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This will bring the total number of fully-fledged Districts to 29 while the number of Town Councils will remain the same.
2.3 Under the Legislature, there is a National Assembly made up of 57 Members of Parliament (MPs) directly elected by constituents and six specially elected MPs who are both responsible for making ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
While Ntlo ya Dikgosi has no legislative powers, issues that affect tribes and customary law are routed through it first.
2.4 The Executive arm is led by the President, who nominates the Vice President, who is endorsed by Members of Parliament.
The President also appoints Ministers from Members of Parliament.
2.5 Th... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
It deals with law enforcement, dispute resolution and ensures that other arms of Government adhere to the country`s constitution.
Within the Judiciary, the Court of Appeal is at the apex and immediately below it is the High Court.
There is also the Magistrates Court system which exists to settle both civil and crimin... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
GEOGRAPHY Physical Features 2.6 Botswana is an inland (landlocked) country covering an area of 582 000 square kilometres, making it the 47th largest in the world, with most of the land being flat.
The Kalahari Desert accounts for about 70 percent of the total land area.
According to the 2022 Population and Housing Ce... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Most of the population dwell in the eastern region 9 whose relatively favourable climatic and soil conditions make arable farming feasible.
The country’s capital city, Gaborone, is also in the eastern region.
2.7 About one-third of the southern part of the country lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn, and the north ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
2.8 Botswana’s average elevation is about 1,000 meters, and the southern terrain is high, with hills to the east and low to the west with a gentle slope.
The south-western part, in which the Kalahari Desert is located, is a dry area.
During the rainy season, the desert area becomes grassy and dotted with saline water... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Map 1.1: Location of Botswana in Southern Africa Source: Department of Surveys and Mapping 10 Surface Hydrology 2.9 Botswana has four major river basins: the Okavango, Chobe-Zambezi, Limpopo and Molopo.
Except for the Chobe and Okavango rivers in the North, most of the rivers are ephemeral, meaning they flow temporari... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The Limpopo River in the eastern part of the country has sufficient flow, and all major dams are found along the Limpopo catchment.
The Molopo and Nossop rivers have rare or no flow which can be attributed to low rainfall and over-development upstream.
Water supply from the country's major rivers are shared with neig... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
2.10 The major dams have a total capacity of 915.7Mm3 and an annual safe yield of 144.4Mm3.
Botswana receives 7Mm3 per year from Molatedi Dam in the North-West Province of South Africa.
The Okavango River flows of approximately 10,000Mm3 per year at the panhandle drain into the Okavango Delta, a Ramsar wetland of int... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Only 2 percent of the Okavango River inflows are received at the outflow, as the rest is lost through evapotranspiration before it reaches the Makgadikgadi Pans.
The Chobe-Zambezi catchment yields 41,000Mm3 per year of unutilized flow as measured at Victoria Falls.
Botswana plans to draw up to 495Mm3 of the latter pe... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
To tap into the basin's surface flows, Botswana plans to draw 136Mm3 per year from the Lesotho Highlands via South Africa.
Weather and Climate 2.11 Botswana’s climate is classified as warm and semi-arid, with seasonal rainfall from November to March.
Most of the country is dry.
The capital city, Gaborone, has an ave... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Due to the country’s location, rainfall is low, unreliable, unevenly distributed, highly variable from year to year, and seasonal ranges of temperatures are high.
The highest mean monthly temperatures range between 32°C to 35°C and are generally recorded in October and January.
The lowest monthly temperatures are bet... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Soil and Vegetation 2.12 In terms of vegetation, various types of vegetation cover much of the country.
These include grassland, natural woodland, forestland, savannah types, bushland, aquatic and man- made plantations.
Vegetation resources play an important role in livestock farming and wildlife industries, thus con... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
That is why sustainable land use practices are necessary to prevent, amongst others, land degradation, over-grazing, loss of biodiversity and degradation of the environmental resource base.
11 Natural Resources 2.13 With more than 17 percent of its land area reserved for national parks and game reserves, Botswana is b... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Large numbers of wildlife are found in national parks and game reserves as well as in wildlife management areas outside such animal sanctuaries (see Map 1.2).
High concentrations of large game are found in the Chobe National Park and the Okavango Delta.
About 40 percent of Botswana’s land is under protected area stat... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Agricultural land accounts for 10 percent.
The country is also well endowed with high- quality mineral resources, including diamonds, gold, copper, nickel, uranium, iron and coal.
A lot of mineral exploration has been undertaken over the years.
Diamond mines at Orapa, Letlhakane, Jwaneng, Lerala, and Damtshaa contin... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Map 1.2: National Parks and Game Reserves Source: Department of Surveys and Mapping 12 Population and Development 2.14 In both the developed and developing world, countries facilitate development by controlling fertility through population policies.
That has been the case in Botswana since the late 1990s following the... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
From 1997 to the revised inception of National Population Policy in 2010, the central goal has been to improve the quality of life and standard of living for Batswana.
Ideally, this was to be achieved through a reduced rate of population growth determined by both mortality and fertility rates.
Fertility and Household... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The Botswana Demographic Survey of 2017 estimated the rate at 3.1 children per woman of reproductive age.
The decline could, among others, be due to the possible combined effect of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, increasing women’s education and increased use of modern contraceptive methods.
Related to the decline in the tota... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The 2022 Population and Housing Census estimated the national average household size of 3.3 persons compared to 3.7 recorded in the 2011 Census.
Mortality 2.16 According to the 2017 Botswana Demographic Survey (BDS), the infant 1 Caution should however be made in comparing survey and census figures as a mortality rate... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The under-five mortality rate decreased from 74 deaths in 2001 to 28 deaths per 1000 live births in 2011, after which it increased to 48 deaths in 2017.
A similar trend is observed in the number of deaths occurring among the rest of the population during a given year - crude death rate.
The latter declined from 12.4 ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The movement in mortality rates translated to the variation in life expectancy at birth, increasing from 55.7 years in 2001 to 68 years in 2011 but decreasing to 66.2 in 20171.
The improvement in life expectancy could partly be attributed to the Government’s successful strategies for fighting HIV/AIDS, which include t... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The success in fighting HIV/AIDS is demonstrated by the country`s achievement of the UN 95- 95-95 targets, as revealed by preliminary results of the 2022 Botswana AIDS Impact Survey (BAIS V).
Marriage and Marital Status 2.17 The marital status of the Botswana population changed considerably over the past four decades,... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The proportion of married men dropped from 29 percent in 1991 to 17.1 percent survey only deals with a sample of the population and may yield varied figures 13 in 2001, before slightly increasing to 18.8 percent in 2011.
Similarly, the share of married women declined from 27 percent in 1991 to 17.9 in the 2001- 2011 p... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
However, the incidence of cohabiting increased from 16.8 to 20.6 among males and 17.1 to 20.8 among females between 2001 and 2011 and rose to 21.8 percent in 2017.
The proportion of the population who were never married was estimated at 54.4 percent in 2017, compared to 53.5 percent in 2011 and 64.2 in 2006.
Populati... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Females had a higher prevalence rate of disability at 4.7 percent compared to males at 3.7 at the national level in 20173.
Visual impairment accounted for the highest share (49 percent) of disability forms.
The second position was occupied by those with impairment of legs at 28.7 percent.
Population Age Structure an... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
An interesting feature of the population is the declining proportion of children under five.
Though the population is youthful, the mean age increased from 24.8 years in 2001, to 25.2 in 2006, and to 27 years in 2017.
The working age group (15-64) also increased over these 2 Marriage Statistics Stats Brief, 2020 year... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The policy implications of these changes in the age structure are a declining dependency burden, rapidly growing labour force and youth populations.
2.20 Consequently, having attained some remarkable levels of the demographic transition (relatively low and falling fertility and mortality trends) and with low dependenc... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
This type of age structure gives a country the opportunity to accelerate economic growth through increased productivity; savings and investments; a favourable environment that facilitates decent work opportunities for the expanding labour force; and harnessing prevailing conditions of good governance and accountability... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
2.21 A Demographic Dividend Roadmap has been developed to provide an overarching framework to guide the country's long-term development aspirations to achieve a generational transformation within three to five decades.
The roadmap mainly aims at guiding Government and non-state actors on how to integrate population an... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3 Botswana Demographic Survey 2017 14 FIGURE 2.
1: POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX Migration, Population Distribution and Urbanisation 2.22 An urban area is any locality with 5,000 or more inhabitants, with at least 75 percent of its workforce engaged in non-agricultural activities.
Botswana’s share of the population livin... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The 2022 Population and Housing Census preliminary results show a further increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas at 66.8 percent.
The rapid growth of the urban population is largely a result of the re- classification of some formerly rural villages to urban status. | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
2.23 Despite the rapid urbanisation, a large proportion of Botswana households in urban areas maintain strong links with rural areas, where they own residential and farming land - cattle posts and crop fields in the case of the latter.
Assets maintained in rural areas are valued both in monetary and social terms and a... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Some of the factors that drive economic growth in urban areas - when compared to rural areas, include economies of scale, greater propensity for innovation, and higher wages.
2.24 Migration is not a new phenomenon in Botswana: internal and international migration have been important features of the country for more th... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
To address these movements that result in growth in the urban population, there should be deliberate efforts to improve the urban infrastructure to accommodate growing demand.
An overwhelmed ecosystem, compromised sanitation, 15 unemployment, possible squatting and crime are some of the challenges of rapid urbanizatio... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The design of projects and programmes for NDP 11 ensured that the delivery of the country’s priorities contributes to attaining the SDGs.
However, the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly hampered progress towards attainment of the national development agenda and SDGs.
2.26 At the nat... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
This effort needs to be leveraged further in future plans to implement policies and programmes aimed at achieving development gains.
Targeted policies and interventions have the potential to lead to transformational change.
2.27 Botswana’s SDG Roadmap (2017-2023) was developed and launched in February 2018, setting t... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
These measures have provided a solid foundation for the implementation of the SDGs in the country and will be implemented in three phases as follows: a) Phase 1 (2016-2022): This phase was for a broad uptake of the SDGs agenda into mainstream development. | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
It is expected that during this phase, the country will have attained all the Millennium Development Goals-related SDGs and registered measurable progress on all other SDGs; b) Phase 2 (2023-2029): This phase is for the transformation of development drivers towards sustainability, with all relevant SDGs targets set to ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The country will commence setting new goals for its next development phase in line with the national context, in particular, Vision 2036, and global developments and continue with the implementation of Africa’s Agenda 2063.
CONCLUSION 2.28 This chapter presented the physical and social structure for Botswana, includin... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Perhaps most notable is the pace and extent of urbanization, which has major implications for resource allocation, planning and governance.
Generally, the observed structural changes call for the need to revisit the National Spatial Plan (NSP) to aid the identification of key development issues and opportunities.
Dur... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
16 CHAPTER 3 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE DURING NDP 11 INTRODUCTION 3.1 This Review of Economic Performance during NDP 11 is structured as follows: Following this introduction, is a review of the external (international and regional) landscape that identifies key developments that will impact on Botswana during the coming yea... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The rest of the chapter covers the domestic macroeconomic review and fiscal performance during NDP 11 and highlights economic challenges to be addressed.
GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW GDP Growth 3.2 Global economic growth has been hit by three major shocks in the past 13 years: the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Looking forward to the TNDP period, global growth was forecast by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in January 2023 to average 3.1 percent a year over the three years from 2023 – 2025.
However, with the changing global economic environment, this forecast is subject to a higher degree of risk and uncertainty than u... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
As has been the case over recent years, it is projected that emerging and developing markets are expected to grow much faster than advanced economies, and will account for the majority of global growth.
Interestingly, as shown in Figure 3.1, the IMF is projecting that Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) will grow as fast as emer... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Crisis and Resilience 3.3 The global economic environment has been characterised by increased and prolonged uncertainty during NDP 11, particularly during the second half of the Plan period.
As the Mid-Term Review (MTR) of NDP 11 was being finalised in early 2020, the world was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, which requ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Almost exactly two years later, just as most of the world was finally emerging from pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine dramatically raised global political tensions and caused further economic disruption.
Such disruption has manifested itself in the form of notably higher prices for globally traded 17 commoditi... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
FIGURE 3.
1: GLOBAL GROWTH AND PROJECTIONS Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2022 3.4 These two major disruptions within a period of two years – following the GFC a decade earlier – have some important implications for economic development and policy.
They also have some lessons that can help countries to b... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
In this regard, countries that will fare best will be those that have built the capacity to handle risk and respond to shocks.
This includes having the financial capacity to continue economic activity when shocks occur.
One way they can do that is by having sufficient reserves to support the external account (balance... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
A more diversified economy will increase a country’s ability to handle and respond to unexpected shocks.
This contributes to a country’s resilience, which underpins the minimisation of the short-term impact of shocks and the medium-term recovery from those shocks.
Diversification relates to developing a broad-based s... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
However, this does not necessarily mean that countries should aim for more self-sufficiency.
As IMF research shows, this can lead to less resilience as supply chains become -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 percent Advanced economies Emerging market and developing economies Sub-Saharan Africa 18 less diversified4.
Instead, count... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Whereas global trade grew rapidly during the 1990s and 2000s, it grew more slowly during the decade following the GFC.
Geo-political tensions, notably between the United States of America and China, and those associated with the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union, further disrupted trade during th... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The synchronised global response to COVID-19 (in the form of border closures, transport disruptions, and restrictions on movement) negatively impacted trade in a severe manner.
As the post-pandemic global economic recovery unfolded during 2021, various bottlenecks emerged in global supply chains, notably in terms of p... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.8 These trade-related developments have several major implications, which can be summarised in three areas.
First, as noted above, by building resilience through diversified sources of supply for key commodities and inputs to production, multiple transport routes for imports and exports; maintaining storage faciliti... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.9 Second, as the rapid post- pandemic recovery in international trade showed, the ability to trade efficiently across borders is a key component of resilience, while trade is an important facilitator of recovery from shocks.
Artificial restrictions on trade (such as those introduced by the UK following Brexit) enlar... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.10 Third, as major companies try to diversify their global supply chains, new opportunities are emerging for integration into global value chains.
For instance, rather than looking for single “least cost” suppliers, major companies will look for a diversified range of suppliers that provide a “least risk” network ra... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Climate Change 3.11 While the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have been the two main crises facing the world economy since 2020, over the longer-term climate change is probably the major challenge facing the world.
3.12 Climate change has many dimensions, and is already impacting most countries a... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Suffice to say that a failure to deal effectively with this challenge will have far-reaching negative effects on the 19 population of the world and the global economy for decades to come.
3.13 Dealing with climate change requires action on two fronts.
The first is mitigation, that is, implementing measures to reduce ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The second is adaptation, being changes that have or will become necessary in response to the climate change that is already occurring or will occur in future.
3.14 The primary responsibility for mitigation lies with the world’s major GHG emitters – China, the USA, the European Union, India and Russia.
The moral resp... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Most African countries have low levels of historical and current emissions, with the exception of South Africa, which was the world’s 13th largest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 20205.
3.15 Nevertheless, mitigation is a collective global responsibility, and almost all countries – including Botswana – have submitte... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.16 Meaningful mitigation requires a rapid reduction in the use of fossil fuels, which are mainly used in the energy and transport sectors (coal and gas- fired power generation, as well as 5 https://www.statista.com/statistics/271748/th vehicles using petrol and diesel). | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
This has some key implications for economic activity, such as shifting towards renewable sources of energy for power generation, minimising further exploitation of coal resources, and developing plans for managing (and benefitting from) the ongoing shift in vehicle technology away from internal combustion engines (ICE)... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
For instance, it will become increasingly difficult to secure financing for coal-based projects, such as transport facilities (like railways and ports) used for the transportation of coal, coal-fired power stations, conversion of coal-to-liquid fuels, and even transmission lines for electricity generated from coal.
Oi... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Oil and gas projects may not be far behind.
3.18 And while NDCs are not legally binding, the moral pressure on countries to abide by their GHG emission reduction commitments, and to be a “good global citizen” will become more intense.
Already, many global investors are emphasising Environmental, Social and Governance... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
For example, mining companies are being challenged to demonstrate their “green” credentials in what is often a polluting industry, through initiatives such as switching away from the use of coal-fired grid power to renewable energy power sources.
Financing challenges will be particularly severe for fossil fuel e-large... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
20 transport and energy projects, which are typically capital intensive and have long payback periods, in many cases beyond the time period when coal is likely to play a significant economic role.
3.19 Adaptation to climate change also has far-reaching implications, although in different forms for different countries.... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Changing (more extreme) weather patterns will have a global impact, especially on agriculture and health, as temperatures, rainfall and disease patterns change.
Countries with agro- based economies may be the most vulnerable, as is the case with many in sub-Saharan Africa. | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Botswana is one of the countries in the region that is considered to be most exposed to rising global temperatures in the coming decades, with huge impacts likely affecting rain-fed agriculture, nature- based tourism and national water supplies.
Diamonds 3.20 International trade in diamonds and the associated value ch... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
From an industry characterised by considerable stability in past decades, it is now faced with considerable uncertainty.
This first sign of uncertainty became apparent during the GFC in 2008-9, when the industry was deeply affected by the decline in spending on luxuries.
Despite a strong post-GFC recovery, the indust... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.21 The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 affected the global mobility on which the industry has traditionally depended, as well as the physical presence on which trading, manufacturing and retailing have been based.
The industry then rebounded strongly in the post-COVID recovery.
However, the conflict in Ukra... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.22 Besides fluctuations in the level of final demand, the industry has also been going through deeper structural changes, mostly driven by advances in technology as well as changes in consumer tastes and preferences.
i.
Competition from artificial or lab- grown diamonds (LGDs) 3.23 The first change relates to the i... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
These can be produced anywhere, using technology that is now widely available, and at a significantly lower cost than is typical for natural (mined) diamonds.
While LGDs were originally small and had not penetrated the premium end of the market for larger stones, the size of high-quality LGDs is steadily increasing.
... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Given that natural and LGDs are chemically identical, this is primarily 21 about marketing, and appealing to different customer groups.
ii.
Consumer preferences 3.24 A second and related challenge to LGDs is the increasing emphasis on “ethical diamonds”, or Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) issues more gener... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
This has moved beyond the traditional “conflict diamonds” concerns that were prominent in previous decades, to a concern with “green” environmental and sustainability issues more generally.
LGDs have certain characteristics that have been exploited from this perspective: given that they are produced in laboratories, a... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
This poses a competitive challenge for natural diamonds, and reinforces the importance of moving mining operations towards the use of renewable energy and away from coal- fired power.
As important is emphasising the positive social and economic impact that diamond mining can have in developing countries.
3.25 Further... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
They, and growing affluent populations in emerging markets, may be more inclined to buy jewellery using cheaper LGDs.
6 While these were being developed pre- COVID, their development has been accelerated as a result of the physical iii.
Technology 3.26 A third change relates to the impact of technology in the diamond... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Blockchain technology makes it possible to securely trace individual stones from mining, through trading, manufacturing, jewellery- making to market, making their provenance more assured.
This is critical in addressing concerns about “conflict-free” and “green” diamonds.
Furthermore, web-based auction6/ sales platfor... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
One of the major impacts of COVID-19 and related restrictions was the movement of a portion of jewellery trading from retail stores to online platforms.
This movement also allowed for more customised production of jewellery pieces and individual cut stones, on a bespoke basis, as well as vastly reduced needs for inven... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Russian diamonds 3.27 Following the invasion of Ukraine, the imposition of a wide range of economic and financial sanctions were imposed on Russia, affecting its ability to sell rough diamonds.
The major Russian diamond mining company, Alrosa, produces around 30 percent of global rough supplies, and restrictions on tr... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
As with many other commodities, one result is a divided world market7, rather than a restrictions on movement and gathering during the pandemic.
7 One part that accepts Russian diamonds and the other that does not.
22 globally integrated one - which in turn, affects prices in the two market segments.
This is likely ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Higher prices provide windfall gains to diamond producers in the short run, but also provide an opening for LGDs to take a greater market share at the expense of natural diamonds.
The long-term dynamics are unclear as the situation is still in flux (as at April 2022), but the overall expectation is of significant mark... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Such disruption may possibly result in a smaller market for natural diamonds – more focused on higher value, premium products – and a diminished role for Russian supply.
Digital Transition 3.28 The transition towards a more digital economy and society, which has long been under way, was given greater impetus by the CO... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
The pandemic also provided an opportunity to pilot the systems – both hardware and software – that are needed in the digital economy, as well as to stress- test those systems in the face of synchronised global demands.
It is therefore imperative that countries, including Botswana, draw lessons from the pandemic in ord... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
These include more online delivery of services (both public and private), more online interaction (such as for meetings and conferences), as well as the design of value chains and relationships between participants in those value chains.
The digital transition is primarily about information, speed and cost of moving t... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
At the same time, information processing and analysis have become much cheaper.
3.30 The impact of this transition is far-reaching.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more pervasive, enabling activities to be digitalised and automated as never before.
Fine-tuning of product and service design means that more c... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
When combined with the ability to deliver services digitally, information processing reduces the need for physical presence.
Examples: in e-health, specialists provide diagnosis and direct treatment remotely; through greater customisation, drugs are designed to meet individual health needs; and, in the field of educat... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.31 When combined with satellite imagery of climate, soil and crop conditions, agriculture can be potentially transformed in a “climate smart” manner.
3.32 Digitalisation is also transforming the financial sector with innovative products and delivery channels, hence new types of financial institutions. | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Inevitably, the old 23 structure of financial systems organised around banks with physical branches is fading away, with a diversity of institutions (banks and non-banks) as well as products (with digital versions of existing products, such as insurance and new products, such as mobile money).
The sector is also fast-... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3.33 On that basis, digital financial innovation can help improve access to finance by reducing the costs of providing financial services to low- income households and supporting new products.
Regulators have to respond in a balanced manner, understanding and limiting risks while encouraging innovation.
3.34 One ongo... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
These have different characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages.
DOMESTIC MACROECONOMIC REVIEW GDP Growth 3.35 The NDP 11 period has been a challenging one, especially in the second half of the Plan period8.
GDP growth has underperformed over the Plan period as a whole, due in part to COVID-induced reces... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
For instance, NDP 11 projected that GDP growth would average 4.4 percent over the five years from 2017 to 2021.
However, actual real GDP growth averaged 2.9 percent a year over this period (Figure 3.2).
This adds to the challenge of achieving a higher growth rate during TNDP in order to stay on track to achieve high ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
These have had a devastating economic and social impact, both domestically and internationally.
24 FIGURE 3.
2: REAL GDP GROWTH – NDP 11 PROJECTED, AND ACTUAL Source: Ministry of Finance, Statistics Botswana GDP Diversification and Sectoral Growth 3.36 Diversifying the economy to reduce the high level of dependence o... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
One of the results of successful diversification will be a shift towards growth led by the non-mining private sector, with less reliance on mining and Government.
3.37 There is some evidence that this is already happening.
The contribution of mining to GDP fell from 24 percent to 17 percent between 2016 and 2021, alt... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
However, an important driver of the reduced share of mining was a sharp decline in diamond prices (thus reducing the contribution of mining to GDP), rather than robust growth of the non-mining private sector.
Overall, the Government sector (including public administration, health and education) has been the main drive... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Nevertheless, several sectors of the economy have grown faster than mining during NDP 11 (as Figure 3.3. shows) although performance from the critical tourism, agriculture and manufacturing sectors was below expectations.
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 percent Actual MTR/ERTP NDP 11 25 FIGURE 3. | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
3: SECTORAL GROWTH (AVERAGE ANNUAL RATES), 2016-2021 Source: Statistics Botswana, National Accounts FIGURE 3.4: SECTORAL SHARES OF GDP, 2021 Source: Statistics Botswana, National Accounts Note: “Other” comprises all sectors that individually contribute less than 2 percent to GDP -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Agric.
2% Mi... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
& Food 2% ICT 3% Financial Services 6% Business & Administrative Services 8% Public Administration 19% Education & health 9% Other 5% 26 External Account 3.38 Increasing the level of exports and diversifying the composition of exports is of crucial importance for sustainable future growth.
Diamonds have been the mains... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
However, diamond exports are unlikely to show significant growth in the medium term, are becoming more volatile and will eventually be exhausted.
It is therefore essential to develop other exports, including other minerals, manufactured goods and services.
3.39 While there have been efforts to promote other exports, ... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
In 2021, diamonds accounted for 76 percent of total exports of goods and services (including both rough and polished diamonds, but excluding re- exports).
Although there have been some success stories, other categories of exports (like other minerals and manufactured goods) remain small (Figure 3.6).
However, the maj... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
Although it is now recovering slowly, tourism has been hit hard by the pandemic, with negative growth and lower exports in 2020 and 2021.
Overall, the level of non-mineral exports, relative to non-mining GDP, has weakened during NDP 11.
FIGURE 3.5: NON-MINERAL EXPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES (PERCENT OF NON- MINING GDP... | https://transfered-docs-lawep.s3.amazonaws.com/thematic1e/pw_1/1725637972051.pdf | https://www.npc.gov.bw/sites/default/files/resources/Second%20Transitional%20National%20Development%20Plan%20-%20FINAL.pdf | Botswana |
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