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www.asti.org.uk/about-us.html Ahmad, N. (2011).
Acid attacks on women: An appraisal of the Indian legal response.
Asia- Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 12(2), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1163/138819011X13215419937940 Ahmad, N. (2012).
Weak laws against acid attacks on women: An Indian perspective. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599531760.pdf | https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296&context=dignity | Pakistan |
Medico- Legal Journal, 80(3), 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1258/mlj.2012.012020 https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dignity/vol7/iss4/3 DOI: 10.23860/dignity.2022.07.04.03 12 Calcini: Acid Attacks: An Overview of Legal Measures and Motivation Trends Alleyne, E., & Wood, J. L. (2010).
Gang involvement: Psychological and beha... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599531760.pdf | https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296&context=dignity | Pakistan |
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Colombia, lí der vergonzoso en ataques con a cido.
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The Peril of Acid Attacks in India and Susceptibility of Women, Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice, 3(1), 72–92.
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Conceptual model of acid attacks based on survivor’s experiences: Lessons from a qualitative exploration.
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Journal of Family Violence, 31(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9742-6 https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dignity/vol7/iss4/3 DOI: 10.23860/dignity.2022.07.04.03 16 | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599531760.pdf | https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296&context=dignity | Pakistan |
Acid Attacks against Women in Pakistan: A Literature Study Master’s Thesis in Peace, Mediation, and Conflict Research Developmental Psychology Faria Ismail, 19016336 Supervisor: Karin Österman Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies Åbo Akademi University, Finland Spring, 2023 Faria Ismail Abstract Aim: The study aime... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The study describes the historical, social, cultural, and political context in which this type of gender violence has developed and provides implications.
Method: A literature review was applied.
This involved reviewing the literature, both qualitative and quantitative studies, case studies, and reports by government... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The acid violence has deep roots in the country's history, social norms, and cultural practices.
Briefly, in a male-dominated society, women seeking education or employment outside the home are often targeted with violence.
Victims not only suffer from physical and psychological trauma, but they also face social stig... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Policymakers need to develop their technical competency on this issue.
Table of Contents 1.
Introduction 1.1 Aim of the Study 1.2 Background 1.3 Research Questions 2.
Method 3.
Results 1.
3.1 The History and Demography of Pakistan 2.
3.2 Women’s Rights in Pakistan Today 3.
3.3 Feminism and Feminist Theories 4.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
3.4.1 Domestic Violence 8.
3.4.2 Violence and Religion 9.
3.4.3 Violence and Politics 10.
3.4.4 Violence and Culture 11.
3.5 Acid Throwing and Acid Attacks 12.
3.5.1 Prevalence of Acid Attacks in Pakistan 13.
3.5.2 Perpetrators of Acid Throwing 14.
3.5.3 Historical context of Acid Attack in Pakistan 15.
3.5.4 T... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
3.6 Legislation 18.
3.6.1 The Role of Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations 19.
3.7 Case Studies of Acid Violence against Women in Pakistan 15 15 16 4.
Discussion 19 4.1 Summary of Findings 20 4.2 Limitations of the Study 4.2.1 Sample Size 21 21 4.2.2 Data Collection 4.2.3 Access to Victims 4.3 Implication... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Introduction 1.1 Aim of the Study The study aimed to examine acid attacks against women in Pakistan.
The study focuses on the socio- cultural aspects that contribute to this issue.
It seeks to provide an understanding of the historical, social, cultural, and political context in which this issue has developed and the... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The violation of women’s rights has been a prevalent issue for a long time, and it has greatly affected the lives of women in the country.
This paper aims to analyze women’s rights violations in-depth, including issues, history, causes, and consequences.
Also, this study will discuss practical policies along with evi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Human rights abuse, especially violence, and abuse against women and girls are present in every nation across the globe.
It impacts every demographic and age group within society.
Women are subjected to different forms of violence, which include sexual abuse by strangers, family members, and officials of the state, d... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Pakistan's ranking of 145 out of 146 regarding political participation and economic opportunities for women showcases the gender disparity prevalent within the country (World Economic Forum, 2022) This gender inequality undermines women's standing within society, leaving them vulnerable to violence.
The idea that men ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The United Nations has passed the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women which holds the statement that gender-based violence includes any action, whether public or private, that causes bodily, psychological, or sexual harm to women, or that involves threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary depriv... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The Asia Forum on Women, Law, and Development (APWLD, 2022) defines gender-based violence as any action concerning the use of force or intimidation with the intention of disseminating or advocating hierarchical gender oppression.
Gender-based violence is a social structure that forcefully maintains and perpetuates wom... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Pakeez (2015), in her study, identifies violence as a socially constructed structure formulated in the subservience of women by men.
Also, men adopt violent actions to subjugate women to enforce their authority over women’s individuality and freedom.
The patriarchal system necessitates violence to keep women under th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
In Pakistan, the patriarchal system directs and dictates women’s conduct in society by subjugating them via socio-cultural norms.
Yousaf and Purkayastha (2016) state in their interview study that hundreds of acid attack incidents take place in Pakistan but are not recorded or reported to the police due to honor issues... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Acid attack is a heinous crime that leaves a destructive mark on the lives of victims as well as on their families.
Yousaf and Purkayastha (2016) also mention that the rehabilitation centers are not properly equipped to help the surviving victims to move on in their lives since the poor judicial system of Pakistan mak... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
It is the responsibility of the state to make proper laws against gender-based violence and it plays a significant role in implementing as well as delivering justice to victims.
1.3 Research Questions 1.
What are the prevalence and patterns of acid attacks on women in different regions of Pakistan?
2.
What are the ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
4.
What are the barriers to accessing justice and support for survivors of acid attacks, and how can they be addressed?
2 Faria Ismail 2.
Method The literature review approach reviews existing literature, both qualitative studies and quantitative research, case studies, and published governmental and non-governmenta... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
These study objectives are to understand the experiences of acid attack survivors, their families, and the community they live in, as well as the legal and medical professionals who work with them.
This study reviews several quantitative studies that have collected data through surveys, from acid attack survivors, the... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Also, several of these quantitative studies measure the prevalence and impact of acid attacks on survivors, as well as the social and economic consequences for the family and community.
Moreover, some reviewed quantitative studies measure the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the community toward acid attacks.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
For instance, the semi-structured interview studies provide a greater elaboration on victims’ experiences and provide insights into the social-cultural factors that are reasons for acid attacks.
Moreover, these interview-based studies have also explored coping mechanisms and support networks available to survivors and... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The analysis of these case studies will provide an awareness of the experiences of the survivors and their families, as well as the response of the legal and medical systems.
In addition, the thesis has analyzed secondary data sources, such as news reports, academic literature, and legal documents related to acid atta... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
In a summary, an analysis of both quantitative and qualitative studies, a discussion of case studies, and reviewing related laws provide a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
The findings will be presented in a narrative format and will include quotes from the interviews to provide a sense of the... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
3 3.
Results Faria Ismail 3.1 The History and Demography of Pakistan To understand the problems of acid attacks against women in Pakistan, it is necessary to examine the historical and demographic context of the country.
Pakistan has a diverse community and a huge population with multicultural communities existing to... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
These multi-cultural communities have a common patriarchal system of society where men are head of the household and the epicenter of power, whereas women are only considered as subjects of their power and honor.
The demographic structure in Pakistan is significantly overpowered by men. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Ali and Gavino (2008), explored that in Southeast Asian societies men are sole breadwinners and traditionally given authority to take primary decisions without the consent of women, and women are projected to be obedient yet subservient to their male households.
This gender hierarchy has been running down through gene... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
This generational hierarchy has adversely contributed to the promotion and continuation of violence against women be it physical violence, torture, or acid attacks.
The second demographic factor that empowers men over women in society is the economic insecurity and poverty factor that persists in our society.
Pakista... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Bhattacharya (2014) in his study analyzes the economic condition of women in Pakistan and calls out to the socio-cultural authorities to empower women for the betterment of the generation.
He describes poverty to be a chief reason for women’s oppression in society and poverty is utilized by men to discourage them from... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
To limit women from achieving goals, the first yet cruel practice done to them is keeping them out of schools and ripping their right to education.
This not only lowers their confidence but also ensures their suppression and subjugation of their men.
(Bhattacharya, 2014) Lack of education and right to knowledge keeps... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Bhattacharya (2014) also explains this symbolic act of society with a grave example that attaining financial independence needs a good education.
Once women are kept from school they will be tamed in a manner that is suitable for the men of society which ensure their superiority as well as hegemony over women.
4 Fari... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Pakistan is an Islamic country and religious fundamentalism has been an inclination toward the enhancement of modernity in the West (Haroon, Iftikhar, Kim, Volk, & Enright, 2021).
This fundamentalism has led to orthodox yet conservative interpretations of Islam regarding gender roles.
Not only gender roles are justif... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
In their study, Haroon et al.
(2021) observed that the demographic and the sociocultural structure of Pakistan made such an amalgam of orthodontically that limited the women in name of honor and dignity.
This led to the initiation of such cultural practices that are unacceptable under any condition, e.g., honor killi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Also, to take revenge on a woman or her family through the heinous act of acid throwing or acid attack is included in the list (Gulrez, 2016).
3.2 Women’s Rights in Pakistan Today For decades, the issue of safeguarding basic women’s rights has been a point of contention in Pakistan.
Despite constitutional guarantees,... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Today women’s rights in Pakistan are facing the following issues which include the legal framework, social attitudes, and obstacles that women are still encountering.
Pakistan’s legal framework is aimed at safeguarding women's rights.
The Constitution of Pakistan of 1973 offers equivalent rights to all citizens of th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
It prohibits gender-based discrimination and necessitates state action to ensure that women participate fully in all aspects of national life.
Various laws also protect women's rights in the country, such as the Protection of Women Act 2006, which outlaws domestic violence against women, and the Acid Control and Acid ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Notwithstanding these legal protections, women in Pakistan still face discrimination and violence.
Social attitudes toward women, particularly in rural areas, remain deeply patriarchal (Naylor & Ali, 2013).
Women's engagement in the labor force is poor, and they are often confined to low-paying, low-skilled jobs.
Ac... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Forced marriages, honor killings, and acid attacks are still common in several parts of the country (Bhattachariya, 2020).
The obstacles that women in Pakistan face are compounded by inadequate implementation and enforcement of laws aimed at protecting their rights.
Corruption, a 5 Faria Ismail weak justice system, a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Despite these challenges, in recent years some promising developments have been recorded.
Women's rights organizations and civil society groups have been advocating for women's rights and have been successful in achieving legislative changes.
Women's representation in politics has also increased, with the establishme... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
While the legal framework is in place to protect women's rights, social attitudes and cultural practices remain significant impediments.
The challenges of implementing and enforcing laws aimed at safeguarding women's rights further complicate the issue (Butt & Mirza, 2019).
Nevertheless, the active engagement of civi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The government and society at large must keep prioritizing and taking action to improve women's rights in Pakistan (Butt & Mirza, 2019).
Pakistan has made progress in the legislation of women’s rights, but there is still a significant gap in achieving gender equality.
This section will provide an overview of the stat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
3.3 Feminism and Feminist Theories The feminist movement has a long and complex history that began in the late 19th century, as women sought to combat gender-based violence and achieve greater equality in society (Muneer, 2017).
Feminist theory emerged to understand and address the structural and systemic factors that... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
A detailed analysis of feminist theory, its objectives, and its impact on society, including an exploration of key concepts such as intersectionality, political representation, and patriarchy will be undertaken.
3.3.1 Objectives of Feminist Theory The central objectives of feminist theory are to shed light on, compreh... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Feminist theory aims to challenge the social, economic, and political structures that perpetuate gender-based discrimination and to promote greater gender equity.
One of the main goals of feminist 6 Faria Ismail theory is to examine the advantages of certain masculine characters and methods of understanding and to exp... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
(Hadi, 2017).
Feminist theory is grounded in the idea of masculine bias, which refers to the pervasive cultural norms and beliefs that prioritize male perspectives and experiences over those of women (Amir-ud- Din, Fatima, & Aziz, 2018).
Feminist theorists argue that this bias has historically led to the marginalizat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
By challenging these biases, feminist theory aims to produce a more socially just and impartial society for all individuals, irrespective of their gender identity (Amir-ud-Din, Fatima, & Aziz, 2018).
3.3.2 Impact of Feminist Theory on Society The feminist movement and its associated theories have had a profound impact... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Feminist theory has focused on a range of different forms of inequality, including social, economic, and political inequalities, and aims to address them through research, education, and activism (Haroon et al., 2021).
One of the key contributions of feminist theory has been the development of the intersectionality fr... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
This framework emphasizes the multiple and intersecting identities that shape a person's experiences of oppression and privilege, including factors such as race, class, sexuality, and disability.
By recognizing how these identities intersect with gender to shape one's experiences, feminist theory has been able to deve... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Another significant impact of feminist theory has been its focus on gender-based discrimination in international politics (Von, 2013).
Women are often underrepresented in political decision-making and face significant barriers to accessing leadership positions.
Feminist theory has called for changes to these structur... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
By advocating for greater gender representation in political decision-making, feminist theory aims to create more equitable and just political systems that better reflect the needs and interests of all individuals (Von, 2013).
Patriarchy is another key concept in feminist theory and refers to a social system in which ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
Patriarchy is seen as a root cause of gender-based discrimination and violence, and feminist theory critiques patriarchal norms and structures for their negative impacts on both men and women.
This includes challenging traditional gender roles and expectations that limit men's emotional expression and involvement in c... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
By challenging 7 Faria Ismail patriarchal structures, feminist theory aims to create more equitable and just social systems that prioritize the needs and experiences of all individuals, regardless of their gender identity (Hadi, 2017).
The feminist theory offers a critical lens for understanding and addressing gender ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
By highlighting the structural and systemic factors that contribute to gender-based discrimination, the feminist theory provides a roadmap for social change and gender justice.
The feminist theory emphasizes the importance of intersectionality, the need for political representation, and the challenge of patriarchy (Ha... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
3.4 Historical Background on Women’s Rights and Movements in Pakistan Pakistan has implemented numerous laws to safeguard women and provide them with protection since its independence.
While there has been a consistent issue of policy implementation, the country has taken various steps to promote gender equality and w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO) of 1961 was the first major legislative act concerning the welfare of women in Pakistan.
This ordinance aimed to provide a legal framework for Muslim family law and facilitate the resolution of family disputes.
It focused on regulating marriage, divorce, and maintenance for Mus... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
In 1964, the West Pakistan Family Courts Act was enacted, which established family courts to hear and decide cases related to family disputes.
This act aimed to provide women with easy access to justice in family disputes, recognizing the need for specialized family courts to address family disputes fairly and speedil... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
It aimed to eliminate the practice of dowry, which had become a social evil in Pakistan.
This act aimed to prevent the exploitation of women by their families, who often demanded significant sums of money and gifts from the groom’s family as a condition of marriage.
In 2004, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act was passe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
These amendments were designed to strengthen the legal framework for women’s protection by criminalizing certain offenses, such as sexual assault, rape, and kidnapping.
The Protection of Women Act passed in 2006, revised the Hudood Ordinance, which had previously been used to prosecute women for adultery and other so-... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The Hudood Ordinance had been criticized for its discriminatory treatment of women, who were often prosecuted without evidence or due process.
The Protection of Women Act removed these discriminatory provisions and provided greater protection to women against false accusations.
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, passe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
This act aimed to provide women with legal protection against harassment and assault in the workplace, recognizing that many women faced significant challenges in the workplace.
(Qaisrani et al., 2016) The Protection against Harassment of Women at the Workplace Act passed in 2010, was another significant milestone in ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
This act aimed to offer women a reliable and protected working space by prohibiting workplace harassment, including physical, verbal, and psychological harassment.
In 2011, the Prevention of Anti-Women Practices (Criminal Law Amendment) Act was passed, which aimed to address various forms of discrimination and violenc... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
It also introduced harsher penalties for those found guilty of these offenses.
The Criminal Law Act (Second Amendment, 2011), referred to as the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Act, aimed to address the growing problem of acid attacks in Pakistan.
This act provided greater protection to women against acid atta... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The Criminal Law Act (Third Amendment, 2011), referred to as the Prevention of Anti-Women Practices, further strengthened the legal framework for women’s protection.
This act criminalized various practices that were discriminatory against women, including the forced eviction of women from their homes and the use of wo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The purpose of this revision was to support and ensure financial assistance to destitute and helpless women who are in custody or have been released from custody (Muneer, 2017).
The Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2012 was passed to safeguard women from domestic abuse and to provide effective remedie... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
It defines domestic violence broadly and includes physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, and economic abuse, as well as stalking and harassment (Karmaliani, et al., 2017).
The National Commission on the Status of Women Act 2012 was approved to establish the National Commission on the Status of Women, which is responsibl... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The Commission makes recommendations to the government on policies and programs that would promote gender equality (Muneer, 2017).
The Enforcement of Women Ownership Rights Act 2012 was passed to enforce the ownership rights of women in agricultural land.
It aims to prevent the unlawful dispossession of women’s land,... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Elimination of Customs of Ghag Act 2013 was passed by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly to eliminate the custom of Ghag, which is a practice in some parts of the province where women are given away in marriage to resolve disputes between families.
The act makes it illegal to give or rec... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
These acts are part of the legal framework aimed at the preservation of the rights of women in Pakistan.
However, the effectiveness of these laws is limited by circumstances such as poor implementation, lack of public awareness, and cultural attitudes that are not supportive of gender equality.
Violence and abuse aga... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2a/pw_1/1715599538311.pdf | https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/186967/ismail_faria.pdf?sequence=3 | Pakistan |
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