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RESPECTFUL MATERNITY CARE CHARTER THE UNIVERSAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN & NEWBORNS I II III Everyone has the right to freedom from harm & ill-treatment No one is allowed to physically hurt you or your VII newborn.
You should both be taken care of in a gentle and compassionate way and receive assistance when experiencing pain or discomfort. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 87 |
IV V Everyone has the right to information, informed consent, & respect for their choices & preferences, including companion of choice during maternity care & refusal of medical procedures No one is allowed to force you or do things to you or your newborn without your knowledge or consent.
Every woman has the right to autonomy, to receive information, and provide informed consent or refusal for care. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 82 |
Every parent or guardian has the right to receive information and provide informed consent or refusal for their newborn’s care, in the newborn’s best interests, unless otherwise provided by law.
Everyone has the right to privacy & confidentiality No one is allowed to share your or your newborn’s personal or medical information, including all records and images, without your consent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 84 |
Yours and your newborn’s privacy must be protected, except as necessary for healthcare providers to convey information for continuity of care.
Everyone is their own person from the moment of birth & has the right to be treated with dignity & respect No one is allowed to humiliate, verbally abuse, speak about or touch you or your newborn in a degrading or disrespectful manner.
You and your newborn baby must be cared for with respect and compassion. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 102 |
Everyone has the right to equality, freedom from discrimination & equitable care No one is allowed to discriminate against you or your newborn because of something they think or do not like about either one of you.
Equality requires that pregnant women have the same protections under the law as they would when they are not pregnant, including the right to make decisions about what happens to their body. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 80 |
VI Everyone has the right to healthcare & to the highest attainable level of health No one may prevent you or your newborn from getting the healthcare needed or deny or withhold care from either one of you.
You and your newborn are entitled to the highest quality care, provided in a timely manner, in a clean and safe environment, by providers who are trained in current best practices. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 82 |
Everyone has the right to liberty, autonomy, self-determination & freedom from arbitrary detention No one is allowed to detain you or your newborn in a healthcare facility, even if you cannot pay for services received.
VIII Every child has the right to be with their parents or guardians No one is allowed to separate you from your newborn without your consent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 79 |
You and your newborn have the right to remain together at all times, even if your newborn is born small, premature or with medical conditions that require extra care.
IX X Every child has the right to an identity & nationality from birth No one is allowed to deny your newborn birth registration, even if they die shortly after birth, or deny the nationality your newborn is legally entitled to. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 85 |
Everyone has the right to adequate nutrition & clean water No one is allowed to prevent you and your newborn from having adequate nutrition, clean water or a healthy environment.
You have the right to information and support on child nutrition and the advantages of breastfeeding. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 54 |
Find out more at whiteribbonalliance.org/rmcresources The charter is based on widely accepted human rights instruments such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 73 |
It is also supported by regional human rights instruments such as the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, among others. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839599011.pdf | https://cdn-auth-cms.who.int/media/docs/default-source/mca-documents/nbh/enc-course/posters/poster-the-universal-rights-of-women-and-newborns.pdf | 46 |
Kuwait Declaration on the Rights of Elderly - An Islamic Perspective In response to the urgent need of the Islamic Countries to accord due attention to the growing elderly category, promote their health, enable them to enjoy as much living conditions as possible capitalize on their rich experience, knowledge and skills as well as the ideals and values they embrace and which embody their conduct and ethics; and inspired by the profound beliefs characterizing the Muslems of these Countries, whose religion is the beacon guiding their lives; and to make use of the deeply- rooted health and social heritage of these countries; and to guard them against the materialistic development trend which focuses on the development of wealth rather than the development of humanbeings, where religious values decline, the humanity of man recede, the family' s role as the adobe of society is endangered, family bonds disintegrate, individualism and selfishness prevail and disrespect of the elderly becomes the norm, the 12th Medical Juristic Symposium on the Rights of Elderly from an Islamic Perspective held in Kuwait on 18 thru 21 October 1999, adopts the following Declaration on the Rights of Elderly: First: Human soul is invaluable and honoured by God, to sustain it is to sustain the mankind. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 285 |
Moral sustenance of Human soul -by securing dignified life thereto -is no less significant than immoral sustenance.
Second: Believers resemble a single body where any infliction of an organ would cause the rest of the body into sleeplessness and fever in response thereto.
Caring for the aged, the weak the sick and the disable is a collective obligation on the entire society .Sinful are all members of the society someone fails to do the obligation. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 108 |
Third: The elderly have rights that should be recognized and admitted by their communities.
Fourth: It is the right of any old person to have a good access to a pennissible source of income so long as he/she is able to work even after tile retirement age.
The elderly must be enabled to serve himself if he/she can do so. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 78 |
They must be reassured tilat they are useful members of their society , in preservation of their dignity and psychological healtil and to benefit form their knowledge, wisdom and etilics, especially in tile upbringing of their grandsons and granddaughters.
Their wide experiences and advice can be utilized in making the state' s solicy and realizing its interests.
Fifth: Family is the nucleus of the Islamic society.
The elderly have tile right to enjoy family life among their children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 110 |
If the elderly have no family to embrace them, the society has to create for them a familial atmosphere by securing a certain family to look after them assigning escorts to them, or living in a decent elderly houses.
Sixth: The aged have a prominent standing in their respective communities.
No word of contempt must be uttered to them.
They are to be treated decently and held in high esteem. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 93 |
Seventh: Relatives, neighbours or companions have to visit the elderly when sick, call on them even if not sick and lnitigate tileir feeling of loneliness.
Good words are a charitable gift, showing cheerfulness in the elderly's presence is a charitable gift, guiding a poor-righted man is a charitable gift, giving a hand to the weak is a charitable gift and helping the mute or the deaf is a charitable gift. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 103 |
Eighth: Awareness of the aged has to be enhanced as regards how they can preserve their health ward off diseases and accidents and how to take medicines.
This is a call for righteousness which is the duty of every Muslem.
Ninth: An old person is to be helped if need be.
He should be provide Witil food, clothing, lodging and medical care.
He/she must be protected against any attack, since all Muslems are brotilers and sisters in Islam, they must not treat unjustly or let dow each otiler. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 128 |
Regulations and legislations are to be issued to serve this noble purpose.
Tenth: The Symposimn calls on all intemational organizations, Governments, Voluntary and Non-governmental orgamzations and after civil society institutions to spare no effort in operationalizing elderly rights, especially in the following areas: a- To set up an elderly care supreme council in all countries, in which all relevant bodies are represented.
This council must have a full mandate of implementation. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 106 |
b- To enact legislations securing the elderly rights and guaranteeing all health, psychological, social, economic and living care for them, including full health and social insurance for all segments of the elderly, as well as providing them with all facilities possible.
c- Civil society institutions have to do whatever necessary to care for the elderly and secure their physical and mental practices, especially establishing sport, social and cultural clubs, as well as help them fmd appropriate jobs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 96 |
d- To introduce audio-visual and print media which aims at raisiIlg awareness of the aged regarding how to defend their interests, providing necessary entertainment, and educating citizens, ever since the stage of childhood, on how to provide full care for the aged.
e- To insert subjects on elderly care and maintenance of their rights into several educational curriculae.
f- To conduct thematic and field researches aiming at identifying elderly status, needs and problems and working out solutions thereto. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 109 |
g- To call on OIC and ISESCO in conjunction with IOMS to adopt and declare a docmnent on rights of the elderly from an Islamic perspective.
h- IOMS has to issue a book on: "Islamic Ordinances" on worship, dealings and other Islamic ordinances related to the elderly. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839630356.pdf | http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/elderly/documents/Kuwait_Declaration.pdf | 72 |
CAPTURE THE MOMENT Early initiation of breastfeeding: The best start for every newborn CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 1 © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) July 2018 Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication.
Permissions will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 93 |
Please contact: UNICEF Nutrition Section, Programme Division and Data, Analytics and Innovation, Division of Data, Research and Policy 3 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA email: nutrition@unicef.org At WHO contact: nutrition@who.int ISBN: 978-92-806-4976-5 For the latest data, please visit: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feeding/ Suggested citation: UNICEF, WHO.
Capture the Moment – Early initiation of breastfeeding: The best start for every newborn. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 158 |
New York: UNICEF; 2018 Notes on the maps in this publication: This map is stylized and not to scale.
It does not reflect a position by UNICEF on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
The dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan.
The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 110 |
In addition, the final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined, and the final status of the Abyei area has not yet been determined. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 36 |
Photo credits: On the cover: ©UNICEF/UNI114722/Pirozzi; page 6: ©UNICEF/UNI95002/Pirozzi; page 12: ©UNICEF/UNI11851/Pirozzi; page 15: ©UNICEF/UNI164740/Noorani; page 19: ©UNICEF/UN0156444/Voronin; page 20: ©UNICEF/UNI94993/Pirozzi; page 23: ©UNICEF/UN0159224/Naftalin; page 26: ©UNICEF/UNI180267/Viet Hung; page 29: ©UNICEF/UNI38775/Pirozzi 2 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING CAPTURE THE MOMENT Early initiation of breastfeeding: The best start for every newborn Communication team UNICEF: Julia D’Aloisio (editing), Yasmine Hage and Xinyi Ge (fact checking), Nona Reuter (design), Irum Taqi, Guy Taylor and Shushan Mebrahtu (advocacy), Kurtis Cooper and Sabrina Sidhu (media). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 330 |
UNICEF gratefully acknowledges the support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Government of the Netherlands.
UNICEF and WHO would like to extend special thanks to their partners in the Global Breastfeeding Collective for their breastfeeding advocacy efforts. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 61 |
Acknowledgements This report was prepared by UNICEF’s Nutrition Section (Programme Division), the Data and Analytics Section (Division of Data, Research and Policy) and the Division of Communication, in collaboration with WHO’s Department of Nutrition for Health and Development and the Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health.
Report team UNICEF, Programme Division: Maaike Arts, France Bégin, Willibald Zeck, Carole Leach-Lemens and Victor M. Aguayo. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 124 |
UNICEF, Division of Data, Research and Policy: Vrinda Mehra, Julia Krasevec, Liliana Carvajal- Aguirre, Tyler A. Porth, Chika Hayashi and Mark Hereward.
WHO: Laurence Grummer-Strawn, Nigel Rollins, and Francesco Branca. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 77 |
List of abbreviations BFHI CHW DHS MICS Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative Community health worker Demographic and Health Survey Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WHA WHO World Health Assembly World Health Organization 4 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING Contents Starting out right Why an early start to breastfeeding matters Early initiation in numbers What the global and regional data tell us Barriers and missed opportunities Skilled birth attendants Institutional deliveries Caesarean sections Supplemental foods or liquids Clearing the path for breastfeeding Lessons from countries What needs to be done? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 151 |
Annexes Annex 1.
Countries with largest changes in prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding between 2005 and 2017 Annex 2.
Overview of early initiation of breastfeeding rates by country Annex 3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 63 |
Notes on the data Endnotes 7 8 10 10 13 13 14 16 18 21 24 27 29 30 31 39 41 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 5 6 6 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING Starting out right No matter where a newborn takes his or her first breath, the desire to give that baby the best start in life is universal.
The first hours and days after birth are one of the riskiest periods of a child’s life — but getting an early start to breastfeeding offers a powerful line of defense. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 176 |
Whether delivery takes place in a hut in a rural village or a hospital in a major city, putting newborns to the breast within the first hour after birth gives them the best chance to survive, grow and develop to their full potential. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 49 |
These benefits make the early initiation of breastfeeding a key measure of essential newborn care in the Every Newborn Action Plan.1 The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life – meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 89 |
From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to two years and beyond.2,3 The early initiation of breastfeeding – putting newborns to the breast within the first hour of life – is critical to newborn survival and to establishing breastfeeding over the long term.
When breastfeeding is delayed after birth, the consequences can be life-threatening – and the longer newborns are left waiting, the greater the risk. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 110 |
Improving breastfeeding practices could save the lives of more than 800,000 children under 5 every year, the vast majority of whom are under six months of age.
Beyond survival, there is growing evidence that breastfeeding boosts children’s brain development and provides protection against overweight and obesity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 73 |
Mothers also reap important health benefits from breastfeeding, including a lower risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and type 2 diabetes.4 The life-saving protection of breastfeeding is particularly important in humanitarian settings, where access to clean water, adequate sanitation and basic services is often limited.
This report presents the global situation of early initiation of breastfeeding and describes trends over the past ten years. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 91 |
Drawing from an analysis of early initiation rates among babies delivered by skilled birth attendants, the report describes key findings and examines the factors that both help and hinder an early start to breastfeeding.
The report outlines key learnings from countries where rates of early initiation have improved or deteriorated and concludes with recommendations for policy and programmatic action. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 78 |
CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 7 to be populated with beneficial bacteria from their mother’s skin. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 39 |
These ‘good’ bacteria provide protection from infectious diseases and help build babies’ immune systems.7 Suckling at the breast triggers the release of prolactin in the mother, an important hormone that stimulates milk production and helps ensure a continuous food supply for the infant.8 The breastmilk consumed by newborns during the first few days – called colostrum – is extremely rich in nutrients and antibodies and acts as a child’s first ‘vaccine’, providing a vital shield of protection against disease and death. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 115 |
Skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth until the end of the first breastfeeding has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding, improve the likelihood of babies being breastfed at all in the first months of life, and may also contribute to an increase in exclusive breastfeeding.9 Initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of life is no easy feat: mothers cannot be expected to do it alone.
They require adequate support and guidance on positioning and feeding their newborns. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 106 |
The appropriate care of both newborn and mother in the moments after birth is critical to ensuring that breastfeeding not only begins but continues successfully.
While a small proportion of women cannot breastfeed for medical reasons, most mothers simply need the right support at the right time to ensure that breastfeeding gets an early start.
Why an early start to breastfeeding matters When it comes to breastfeeding, timing is everything. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 89 |
Newborns who are put to their mother’s breast within the first hour of life are more likely to survive, while those left waiting face life-threatening consequences.
Indeed, the longer newborns wait for the first critical contact with their mother, the greater their risk of death. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 63 |
According to a recent meta-analysis of five studies from four countries, including more than 130,000 breastfed newborns, those who began breastfeeding between 2 and 23 hours after birth had a 33 per cent greater risk of dying compared with those who began breastfeeding within one hour of birth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 72 |
Among newborns who started breastfeeding 24 hours or more after birth, the risk was more than twice as high (see Figure 1).5 The protective effect of early breastfeeding existed independently of whether or not the children were exclusively breastfed.
Children who are not put to the breast within the first hour of life also face a higher risk of common infections. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 80 |
In a study of more than 4,000 children in Tanzania, the delayed initiation of breastfeeding was associated with an increased risk of cough and an almost 50 per cent increased risk of breathing difficulties in the first six months of life, compared with newborns who began breastfeeding within the first hour of birth.6 Babies are born ready to breastfeed.
The newborn suckling reflex allows infants to suck, swallow and feed immediately after birth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 104 |
Putting newborns to the breast necessitates skin-to-skin contact, and this closeness between mother and baby in the moments after delivery provides both short- and long-term benefits. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 41 |
Immediate skin-to-skin contact helps regulate newborns’ body temperature and allows their bodies 8 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING For newborns, every minute counts <1 hour is optimal R i s k o f i n f e c t i o n a n d d eath increases e r the delay g n e l o t h <1h Breastfeeding <1 hour after birth saves lives and provides benefits that last a lifetime.
The longer babies need to wait, the greater the risk. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 145 |
2-23h 24h Waiting 2-23 hours increases their risk of death* by 1.3 times.
Waiting 1 day or more increases their risk of death* by more than 2 times.
*Risk of death is presented for the first 28 days of life and in comparison to those who initiated in <1 hour.
Figure 1.
Visualization of the evidence about the importance of initiating breastfeeding within the first hour of life.
Source: Smith Emily R, et al. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 126 |
Source: Smith Emily R, et al.
‘Delayed breastfeeding initiation and infant survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis.’ PLoS ONE, vol, 12, no.
7, 25 July 2017.
CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 9 Early initiation in numbers What the global and regional data tell us Most of the world’s newborns are left waiting too long to begin breastfeeding.
In 2017 alone, an estimated 78 million newborns had to wait more than one hour to be put to the breast. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 150 |
This means that only about two in five children (42 per cent), the majority born in low- and middle-income countries, were put to the breast within the first hour of life.
While this is a slight improvement from 37 per cent in 2005, progress is slow.
Early initiation rates vary widely across regions – from 35 per cent in the Middle East and North Africa to 65 per cent in Eastern and Southern Africa (see Figure 2). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 107 |
Estimates are not available for any countries in North America or Western Europe (see box 1), highlighting the concerning data gap in many high-income countries.
While early initiation rates vary widely across regions, there are no notable differences globally in rates of initiation by the sex of the child, place of residence (rural or urban) or household wealth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 79 |
10 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING • • • • • 40% • • • • 35% 40% • • 32% • • • • • • • • 56% • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65% Eastern and Southern Africa 42% World • • • • 52% • • • • • • • • • • • • • <20% 20-39% 40-59% 60-79% ≥80 No current data No data • Country with data from 2005-2012 Eastern Europeand Central Asia*West andCentral AfricaMiddle Eastand North Africa*SouthAsiaEast Asia andthe PacificLatin America andthe Caribbean* Globally, only two out of five newborns are put to the breast within the first hour of life 56% • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 40% • 42% World • • • • • • 35% 40% • • • • • 32% • • • • 65% Eastern and Southern Africa Figure 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 300 |
Per cent of newborns put to the breast within one hour of birth, by country and region, 2017.
Source: UNICEF global databases, 2018.
For notes on the data, see Annex 3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 58 |
For notes on the data, see Annex 3.
CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 11 52% • • • • • • • • • • • • • <20% 20-39% 40-59% 60-79% ≥80 No current data No data • Country with data from 2005-2012 Eastern Europeand Central Asia*West andCentral AfricaMiddle Eastand North Africa*SouthAsiaEast Asia andthe PacificLatin America andthe Caribbean* BOX 1 Breastfeeding initiation in high-income countries The early initiation of breastfeeding benefits every newborn – no matter where they live. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 177 |
Yet many high-income countries are failing to track this important indicator of child nutrition.
Globally, rates of early initiation of breastfeeding are tracked using data from household surveys, such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS).
These large-scale surveys assess initiation rates by asking mothers of children under age 2 whether their youngest child was put to the breast within the first hour of life or later. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 107 |
Many low- and middle-income countries undertake such household surveys every four to five years.
While many high-income countries track breastfeeding through hospital registries or other data systems, these data are not collected using standard global indicators (such as breastfeeding initiation within the first hour of life) and are therefore not internationally comparable. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 76 |
While it is not possible to report on early initiation rates for the majority of high-income countries, we can report on the number of children who have never been breastfed.
In high-income countries, 21 per cent of children are never breastfed, compared with only 4 per cent of children who are never breastfed in low- and middle-income countries.10 This wide gap means that 2.6 million children in high- income countries are missing out completely on the benefits of breastfeeding. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 112 |
12 Barriers and missed opportunities Why are newborns missing out on breastfeeding in the first hour of life and what obstacles stand in their way?
In some cases, outdated practices in health facilities mean that mothers and babies are separated immediately after birth and support and guidance on optimal breastfeeding is limited. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 68 |
In others, the lack of knowledge about breastfeeding after a caesarean section, or cultural practices that involve feeding newborns supplemental foods or drinks, can delay newborns’ first critical contact with their mother.11 In the context of public health and nutrition programmes, missed opportunities refer to moments where mothers and children fail to receive key life-saving interventions, despite having contact with a health provider. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 88 |
Today, more births take place in health institutions with skilled providers than ever before.
Yet, most newborns are still not being put to the breast within the first hour of life.
These low global rates of early initiation of breastfeeding are evidence of a massive missed opportunity worldwide.
Skilled birth attendants Having a skilled attendant present at birth is crucial for the survival and well-being of mother and baby and a measure of the quality of care received. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 102 |
A mother’s contact with skilled providers during pregnancy and delivery can provide her with the support needed to carry out the recommended breastfeeding practices, including initiation of breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 43 |
Globally, the proportion of deliveries assisted by a skilled birth attendant has increased from just over 60 per cent in 2000 to nearly 80 per cent in 2016.12 Despite the potential for skilled birth attendants to support breastfeeding initiation, this is not always the case in practice.
UNICEF’s 2016 report, From the First Hour of Life, showed that the presence of a medical doctor, nurse or midwife did not support the early initiation of breastfeeding in many low- and middle-income countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 132 |
In Europe and Central Asia, for example, where almost all births are attended by skilled providers, only 65 per cent of infants delivered by a skilled health provider began breastfeeding within the first hour of life. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 46 |
And in South Asia, the early initiation rate in the presence of a skilled provider was much lower, at 34 per cent.13 According to findings from a review of the latest data between 2010 and 2017 on birth assistance and the timing of breastfeeding initiation in 74 countries, early initiation rates were found to be somewhat similar whether the newborn was delivered with the support of a skilled or unskilled provider. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 98 |
Only 48 per cent of newborns delivered by a skilled birth attendant and 44 per cent of newborns delivered by an unskilled attendant began breastfeeding within the first hour of birth.
These findings tell a story of missed opportunities.
There is great potential for skilled birth attendants to support mothers in initiating breastfeeding immediately after birth; but better training and support are needed to help them seize these critical moments. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 97 |
CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 13 Early initiation rates have only improved significantly among the group of countries with a large increase in institutional deliveries Change in institutional delivery rate, 2005–2017 Per cent of newborns put to the breast within one hour of birth 2005 2017 Large increase ≥20 percentage point Moderate increase ≥10 to 19 percentage point Minimal/No increase <10 percentage point 0 10 20 30 Percentage 40 50 60 Figure 3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 147 |
Trends in per cent of infants put to the breast within one hour of birth, by change in institutional delivery rate, 2005 and 2017.
The lines on the bars represent confidence intervals.
Source: UNICEF Global databases 2018.
For notes on the data, see Annex 3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 79 |
For notes on the data, see Annex 3.
14 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING Institutional deliveries Over the past decade, the global rate of institutional deliveries has been rising, with three quarters of all deliveries (75 per cent) now occurring in health facilities.
Institutional deliveries take place in a health facility, such as a maternity clinic or a hospital, and are usually performed under the supervision of a skilled birth attendant, suggesting a certain standard of care. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 124 |
However, supporting mothers to bring babies to the breast is not always a routine intervention after birth, and the increase in institutional deliveries has not always translated into improvements in the rate of early initiation of breastfeeding. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 44 |
In a subset of 58 countries with trend data available for both the place of delivery and the rate of early initiation of breastfeeding, the increase in institutional deliveries (from 53 per cent in 2005 to 71 per cent in 2017) is greater than the rise in early initiation rates over the same period (from 45 per cent to 51 per cent).
These figures reflect a missed opportunity to support mothers and newborns in initiating breastfeeding immediately after birth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 115 |
The only significant improvement in early initiation rates since 2005 can be seen among the group of countries where institutional deliveries increased by more than 20 percentage points (see Figure 3).
The rise in breastfeeding initiation rates among this group of countries is primarily driven by low- income countries, where early initiation rates increased by 15 percentage points, compared with an increase of 8 percentage points in lower- middle-income countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 98 |
15 While this increase in early initiation rates is important, the rate of early initiation in countries with rising numbers of institutional deliveries is still discouragingly low, with only half of newborns being put to breast in the first hour of life. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 54 |
The effect of increasing institutional delivery rates on early initiation of breastfeeding depends on national and facility-based policies on the care of mothers and newborns, as well as the skills and commitment of the health professionals working in these facilities.
An increase in institutional deliveries can improve early initiation rates when national or facility- based policies emphasize immediate skin- to-skin contact and provide staff trained to support. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 86 |
However, an increase in institutional deliveries can also negatively influence rates of early initiation if staff members are not appropriately trained and facilities maintain outdated policies and practices that create barriers for breastfeeding – such as separating newborns and mothers without medical justification or routinely providing liquids or foods to the newborn.14 Caesarean sections Globally, caesarean sections have increased from an average of 13 per cent in 2005 to more than 20 per cent in 2017. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 116 |
All regions have witnessed a large increase in rates of caesarean sections, apart from Sub-Saharan Africa, where rates have remained somewhat unchanged.15 Access to surgical deliveries, where medically needed, is a critical part of ensuring safer deliveries for newborns and their mothers.
Yet the rising rates of elective caesarean section worldwide have had consequences on the early initiation of breastfeeding. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 93 |
Several studies show that surgical deliveries can reduce the likelihood of immediate skin-to-skin contact and the early initiation of breastfeeding.16,17,18 In one study, women who ultimately delivered by caesarean section after an unsuccessful trial of labour were more likely to initiate breastfeeding within the first hour after birth than women with a scheduled repeat caesarean section. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 86 |
*,19 An analysis of key factors linked to early initiation rates among babies delivered by a skilled birth attendant showed that the type of delivery can significantly affect when the newborn is put to the breast.
Consistently, across all 51 countries studied, early initiation rates among newborns delivered by vaginal birth were more than twice as high as early initiation rates among newborns delivered by caesarean section (see Figure 4). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 97 |
A statistically significant difference was seen in all but 4 of the 51 countries studied.
These findings are concerning because immediate skin-to-skin contact and the initiation of breastfeeding are especially important for babies born by caesarean section.
The close contact between mother and baby protects newborns with ‘good’ bacteria from their mother’s body – a critical step in developing the baby’s gut health and immune system.20 With a vaginal delivery, this process likely occurs in the birth canal. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 113 |
There is some evidence that immediate or early skin-to-skin contact after a caesarean section can help increase early breastfeeding initiation and decrease the time to the first breastfeed.21 * Repeat caesarean section refers to a caesarean section in a woman whose previous delivery was via caesarean section. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 72 |
16 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING In nearly every country, early initiation rates are significantly lower among newborns delivered by caesarean section Malawi Rwanda Kyrgyzstan Mozambique Namibia Burundi Honduras Myanmar Zimbabwe Zambia Turkey Niger Lesotho Togo Cambodia Peru Kenya Liberia Ghana United Republic of Tanzania Dominican Republic Nepal Ethiopia Uganda Benin Democratic Republic of the Congo Bangladesh Philippines Yemen Tajikistan Indonesia Angola Sierra Leone Haiti Gambia India Mexico Burkina Faso Cameroon Afghanistan Nigeria Armenia Egypt Comoros Gabon Côte d'Ivoire Senegal Congo Jordan Pakistan Guinea Caesarean section Vaginal delivery 0 20 40 Percentage 60 80 100 Figure 4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 215 |
Per cent of newborns put to the breast within one hour of birth, by type of delivery (vaginal delivery or caesarean section), by country, 2017.
Source: UNICEF Global databases 2018.
For notes on the data, see Annex 3.
17 With the right support, most newborns delivered by caesarean section can be put to the breast within the first hour after birth. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 104 |
However, in practice, women who deliver by caesarean section often face important challenges in initiating breastfeeding, such as managing the effects of anesthesia, recovering from surgery and finding help to hold the baby safely. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 49 |
Key actions to facilitate skin-to-skin contact and initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth include having an appropriate policy and protocol in the maternity facility, building the skills of staff and involving fathers in breastfeeding support.22 Supplemental foods or liquids Giving newborns foods or drinks in the first days of life is common in many parts of the world and is often linked to cultural norms, family practices and health system policies and procedures that are not based on scientific evidence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 105 |
These practices and procedures vary by country and may include discarding colostrum or having an elder family member give the newborn a specific food or liquid, such as honey, or having a health professional routinely give the newborn a specific liquid, such as sugar water or infant formula. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 58 |
These practices can delay a newborn’s first critical contact with his or her mother.23, 24 ,25 Early initiation rates are nearly twice as high among newborns who receive only breastmilk, compared with newborns who receive milk-based supplemental feeds in the first three days of life e g a t n e c r e P 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Low-income countries n=18 Lower-middle income countries n=21 Upper-middle income countries n=6 All countries n=45 Breastmilk only Non-milk-based (e.g., water, sugar water, tea, honey) Milk-based (e.g., infant formula, animal milk) Figure 5. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 180 |
Per cent of newborns put to the breast within one hour of birth, by type of supplemental feeding in the first three days of life, by World Bank country-income grouping, 2017.
Source: UNICEF Global databases 2018.
For notes on the data, see Annex 3.
18 CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING hour. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 105 |
The rates of early initiation were slightly better among newborns receiving water-based supplementary feeds than among newborns receiving other supplementary feeds, but still significantly lower than among newborns receiving only breastmilk.
Figure 5 shows that among newborns who received milk-based liquids in the first three days after birth, nearly two in three babies waited one hour or longer to be put to the breast. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 91 |
This finding is based on an analysis of 51 countries with available data on the timing of initiation and the receipt of liquids and foods other than breastmilk. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 36 |
Conversely, close to 60 per cent of newborns receiving only breastmilk in their first days of life were put to the breast within the first CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 19 20 Clearing the path for breastfeeding There is a need to better institutionalize the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in maternity facilities, particularly in the first days of life. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 103 |
A systematic review of the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in 19 countries showed that facilities’ adherence to the BFHI’s Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding can increase breastfeeding rates, including the early initiation of breastfeeding (see box 2).
Efforts to avoid supplementing newborns with liquids or foods other than breast milk (step 6) were crucial to successful breastfeeding outcomes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 101 |
This may be because of the detrimental impact of supplements on breastfeeding success, or because carrying out this step requires other steps to be in place, including having a policy to support breastfeeding and putting the newborn to the mother’s breast in the first hour of life.26 Breastfeeding can be challenging to learn, particularly in the first moments after birth.
But having the right policies, programmes and people in place provides a strong support network for mothers. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 102 |
A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2015 identified programme and policy-related factors that improve the chances of optimal breastfeeding practices, including starting breastfeeding in the first hour of life.27 The analysis found that a combination of interventions had the greatest impact on the early initiation of breastfeeding, leading to a significant 85 per cent increase in rates. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 82 |
These interventions comprised the home and family environment (peer support, one- to-one counselling, home visits or telephone and home support by father or grandparent) and health systems and services (including the BFHI). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 47 |
Access to antenatal care, where mothers are counselled about the initiation of breastfeeding, also has a positive effect on its practice.28, 29, 30, 31 The more antenatal visits and professional antenatal care a mother receives, the greater the probability that she will initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of her child’s life. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 81 |
CAPTURE THE MOMENT: EARLY INITIATION OF BREASTFEEDING 21 BOX 2 The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative, launched in 1991 and updated in 2018, ensures adequate protection, promotion and support for breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn care.
The BFHI’s Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding are key to improving the early initiation of breastfeeding and to supporting optimal breastfeeding practices more generally. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 124 |
The updated BFHI guidance emphasizes the importance of integrating the Ten Steps into other initiatives to improve the quality of care around birth and encourages countries to achieve sustainable, universal coverage of breastfeeding interventions.
Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (revised 2018) Critical management procedures 1a.
Comply fully with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and relevant World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions (the Code).
1b. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 114 |
1b.
Have a written infant feeding policy that is routinely communicated to staff and parents.
1c.
Establish ongoing monitoring and data management systems.
2.
Ensure staff has sufficient knowledge, competence and skills to support breastfeeding.
Key clinical practices 3.
Discuss the importance and management of breastfeeding with pregnant women and their families.
4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 93 |
4.
Facilitate immediate and uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact and support mothers to initiate breastfeeding as soon as possible after birth.
5.
Support mothers to initiate and maintain breastfeeding and manage common difficulties.
6.
Do not provide breastfed newborns any food or fluids other than breast milk, unless medically indicated.
7.
Enable mothers and their infants to remain together and to practise rooming-in 24 hours a day.
8. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696839648373.pdf | https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/nutritionlibrary/breastfeeding/unicef-who-capture-the-moment-eibf-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=587210cf_2 | 119 |
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