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Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993 The General Assembly , Recognizing the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all hu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men, Concerned that some groups of women, such as women belonging to minority groups, indigenous women, refugee... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
that every effort be made so that it becomes generally known and respected: Article 1 For the purposes of this Declaration, the term "violence against women" means any act of gender- based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
Article 2 Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following: ( a ) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
Article 3 Women are entitled to the equal enjoyment and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
These rights include, inter alia : ( a ) The right to life; ( b ) The right to equality; ( c ) The right to liberty and security of person; ( d ) The right to equal protection under the law; ( e ) The right to be free from all forms of discrimination; ( f ) The right to the highest standard attainable of physical and m... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
Article 4 States should condemn violence against women and should not invoke any custom, tradition or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its elimination. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
States should pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating violence against women and, to this end, should: 3 ( a ) Consider, where they have not yet done so, ratifying or acceding to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or withdrawing reservations ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
that women subjected to violence and, where appropriate, their children have specialized assistance, such as rehabilitation, assistance in child care and maintenance, treatment, counselling, and health and social services, facilities and programmes, as well as support structures, and should take all other appropriate m... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
forth in the present Declaration; ( o ) Recognize the important role of the women's movement and non-governmental organizations world wide in raising awareness and alleviating the problem of violence against women; ( p ) Facilitate and enhance the work of the women's movement and non-governmental organizations and coop... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
Article 5 The organs and specialized agencies of the United Nations system should, within their respective fields of competence, contribute to the recognition and realization of the rights and the principles set forth in the present Declaration and, to this end, should, inter alia : ( a ) Foster international and regio... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
Article 6 Nothing in the present Declaration shall affect any provision that is more conducive to the elimination of violence against women that may be contained in the legislation of a State or in any international convention, treaty or other instrument in force in a State. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf |
139 Chapter 6 Violence against women Key findings • Women across the world, regardless of income, age or education, are subject to physical, sexual, psycho- logical and economic violence.
• Experience of violence can lead to long term physical, mental and emotional health problems; in the most extreme cases, violence ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
• Prevalence of sexual violence is lower than that of physical violence, however, in intimate relationships they are often experienced together.
• Attitudes towards violence are starting to change—in almost all countries where information for more than one year is available, the level of both women’s and men’s accepta... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
• In the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the practice is concentrated, more than 125 million girls and women alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation.
• In the majority of countries, less than half of the women who experienced violence sought help of any sort, and among those who d... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
• At least 119 countries have passed laws on domestic violence, 125 have laws on sexual harassment and 52 have laws on marital rape.
• Availability of data on violence against women has increased significantly in recent years—since 1995 more than 100 countries have conducted at least one survey addressing the issue. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Introduction Violence against women is defined as any act of “gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of acts such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.”1 It... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Violence against women includes domes- tic violence, child marriage, forced pregnancy, “honour” crimes, female genital mutilation, femicide, sexual and other violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner (also referred to as non-partner violence), sexual har- assment (in the workplace, other institutio... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In all societies, to varying degrees, women and girls are subjected to physical, sexual and psy- chological abuse that cuts across lines of income, class and culture.2 Such violence is recognized as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women, reflecting the pervasive imbalance of power betwe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Injuries and health problems are common as a result of physical and sexual violence, but the psychological and emotional wounds they may also inflict are sometimes deeper and longer last- ing.4 Violence can lead to a reduced ability of a woman to work, care for her family and contrib- ute to society.
Witnessing violen... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 United Nations, 2006a.
140 The World's Women 2015 Box 6.1 Gaps in gender statistics related to violence against women The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women called on States to promote research, collect data and compile statistics relating to the dif- ferent forms of viol... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
It also encouraged research on the causes, nature and consequences of violence against women and on the effectiveness of measures to pre- vent and redress it.
Apart from a few exceptions, initially, only small-scale ad-hoc studies that were not nationally representative were available. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In the early 2000s, the first initiatives to conduct dedicated, internationally comparable sur- veys to measure prevalence were the World Health Or- ganization’s (WHO) Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Womena and the International Violence against Women Survey, co- ordinated by the Eur... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
It addressed in- timate partner violence and its association with wom- en’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health, and was instrumental in developing and testing model questionnaires for use in surveys on violence against women. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
More recently, the United Nations Statistics Division has developed a set of guidelinesb to assist national statistics offices in collecting data and compil- ing indicators on violence against women, which al- low for more standardized and comparable analyses of levels and trends in prevalence at both the national and ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In recognition of the need for better data and stand- ardized measurements, the United Nations Statistical Commission established a “Friends of the Chair” group to identify key indicators on physical, sexual, psycho- logical and economic violence against women.c a WHO, 2005. b United Nations, 2013a.
c Adopted by the U... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Number of countries conducting surveys on violence against women, 1995–2014 Type of survey Dedicated survey to measure violence against women Module of questions on violence against women Dedicated survey or module on violence against women Survey with questions on attitudes towards violence Survey with questions on fe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
If a dedicated survey is not feasible, inserting a mod- ule of questions on experiences of violence into an existing survey, such as one on women’s health or general victimization, is an alternative option for collecting some information, provided specific ethi- cal and safety guidelinese developed for conducting a ded... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
During the period 1995–2014, 102 countries conducted at least one survey addressing violence against women that produced representative results at the national level,—either as a dedicated survey (51 countries) or as a module attached to a wider survey (64 countries).
Some countries implemented both types of surveys.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
More than 40 countries conducted at least two surveys in the period 1995–2014.
This means that, depending on the comparability of the surveys, changes over time could be analysed.
One hundred countries conducted surveys that included questions on attitudes towards violence, and 29 on female genital mutilation.
This ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Despite the increase in the availability and quality of data on violence against women, significant chal- lenges remain.
Different survey questionnaires and methodologies are sometimes used in different coun- tries, leading to a lack of comparability at the regional and international levels.
Willingness to discuss ex... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Police, court, social services and health statistics rep- resent a potential source of information on violence against women that is often underutilized.
However, the usefulness of such information can be mixed.
Since many women do not report violence to the authori- ties, statistics based on reported cases significa... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Administrative records can be used to track victims’ use of services and monitor the system’s response to the problem, but even when statistics are available, the sex of the victim and relationship to the perpetrator and/or the sex of the perpetrator are often not recorded, limit- ing the scope of the analysis.
Data o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Violence against women 141 emotional problems.5 Women who have suffered from intimate partner violence are more likely to give birth to a low-birthweight baby, have an abortion and experience depression.6 In some re- gions, they are also more likely to contract HIV, compared to women who have not experienced violence a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Direct costs include those associated with the police, hospital and other health services, legal costs, and costs associated with housing, social and support services.
Indirect costs include those related to reduced employment and productiv- ity and the diminished value of a life lived with violence.
A number of coun... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
As the methodologies used for conducting such studies vary, the real costs cannot be directly compared across countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
However they do provide an indication of the substantial economic impact of violence against women and how much needs to be spent to ad- dress the problem.10 Globally, conservative esti- mates of lost productivity resulting from domes- tic violence range between 1 and 2 per cent of gross domestic product.11 A call to e... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
6 WHO, 2013a.
7 Ibid.
8 UNODC, 2013.
9 Ibid.
10 For example, a study in the United Kingdom examined the cost categories of justice, health care, social services, housing, legal services, lost output, and pain and suffer- ing.
The study estimated the cost of domestic violence in England and Wales alone to be US$25 ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
12 United Nations General Assembly, 1993.
13 United Nations, 1995. women internationally by the United Nations and others, as well as at the national level. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The vision of the United Nations Secretary-Gener- al’s Campaign UNiTE to End Violence against Women is “a world free from violence against women, realized through meaningful actions and ongoing political commitments of national governments, backed by adequate resources.” To further draw attention to this often silenced... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The General As- sembly’s most recent resolution on the intensifi- cation of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women (A/RES/69/147), adopted in 2014, calls on States to take measures towards that end in the areas of laws and policies, prevention, support services and responses, as well as data collectio... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In the same year, the Council of Europe Con- vention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No.
210, known as the Istanbul Convention) en- tered into force.
The Convention sets out a legal framework and approach to address violence against women, focused on preventing domestic ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
This chapter presents an overview of the preva- lence of women’s experience of physical and sex- ual violence, an examination of intimate partner violence and attitudes towards violence.
It is fol- lowed by a review of forms of violence in specific settings—female genital mutilation, violence in conflict situations an... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In preparing this issue of The World’s Women, the United Na- tions Statistics Division undertook a compilation of data collected by surveys addressing violence against women.
While every effort was made to incorporate as many surveys as possible, some of them could not be included due either to the timing of their rel... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The complete list of surveys and key results are presented in the Statistical Annex.14 14 See Statistical Annex available at http://unstats.un.org/ unsd/gender/worldswomen.html. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
142 The World's Women 2015 Box 6.2 Measuring violence against women in Canada using complementary data sources Canada’s national statistics office, Statistics Canada, uses two complementary data sources to measure violence against women nationally: police-reported administrative surveys and population-based self- repor... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
These two sources of information have made important advances over the past 30 years, making it possible to better understand the issue and how it differs from violence against men.
Since 1962, aggregate police statistics have been col- lected in Canada, although it was not until 1988 that collection began of micro-da... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
This information, collected along with the Incident- based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, has shed light on the nature and extent of police-reported violence against women in Canada.
In addition, the mandatory nature of the survey, along with the use of common definitions across the country, has meant that data on vi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The sur- vey has also been critical in providing insight into how gender-based violence is treated within the criminal justice system, since information is also captured on clearance and charge rates.
The main limitation of police-reported surveys is that they only include those incidents that come to the at- tention ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
To address this gap, Canada turned to victimization surveys to get a better sense of the extent of victimization and reasons why people may choose to report or not report an incident to the police.
Since 1988, the Canadian General Social Survey on Victimization has been conducted every five years on a representative s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In 1993, Statistics Canada became one of the first na- tional statistics offices to develop and implement a gender-specific survey on violence, providing the first national indicator of spousal violence against women.
Statistics Canada built on the success of this one-time dedicated survey to ensure that the measureme... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Modelled on the Violence against Women Survey, a special module on spousal vi- olence was developed within the General Social Survey on Victimization.
The broader target population (both women and men) expanded the potential for gender- based analysis and has improved the understanding of violence against both women a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
For instance, results from the victimization survey have shown that while rates of spousal violence against women and men are similar, women are more likely than men to experi- ence the most severe forms of such violence and suf- fer more chronic abuse, injuries and emotional trauma.
Such information has helped guide ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
A.
Prevalence of the main forms of violence against women Violence against women is found in all countries to varying degrees.
A number of factors can in- crease the risk of violence against women and girls. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
These include: witnessing or experienc- ing violence in childhood, low levels of educa- tion, limited economic opportunities, substance abuse, attitudes that tolerate violence, and lim- ited legislative frameworks for preventing and responding to violence.15 A number of initiatives have attempted to assess the scale of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
At the international level, WHO estimates that over a third (35 per cent) of women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner at some point in their lives.16 A recent United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In all six coun- tries included in the study, the majority (between 65 and 85 per cent) of men who reported using physical or sexual violence against a partner had committed such violence more than once.
As noted earlier, definitions and methodologies used to collect data on violence against women can vary across coun... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Therefore, for compa- rability purposes, in this chapter, data are pre- sented according to data sources—results from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Reproductive Health Surveys (RHS) appear to- gether, and results from the recent survey con- ducted by the European Union (EU) Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
It should be noted that although countries are ranked within each region, this is for presenta- tion purposes only.
Ranking should not be seen as absolute ranking since, even in the case of similar survey instruments, data may not be fully comparable and the level of underreporting is likely to be different from one c... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Source: Statistics Canada.
ing violence and prevailing social norms in dif- ferent contexts.
Finally, data on violence against women from other sources for selected countries, including those based on victimization surveys, are presented (alphabetically) in dedicated tables.
1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
1.
Violence against women by all perpetrators Physical violence against women Physical violence consists of acts aimed at physi- cally hurting the victim and include, but are not limited to, pushing, grabbing, twisting the arm, pulling the hair, slapping, kicking, biting or hit- ting with the fist or object, trying to... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The proportion of women who experienced physi- cal violence (regardless of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months is presented in , figure 6.2 and table 6.1.
For countries with available DHS data (fig- ure 6.1), the proportion of women experienc- ing physical violence in their lifet... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
For physical violence experienced in the 12 months prior to the survey, prevalence ranged from 6 per cent in the Comoros (2012) to 56 per- cent in Equatorial Guinea (2011).
Physical violence is high in Africa Based on available data, reported prevalence of physical violence was highest in Africa, with al- most half of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The range of preva- lence was widest in Africa, from 14 per cent in Comoros (2012) to 64 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2007).
The range of life- time physical violence in Asia was narrower, from 13 per cent in Azerbaijan (2006) to almost 40 per cent in Timor-Leste (2009–10).
Data avail- ability is... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Among countries for which comparable data are available for multiple years, a number of them showed encouraging declines in the prevalence of physical violence experienced in the past 12 months, including Cameroon (from 45 per cent in 2004 to 27 per cent in 2011) and Uganda (from 34 per cent in 2006 to 27 per cent in 2... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
How- ever, results for the majority of countries revealed that the prevalence of violence stayed almost constant, reflecting the persistence of the prob- lem (see Statistical Annex).18 Violence against women 143 Figure 6.1 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing physical violence (irrespective of the perpetra... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
(ICF International, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Per cent Figure 6.2 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing physical violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, European countries, 2012 Denmark Finland United Kingdom Netherlands Luxembourg Latvia Germany Belgium Slovakia Li... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
(European Union Agen- cy for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
request- Note: Some countries ed that only the results of their na- tional surveys be presented (see ta- ble 6.1).
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details).
18 Available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Per cent 144 The World's Women 2015 Table 6.1 Proportion of women experiencing physical violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 2003–2012 (latest available) Year Lifetime Last 12 months Country Australia Canada 2012 2009 China, Hong Kong SAR 2005 Costa Rica ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Note: Age groups covered differ among countries; methodologies, questionnaire designs and sample sizes used in surveys by statistics offices to produce national data may differ from those used in inter- nationally conducted surveys. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
34.0 .. 12.0 47.0 .. 38.0 68.5 .. .. 29.8 18.8 15.2 35.3 30.0 6.8 .. 27.0 76.8 31.7 35.2 4.6 3.4 2.0 11.0 1.1 .. .. 14.5 1.8 2.1 2.7 6.4 15.2 5.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 .. 7.3 .. For countries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.2), half of them reported lifetime preva- lence of physical violence of at least 30 per cent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The range of lifetime violence ranged from 17 per cent in Austria to 48 per cent in Denmark, how- ever, recent experience (in the past 12 months) was much more similar across the region, rang- ing between 3 and 10 per cent.
For other countries and areas that conducted national surveys on violence against women (ta- bl... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Out of the 15 countries reporting lifetime physical violence, 9 reported prevalence of at least 30 per cent.
Experience of violence in the past 12 months was generally much lower than lifetime experience, with prevalence of less than 10 per cent in all but three countries: Costa Rica (2003), Finland (2013) and Morocco... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
It includes acts of abusive sexual con- tact, forced engagement in sexual acts, attempted or completed sexual acts with a woman without her consent, sexual harassment, verbal abuse and threats of a sexual nature, exposure, unwanted touching, and incest.
In general, the prevalence of sexual violence when measured in su... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
The proportion of women who experienced sexual violence (regardless of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the past 12 months is presented in , figure 6.4 and table 6.2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Figure 6.3 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing sexual violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 1995–2013 (latest available) Africa Equatorial Guinea Cameroon Uganda Zimbabwe Malawi Rwanda Gabon Kenya United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Ghana Libe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
(ICF International, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Figure 6.4 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing sexual violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, European countries, 2012 Denmark Netherlands Finland Luxembourg United Kingdom Latvia Belgium Estonia Germany Bulgaria Slovakia Austria Malta Hungary ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
Note: Some countries requested that only the results of their na- tional surveys be presented (see table 6.2).
Ranking is for presenta- tion purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Experience of sexual violence is highest in the African region For African countries with available DHS data (figure 6.3), the proportion of women experi- encing sexual violence in their lifetime ranged from 5 per cent in Côte d’Ivoire (2011/12) to 32 per cent in Equatorial Guinea (2011).
For sexual violence experienc... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Reported lifetime prevalence rates were higher across Africa than other re- gions—more than half of the 19 countries across Africa with data reported prevalence of at least 20 per cent.
Across all the other regions only one country reported prevalence over 20 per cent (Tuvalu, 2007).
The range of lifetime prevalence ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Similar to physical violence, data availability for sexual violence is higher in Africa than in other developing regions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Violence against women 145 Table 6.2 Proportion of women experiencing sexual violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 2003–2012 (latest available) Country Australia Canada China, Hong Kong SAR Costa Rica Ecuador Fiji Finland France Iceland Italy Mexico Morocc... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Source: Compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division from national surveys on violence against women, correspondence with National Statistical Offices.
Note: Age groups covered differ among countries; methodologies, questionnaire designs and sample sizes used in surveys by statistics offices to produce national ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
a Refers to rape only.
For countries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.4), the proportion of women experi- encing sexual violence in their lifetime ranged from 5 per cent in Cyprus, Poland and Croatia to 19 per cent in Denmark, with almost half of countries reporting lifetime prevalence of at least 10 per cent.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Among other countries and areas that conducted national surveys on violence against women (ta- ble 6.2), more than a quarter reported lifetime prevalence of sexual violence of at least 25 per cent.
Experience in the past 12 months was less than 10 per cent in all countries with the excep- tion of Mexico (21 per cent, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In general, data availability is higher for sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
However, available data suggest that, at the global level, an estimated 7 per cent of women have experienced sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner in their lifetime.19 In countries for which DHS data are available (figure 6.5), lifetime experience of sexual vio- lence perpetrated by some... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
In coun- tries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.6), it ranged from 1 per cent in Greece to 12 per cent in the Netherlands.
Aside from those countries covered in DHS or EU FRA surveys, very few additional countries have data available for non-partner sexual vio- lence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
An exception is the Pacific region, where a recent round of surveys based on WHO method- ology for measuring violence against women in- cluded questions on non-partner sexual violence, revealing lifetime rates as high as 33 per cent in Vanuatu in 2009.20 Figure 6.5 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing sexu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
(ICF Interna- tional, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details).
0 2 4 6 Per cent 19 WHO, 2013a.
20 Vanuatu Women’s Centre, 2011. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Figure 6.6 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner at least once in their lifetime, European countries, 2012 Netherlands Finland Denmark Estonia Luxembourg Belgium Germany United Kingdom Latvia Bulgaria Malta Lithuania Ireland Austria Slove... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
Note: Some countries requested that only the results of their nation- al surveys be presented.
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details).
Violence among vulnerable groups Violence against women is a widespread a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
It affects women and girls at all stages of the lifecycle—from fe- male infanticide and genital mutilation to forced prostitution and trafficking, domestic violence, sexual harassment at work, and abuse and ne- glect of older women.
Violence affects all popu- lation groups; however, some groups of women may be more vu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
a.
Violence against girls Violence against children21 is a worldwide phe- nomenon.
What makes it especially intractable is the fact that some forms of it, such as corpo- ral punishment of children by their parents, are 21 The Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 1) defines a “child” as a person below the ag... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
There is no international consensus on the methodology for collecting data on this sensitive issue, including on the target population.
Violence against women 147 widely accepted.
That said, all forms of violence against children are a violation of their human rights. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Violence against girls, in particular, can have a ripple effect throughout society, leading to lower school attendance and achievement, which is linked to higher fertility rates as well as reduced health outcomes for both women and their children.22 Wide gaps are found in the data on violence against children.
No inte... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Com- pounding the problem is the fact that collecting information on violence against children presents numerous methodological and ethical chal- lenges.
Children may be unwilling or, depending on their age and level of development, unable to share their experiences of violence.
Moreover, ac- cessing children in the ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
Ethical issues include the potential for children to become emotionally affected by questions about violence, regardless of whether they have been victimized, and victims of violence can be re-traumatized by being ques- tioned about their experiences.
Data from ad- ministrative sources, when available, may not be acce... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf |
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