.
12 CHAPTER ONE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MEASURING ENTREPRENEURSHIP FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE 12. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 71 |
This chapter reviews several definitions of entrepreneurs used in the literature over time that were considered under the EDGE project to identify common dimensions and/or “traits” of entrepreneurs and guide the development of the EDGE statistical definition of entrepreneurs and their identification in measurement. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 55 |
This is followed by a summary of key deliberations and conclusions of meetings of experts who convened under the EDGE project to discuss concepts, definitions and methods to produce entrepreneurship statistics that are relevant for gender analysis.
Finally, this chapter presents the conceptual/theoretical framework and related indicators recommended by experts for measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective and for testing in the EDGE pilot countries.
1.1.
Literature review 13. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 100 |
1.1.
Literature review 13.
French economist Richard Cantillon (1697-1734) is often credited with being the first to coin the term entrepreneur.
He defined the entrepreneurs as risk takers in the sense that they purchased goods at certain prices in the present to sell at uncertain prices in the future.
The term came into much wider use after John Stuart Mill popularized it in his 1848 classic, Principles of Political Economy.
14. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 119 |
14.
Jean Baptiste Say (1767-1832) regarded the entrepreneur as a manager of a firm, an input in the production process, and viewed the entrepreneur as the main agent of production in the economy.
Rather than emphasizing the risk-bearing role of the entrepreneur, he stressed the entrepreneur’s principle quality as an organizer.
His concept of entrepreneurship is associated with the functions of coordination, organization and supervision.
15. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 109 |
15.
Many eminent economists and scholars including Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall and Frank Knight elaborated on Cantillon’s contribution, adding leadership to the functions of entrepreneurs, but the key tenets of risk-taking and profit were nearly always retained as important features of entrepreneurship.
13 16. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 71 |
13 16.
Schumpeter (1934) defined entrepreneurship from the economics perspective by focusing on the perception of new economic opportunities (invention) and the subsequent introduction of new ideas in the market (innovation).
Schumpeter’s entrepreneur is an agent of change.
S/he introduces a new good or a new method of production, opens a new market or discovers a new source of supply, or carries out a new organization of an industry. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 107 |
Schumpeter’s definition therefore equates entrepreneurship with innovation in the business sense, i.e.
identifying market opportunities and using innovative approaches to exploit them.
17.
Some researchers including Drucker (1985) argued that entrepreneurship reflects merely the creation of a new organization and that any individual who starts a new business venture is an entrepreneur- even those that fail to make a profit.
18. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 95 |
18.
In summary, there is no single definition of an entrepreneur in the economic literature.
Although, among the various definitions available, there seems to be an agreement on the key entrepreneurial traits, such as: willingness to take risk, innovation, problem solving, value addition etc.
These elements in the definitions hitherto employed are, however, difficult to operationalize and statistically measure on a uniform basis across countries.
19. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 99 |
19.
The OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicator Programme (EIP), which developed internationally-comparable and policy-relevant indicators of entrepreneurship and its determinants, elaborated on a “conceptual definition” of entrepreneurs, defining them as ‘those persons (business owners) who seek to generate value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity, by identifying and exploiting new products, processes or markets’40. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 103 |
This definition emphasizes “value creation” and “innovation” as the two distinguishing features of entrepreneurial activity.
It also makes a clear connection between entrepreneurship and business ownership as entrepreneurs are business owners who bear the risks and face the uncertainties associated with their market activity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 62 |
The OECD’s “operational definition” of entrepreneurs is as follows: “Entrepreneurs are persons that have a direct control over the activities of an enterprise, 40 Ahmad, Nadim and Anders N. Hoffmann (2008).
A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship.
OECD Statistics Working Paper.
14 by owning the totality or a significant share of the business.
Employer entrepreneurs are those entrepreneurs who employ at least one other person.”41 20. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 126 |
In October 2018, the 20th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) adopted a new resolution concerning statistics on work relationships and updated the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-93) (see box 2). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 57 |
Particularly relevant to this report is the fact that ICSE-18 identifies entrepreneurs defined as “persons who own and control an enterprise and seek to generate value through the creation of economic activity by identifying and exploiting new products, processes or markets”42.
Furthermore, “independent workers” in the revised classification (ICSE-18) are considered the best starting point for a statistical identification of entrepreneurs.
21. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 100 |
21.
Further work, however, will be needed to operationalize the ICSE-18 definition of an entrepreneur and to identify optimal methods to collect entrepreneurship data.
By providing an overview of the lessons learned under the EDGE project, this report will help with integrating a gender perspective into future initiatives aiming at producing entrepreneurship data relevant for gender analysis. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 81 |
Box 2: Revision of the International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18)43 The International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE-18) classifies jobs in employment for pay or profit into ten detailed categories based on the concepts of type of authority (ICSE-18-A) and type of economic risk (ICSE-18-R). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 85 |
The detailed categories in employment aggregate according to alternative hierarchies, one based on the type of authority and the other on the nature of the economic risk to which the worker is exposed.
This allows the production of separate statistics on dependent and independent workers and on those employed for pay and for profit (in line with the current distinction between paid employment and self- employment).
41 OECD (2013).
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook and Scoreboard. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 104 |
OECD Publishing, Paris 42 International Labour Organisation (2018), document ICLS/20/2018/Resolution https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--- dgreports/---stat/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_647343.pdf 43 Ibid. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 82 |
15 The type of authority (ICSE-A) refers to the nature of the control that the worker has over the organization of his or her work, the nature of authority that he or she exercises over the economic unit for which the work is performed (including its activities and transactions), and the extent to which the worker is dependent on another person or economic unit for organization of the work and/or for access to the market. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 88 |
The type of authority is used to classify workers as independent or dependent as follows: Independent workers own the economic unit in which they work and control its activities.
They are classified into the following groups: A.
Employers 11- Employers in corporations 12- Employers in household market enterprises B. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 72 |
Independent workers without employees 21 - Owner-operators of corporations without employees 22 - Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees Dependent workers are workers who do not have complete authority or control over the economic unit for which they work. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 54 |
They classified into the following group: C. Dependent contractors 30 - Dependent contractors D. Employees 41 - Permanent employees 42 - Fixed-term employees 43 - Short-term and casual employees 44 - Paid apprentices, trainees and interns E. Contributing family workers 51- Contributing family workers The type of economic risk (ICSE-R) refers to the extent to which the worker may be in employment for profit and employment for pay. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 113 |
Workers in employment for profit are classified into the following groups: F. Independent workers in household market enterprises 16 12 – Employers in household market enterprises 22 – Own-account workers in household market enterprises without employees C. Dependent contractors 30 – Dependent contractors E. Contributing family workers 51 – Contributing family workers Workers in employment for pay are classified into the following groups: G. Owner-operators of corporations 11 – Employers in corporations 21 – Owner-operators of corporations without employees D. Employees 41 – Permanent employees 42 – Fixed-term employees 43 – Short-term and casual employees 44 – Paid apprentices, trainees and interns The classification hierarchy is helpful in the identification of entrepreneurs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 184 |
The category ‘independent workers’ is the best starting point for the identification of entrepreneurs since it excludes helpers in family businesses and dependent contractors, while including independent workers without employees and employers in both incorporated and unincorporated enterprises.
However, additional information relevant to the national context, such as the size and nature of the enterprise, is needed to accurately identify the entrepreneurs.
1.2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 89 |
1.2.
Expert consultations to develop the EDGE conceptual framework for measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective 22.
As part of the process to develop a conceptual framework and indicators for measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, the EDGE project in collaboration with key partners including the OECD, established a multi-year consultation process with stakeholders and organized two expert group meetings on the topic in 2013 and 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 103 |
The outcomes of these meetings, along with advice and guidance received regularly from the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender 17 Statistics and other experts, informed the development of a conceptual framework to collect entrepreneurship data from a gender perspective.
23. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 57 |
The two Technical Meetings on Measuring Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective were attended by representatives of national statistical offices of China, Fiji, Georgia, Ghana, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, the Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, the Philippines, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, and the United States; representatives of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the African Development Bank (AfDB), ILO, the OECD, the World Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC), UNSD, UN Women, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Nations Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific (UN/SIAP), and researchers in the field of gender and entrepreneurship. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 181 |
The objectives of the meetings were: to take stock of existing data and research on gender and entrepreneurship; to review and agree on the proposed EDGE methodology on measuring entrepreneurship from a gender perspective, including a draft conceptual framework developed initially with the OECD; and to discuss (in the 2014 meeting) the entrepreneurship questionnaire which had been piloted in the Methodological Survey Experiment on Measuring Asset Ownership (MEXA) from a Gender Perspective, implemented in Uganda under EDGE by the World Bank. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 118 |
24.
Key deliberations and conclusions that emerged from the technical meetings highlighted the need to agree on a measurable/operational definition of entrepreneurship that is relevant to both developing and developed countries and that also reflects key policy questions about gender and entrepreneurship.
In particular, experts agreed on the following: 25. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 70 |
Experts acknowledged the difficulty of identifying and agreeing on a single definition of entrepreneurs given the multidimensionality of entrepreneurship (such as ownership and controlling of business, risk taking, innovation and generation of value etc.). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 46 |
However, for operational purposes and pilot testing activities under the project, the following EDGE statistical definition of entrepreneurs was first agreed in the meeting in 2013 and then confirmed in 2014: entrepreneurs are persons who have direct control over the activities of an enterprise they own alone or with other individuals.
Further details are provided in the next section of the report.
18 26. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 90 |
18 26.
It was agreed that the definition of entrepreneurs should exclude the “dependent” self- employed as they usually not take risks, innovate or have other entrepreneurial characteristics.
There was also an agreement about having a definition not restricted to the main job only and as such it was recommended that pilot test questions capture entrepreneurs engaged in an enterprise both as their main job as well as only as a secondary activity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 92 |
Most experts felt that imposing an upper bound on the ownership share of enterprises, while theoretically relevant, would be challenging to operationalize.
However, for large corporations, it was suggested to also look at the sex of the enterprise’s founder(s), rather than just the owner(s).
27. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696756522843.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/edge/publications/docs/Technical-Report-on-Entrepreneurship.pdf | 68 |
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