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This requires coordi- nation among humanitarian agencies to create pathways for people to safely leave conflict areas and to provide livelihood and education opportunities, ensure food security, establish free civil registration services (including births and marriages), and build the capacity of local service provider... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 70 |
This in- cludes improving capacity to identify the most vulnerable, as well as ensuring equal access to safe, dignified return and sustainable reintegration such as social protection and services, justice, psychosocial assistance, education, vocational training, employment opportunities, and decent work, regardless of ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 63 |
Legal identity is a core enabler of sustainable devel- opment and safe and regular migration; access to legal identity registration procedures is particularly important for migrants at risk of forced marriage.
Reliable information and statistics on forced labour, forced marriage, and human trafficking are critical to ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 75 |
It is hoped that the findings pre- sented in the report will encourage further research and data collection efforts focused on the national and local dimensions of all forms of modern slavery.
9 Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage s e g a m I y t t e G a i v P F A / s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 141 |
To repay his debt, he ploughed the landowner’s field for years until his government freed him.
For years, the fruit of his labour belonged to someone else.
He couldn’t leave, he couldn’t rest, he couldn’t stop.
He was in bonded labour.
When she was also just 16, Bianca was taken from the village where she grew up.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 128 |
When she became pregnant, she managed to escape to a shelter, where her baby, Anne-Marie, was born.
Ida’s story starts less dramatically but ends just as sadly.
After signing a contract with a recruitment agency in her home country, she travelled abroad where she was promised a job as a domestic worker.
When she got... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 112 |
For three years, she was kept a prisoner and only managed to escape by jumping out of a window.
After weeks in hospital, she was finally sent home, limping, penniless, and scarred for life.
When she was just 12, Jasmine was married off to a man who offered to wed her in lieu of the debt her father owed him.
Jasmine’... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 109 |
In addi- tion to forced marriage and sexual exploitation, she endured physical violence and abuse at the hands of her husband.
Lyn met her boyfriend on a social media platform.
They talked for many months before arranging to meet near her hometown.
Once they met in person, he asked her to come meet his “uncle” in an... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 117 |
Lyn never saw her boyfriend again.
Stories of modern slavery like those of Ran, Bianca, Jasmine, Ida, and Lyn are unfortunately not rare.
Today, 50 million people around the world are in some form of slavery – whether it is considered “contemporary” or is a centuries-old practice, and whether it occurs in the world o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 115 |
Millions of additional people – women, men, girls and boys – have fallen victim to forced labour and forced marriage in recent years.
This report, the 2021 Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, assesses the situation of modern slavery in the world today and the key policy priorities fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 123 |
IntroductionGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the risk of modern slavery and made the road to the 2025 and 2030 target dates an even more difficult one. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 59 |
For Ran, Ida, Bianca, Jasmine, Lyn, and many millions of others, the decisions that national governments and the international community make as the world seeks to build forward better in the wake of the pandemic and regain momentum in the fight against modern slavery will be fundamental.
For them, what is at stake is... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 83 |
The global estimates presented in this report were developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 32 |
The estimates are based on a jointly developed methodology summarised in the Annex and described in detail in a separate report on the methodology underpinning the 2021 Global Estimates.7 As was the case for the 2016 global estimates, the calculations are derived from multiple data sources as no single source was suffi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 74 |
The principal sources are data from nationally representative household surveys – 68 forced labour surveys and 75 forced marriage surveys – jointly conducted by ILO and Walk Free, as well as the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC) anonymised data on vic- tims of trafficking collected by IOM and its partners i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 174 |
While the refinements to the meth- odology do not affect the overall comparability of the 2016 and 2021 Global Estimates results, they do mean that caution should be exercised in comparing the disaggregated results yielded by the 2016 and 2021 Global Estimates ex- ercises.10 The global estimates are based on cases of f... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 137 |
Part 1 provides the most complete possible profile of modern slavery in today’s world.
It presents the key results of the 2021 Global Estimates exercise for forced labour and forced marriage, including the defining features of each, and the number and characteristics of the people affected.
Part 2 discusses key polic... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 112 |
A note on terminology Modern slavery covers a set of specific legal concepts including forced labour, concepts linked to forced labour (i.e., debt bondage, slavery and slavery like practices and human trafficking) and forced mar- riage.
Although modern slavery is not defined in law, it is used as an umbrella term that... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 86 |
Essentially, it refers to situations of exploitation that a person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, deception, and/or abuse of power.
To make this set of complex legal concepts measur- able, the global estimates focus on two key forms of modern slavery: forced labour and forced marriage. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 70 |
Modern slavery 13 Forced labour Forced marriage Privately-imposed forced labour State-imposed forced labour Forced labour exploitation Forced commercial sexual exploitation of adults and commerical sexual exploitation of children IntroductionGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Panel 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 68 |
Forced labour Typology of forced labour Forced labour, as set out in the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No.29), refers to “all work or ser- vice which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.” Forced labour does not depend on the ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 107 |
Forced labour is defined, for purposes of measure- ment, as work that is undertaken both under the threat of any penalty and is involuntary.
The threat of any penalty refers to the means of coercion used to impose work on someone against that person’s will.
Workers can be directly subjected to coercion, or sub- jecte... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 116 |
The coercion may take place during the worker’s recruit- ment process to force him or her to accept the job or, once the person is working, to force him or her to do tasks that were not part of what was agreed to at the time of recruitment or to prevent him or her from leaving the job.
Involuntary work refers to any w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 90 |
There must be both a lack of free and informed consent and coercion for work to be statis- tically regarded as forced labour.12 Forced labour of children is defined, for purposes of measurement, as work performed by a child during a specified reference period falling under one of the following categories: (i) work perf... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 401 |
It may include activities such as begging for a third party that go beyond the scope of the production of goods and services covered in the general production boundary of the System of National Accounts. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 38 |
For the purpose of the global es- timates, privately-imposed forced labour is divided into two sub-types: ▪ ▪ Forced labour exploitation refers to forced labour in the private economy imposed by private individuals, groups, or companies in any branch of economic of activity with the exception of com- mercial sexual exp... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 71 |
Forced commercial sexual exploitation refers to forced labour imposed by private agents for commercial sexual exploitation and all forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children, including the use, procuring, or offering of chil- dren for the production of child sexual abuse ma- terials.
State-imposed forced labo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 88 |
It includes labour exacted by the State as a means of political coercion or education or as a punishment for expressing political views; as a punishment for participating in strikes; as a method of mobilizing labour for the purpose of economic development; as a means of labour discipline; and as a means of racial, soci... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 72 |
While it is recognized that States have the power to impose compulsory work on citizens, the scope of these prerogatives is limited to specific circumstances, for example, compulsory military service for work of purely military character; normal civic obligations of citizens of a fully self-governing country and as- si... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 120 |
14 IntroductionGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Forced marriage Forced marriage refers to situations where a person has been forced to marry without giving their con- sent.
A forced marriage might occur under physical, emotional, or financial duress as a result of decep- tion by fa... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 93 |
These marriages are prohibited by several international conventions,14 including those that prohibit slavery and slavery-like practices, including servile marriage.
Other forms of exploitation can also occur within the context of a forced marriage, such as human traf- ficking and forced labour.15 Importantly, the prac... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 94 |
However, where consent is present, coercion can still manifest in various forms, including exchange or trade-off marriages, servile marriages, and levirate16 marriages. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 40 |
As set out in the joint general recommendation of the UN’s Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), child marriage – where at least one of the parties is under 18 years of age – is considered a form of forced marriage, given that one and/or... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 133 |
For the current estimates, the measurement of forced marriage is limited to marriages of both adults and children that respondents to the survey reported as having been forced and without consent.
As a result, the estimates do not include every instance of child marriage, as child marriage is not currently measured ad... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 77 |
Further, while an individual can experience forced labour and also be forced to marry, for the purpose of presenting a fuller picture of each of these human rights violations, forced labour and forced marriage are calculated and presented separately.
15 Panel 1.
Other related concepts The other main concepts of moder... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 90 |
These are not included explicitly in the global estimates but are closely linked to them.
Slavery was first defined in a Convention adopted by the League of Nations in 1926 as “the status or condi- tions of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised.” It thus refers t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 94 |
The concept of slavery-like practices was first ad- dressed in international law in 1956 by means of a United Nations instrument, supplementing the ear- lier Slavery Convention, covering a range of institu- tions and practices similar to slavery, including debt bondage, serfdom, and forced marriage.18 While the instrum... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 118 |
While the concept of trafficking in persons was ad- dressed in a number of earlier instruments, the most recent and widely accepted definition is that contained in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Supplementar y Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especiall... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 103 |
An act involving recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of persons; 2.
By means of threat, deception, force, or other forms of coercion; 3.
For the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation may take various forms, including sexual ex- ploitation, forced labour, forced begging, organ removal, and s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 91 |
When an act is perpetrated by one of the means to get a victim into an exploitative situation, actual ex- ploitation need not happen for a trafficking crime to have taken place (in other words, intent is sufficient).
For children (below the age of 18 years), means are not needed at all for an event to qualify as traff... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 145 |
n a g r o M s e m a J : o t o h P Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slavery Table 1.
Modern slavery: summary results Number and prevalence of persons in modern slavery, by category, sex, age, and income grouping Privately- imposed forced labour excluding FCSE Forced commercial sexual exploitation (FCSE) TOTA... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 177 |
‰ World 17,325 2.2 6,332 0.8 23,657 3.0 3,920 0.5 27,577 3.5 21,993 2.8 49,570 6.4 17 x Male e S 11,303 2.9 1,403 0.4 12,706 3.2 3,072 0.8 15,779 4 7,060 1.8 22,839 5.8 Female 6,022 1.6 4,929 1.3 10,951 2.8 848 0.2 11,798 3.1 14,933 3.9 26,731 6.9 e Adults g A 16,017 2.9 4,644 0.9 20,661 3.8 3,603 0.7 24,263 4.5 13,020... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 793 |
Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Table 2.
Modern slavery: summary results Number and prevalence of persons in modern slavery, by region FORCED LABOUR(c) FORCED MARRIAGE MODERN SLAVERY(d) No.
(a) ‰(b) No.
‰ No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 99 |
‰ World Africa Americas Arab States Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia 27,577 3.5 21,993 2.8 49,570 6.4 3,819 3,593 886 15,142 4,137 2.9 3.5 5.3 3.5 4.4 3,189 1,496 814 14,207 2,287 2.4 1.5 4.8 3.3 2.5 7,008 5,089 5.2 5 1,700 10.1 29,349 6,424 6.8 6.9 Notes: (a) Number is expressed in thousands; (b) “‰” denot... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 272 |
18 Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 1.1 Modern slavery Modern slavery, as defined for the purpose of the global estimates, comprises two principal components – forced labour and forced marriage (Panel 1).
Both refer to situations o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 105 |
The scourge of modern slavery has by no means been relegated to history.
The 2021 Global Estimates indicate that there are 50 million people in modern slavery on any given day, either forced to work against their will or in a mar- riage that they are forced into.
This translates into a prevalence of 6.4 people in mod... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 110 |
Women and girls comprise over half (54 per cent) of those in modern slavery.
The Asia and the Pacific region has the highest number of people in modern slavery and the Arab States the highest prevalence.
But no region, rich or poor, is spared.
19 .
t e z o r C l e c r a M / O L I : o t o h P Part 1.
Scale and mani... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 123 |
There are 49.6 million people in modern slavery on any given day World 49.6m Male 22.8m Female 26.7m Adults 37.3m Children 12.3m Africa 7.0m Americas 5.1m Arab States 1.7m Asia and the Pacific 29.3m Europe and Central Asia 6.4m High income 7.2m Upper-middle income 12.7m Lower-middle income 23.0m Low income 6.6m World 6... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 295 |
20 Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage The situation appears to be worsening, driven in part by the social and eco- nomic shock waves emanating from the ongoing worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.
A simple comparison with the previous global... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 112 |
Both categories of modern slavery – forced labour and forced marriage – contributed to the overall rise in modern slavery over this period.
Much, of course, lies behind these aggregate figures.
The estimates for forced labour and forced marriage are discussed in more detail in the subsequent sections of the report.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 67 |
Figure 2.
The number of people in modern slavery has risen in recent years 21 49.6 million 22.0 million 40.3 million 15.4 million 24.9 million 27.6 million 2016 2021 Total Forced marriage Forced labour Number of people in modern slavery, by category, 2016 and 2021 Part 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 100 |
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 1.2 Forced labour Forced labour, as set out in the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No.29),19 refers to “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 135 |
There must be both a lack of free and informed consent and coercion for a job to be considered forced labour.
1.2.1 Overview and trends According to the 2021 Global Estimates, there are 27.6 million people in situa- tions of forced labour on any given day, 3.5 people for every thousand people in the world.
Women and ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 131 |
Forced labour has grown in recent years.
There was a 2.7 million increase in the number people in forced labour between 2016 and 2021, which translates to a rise in the prevalence of forced labour from 3.4 to 3.5 per thousand people.
It should be noted that part of the data collection for the 2021 estimates took plac... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 117 |
The estimates therefore likely understate the full magnitude of the increase in forced labour.
22 Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Figure 3.
Forced labour increased since 2016 in both absolute and relative terms 27.6 million 24.9 ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 144 |
Forced labour affects all regions.
The detailed breakdown of results by region makes clear that no part of the world is spared from the presence of forced labour.
Asia and the Pacific is host to by far the largest number of people in forced labour, 15.1 million, which is more than half of the global total and more th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 91 |
But these numbers are driven by the size of the population in each region, and the regional rankings change considerably when forced labour is expressed as a proportion of the population.
By this measure, forced labour is highest in the Arab States, at 5.3 per thousand people, compared to 4.4 per thousand in Europe an... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 106 |
Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Figure 4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 35 |
The Asia and the Pacific region has the highest number of people in forced labour and the Arab States the highest prevalence 4.1 million 15% 3.8 million 14% 3.6 million 13% 0.9 million 3% 15.1 million 55% Africa Americas Arab States Asia and the Pacific Europe and Central Asia 24 Forced labour by region: percentage dis... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 152 |
Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Most forced labour occurs in the private economy.
The 2021 Global Estimates draw a distinction between forced labour imposed by private agents and state-im- posed forced labour. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 72 |
Additionally, within privately-imposed forced labour, they distinguish between forced labour in sectors other than commercial sexual exploita- tion, referred to hereinafter as “forced labour exploitation,” and forced labour in commercial sexual exploitation.
As reported in Figure 5, 86 per cent of all forced labour is... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 96 |
State-imposed forced labour accounts for the remaining 14 per cent of people in forced labour.
Eighty-six per cent of forced labour is imposed by private actors 25 3.9 million 14% 6.3 million 23% 17.3 million 63% Figure 5.
Forced labour exploitation Forced commercial sexual exploitation State-imposed forced labour Nu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 108 |
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage The overall rise in forced labour between 2016 and 2021 was the result of a rise in the number of people in privately-imposed forced labour.
The number in forced labour exploitation went up by 1.3 million an... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 124 |
Figure 6.
The rise in forced labour between 2016 and 2021 was driven entirely by privately-imposed forced labour 3.4‰ 3.5‰ 2.2‰ 2.2‰ 27.6 million 3.9m 6.3m 24.9 million 4.1m 4.8m 16.0m 17.3m 0.7‰ 0.8‰ 0.5‰ 0.5‰ 2016 2021 2016 2021 Total forced labour State imposed forced labour Forced commercial sexual exploitation Fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 201 |
26 Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 27 Panel 2.
Forced labour and the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, and the economic shock- waves, job destruction, and rise in poverty accom- panying it, have left millions of workers wor... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 106 |
20, 21 Hardest hit have been those already be- longing to the most vulnerable and least protected segments of society when the pandemic struck.
The initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic were accompanied by widespread reports of forced labour linked to the crisis. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 58 |
Disruptions to income due to the pandemic led to greater indebtedness among workers, and with it reports of a rise in debt bondage among some workers lacking access to formal credit channels.22 In worst cases, the effects extended to children, as desperate families resorted to negative coping mechanisms by providing th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 136 |
The crisis also resulted in a deterioration of working conditions for many workers, in some cases leading to forced labour. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 24 |
There were reports in a number of sectors of workers being confined to their workplaces and forced to work excessive hours to compensate for labour shortfalls when the flow of migrant workers was interrupted,24 and of workers forced to work unpaid overtime or forced to continue working despite the risk of conta- gion i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 135 |
Some gov- ernments, in classifying health workers as essential, criminalised those who went on strike to demand pay raises and adequate protective equipment to do their jobs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 36 |
Additionally, around 400,000 seafarers were trapped aboard vessels that became what many called their “floating prisons.” The restrictions adopted by many countries to contain the spread of COVID-19 meant that seafarers were unable to leave their ships for shore leave when they arrived at ports.28 Other reports indicat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 156 |
There were also reports of domestic workers, the ma- jority female, forced to work extra hours without the compensation of overtime.30 Human rights organi- zations reported increased incidents of physical and sexual violence against domestic workers, as well as of homelessness and legal limbo among some who lost their ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 78 |
More broadly, COVID-19 created a “shadow pandemic” of violence against women, 31 which some studies have linked to an increased risk of trafficking.32 At the same time, the COVID-19 crisis constrained the ability of state and non-state actors to identify and follow up on forced labour cases, as resources and attention ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 101 |
Referral pathways faced disruptions, leading to slow- downs in case identification, referral, and protection processes for cases of forced labour and human traf- ficking.
Migrants in situations of vulnerability were among the groups particularly affected by protection gaps.
Most of the above discussion is based on in... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 81 |
Very little information – qualitative or quantitative – is available on the forced labour effects of the crisis as it has evolved since this time, as strict economy-wide work- place shutdowns were phased out in most countries and the world economy began its fragile recovery.
The critical unanswered question is whether... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 107 |
Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Panel 2.
Yet the question of the long-term forced labour ef- fects of the pandemic is not one whose answer is beyond the reach of governments or the interna- tional community, even in the face of th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 104 |
As always, policy choices will be critical.
The final section of this report reviews some of the key policy priorities for ensuring that increases in forced labour do not become a lasting legacy of the crisis.
There are many reasons for concern.
Levels of ex- treme poverty – one important metric of forced labour ris... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 83 |
The World Bank estimates an additional 75 million to 95 million people living in extreme poverty in 2022, compared to pre-pandemic projections, due to the combined effects of the pandemic, rising infla- tion, and the economic repercussions of the war in Ukraine.33 At the same time, the ILO indicates that the jobs recov... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 90 |
Hours worked in the first quarter of 2022 were 3.6 per cent and 5.7 per cent lower than pre-pandemic levels in low-income and lower-middle income countries, re- spectively.34 In both income groupings, the jobs sit- uation has worsened since the last quarter of 2021.
28 Forced labour is a concern in countries of all in... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 104 |
The breakdown of forced labour by national income grouping (of the country where the forced labour occurs) makes clear that forced labour is as much of a problem in rich countries as it is in poor ones.
Indeed, more than half of all forced labour occurs in either upper-middle income or high-income countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 67 |
The results showing a significant presence of forced labour in higher-income countries are supported by a range of other reports documenting the pres- ence of forced labour in these countries35 in sectors including agriculture,36 do- mestic work,37 construction,38 fishing,39 and the commercial sexual exploitation indus... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 110 |
Reports sug- gest that forced labour can occur in particular in raw materials production in the lower tiers of supply chains of consumer goods bound for markets in the Global North.42 Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Figure 7. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 72 |
More than half of all forced labour occurs in either upper-middle income or high-income countries 20% 32% 16% 32% Low income Lower-middle Upper-middle High income 29 Forced labour, by national income grouping in country of abuse: percentage distribution 3.5‰ 6.3‰ 3.0‰ 3.1‰ 4.4‰ World Low income Lower-middle Upper-middl... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 137 |
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 1.2.2 Forced labour exploitation This sub-section reports the global estimates results for privately-imposed forced labour in sectors other than commercial sexual exploitation, referred to for the purposes of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 117 |
The 2021 Global Estimates indicate that 17.3 million people are in forced labour exploitation on any given day, of which children make up 1.3 million.
Among adults, those trapped in this category of forced labour remained there for an extended period of time – 15.4 months on average.
Economic sectors Forced labour to... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 91 |
As illus- trated in Figure 8, the global estimates identified significant numbers of adults in forced labour exploitation across a wide array of economic sectors.
Among cases of adult forced labour exploitation where the type of work was known,43 the five sectors accounting for the majority of total forced labour (87 ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 115 |
The largest share of total adult forced labour exploitation – almost one-third of the total and 5.5 million people in absolute terms – is in the services sector.
This figure excludes domestic work, which is looked at separately in the global estimates.
The services sector comprises a wide range of economic activities... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 94 |
Manufacturing.
The manufacturing sector accounts for nearly one-fifth of all forced labour exploitation of adults, about 3 million people.
Manufacturing involves the transfor- mation of raw materials from agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining or quarrying, as well as the transformation of other manufacturing pro... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 93 |
30 I don’t have legal working permit, so they can tell the police.
— 26-year-old woman working in accommodation and food services I was forced to do excessive work due to debt, had to do overtime to clear the debt.
— 50-year-old man in the textile industry Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Est... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 111 |
The services sector accounts for the largest share of forced labour exploitation 100% 100% 100% 32.0% 5.5m 32.6% 3.7m 30.8% 1.9m 18.7% 3.2m 16.3% 2.8m 12.3% 2.1m 8.2% 1.4m 1.4%, 0.2m 11.1% 1.9m Total 18.7% 2.1m 21.6% 2.4m 12.8% 1.4m 4.0% 0.5m 2.1%, 0.2m 8.2% 0.9m Male 18.6% 1.1m 5.7% 0.3m 11.3% 0.7m 16.6% 1.0m 16.7% 1.... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 313 |
(b) “Other” includes begging and involvement in illicit activities.
Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Construction.
Sixteen per cent of all adults in forced labour exploitation, 2.6 million people, are in the construction in- dustr... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 83 |
Many cases involve migrant workers whose situa- tions of forced labour stem from extortionate recruitment fees and other fraudulent recruitment practices of unscru- pulous labour intermediaries.
Agriculture.
Thirteen per cent of all adult forced labour exploitation, involving 2.1 million people, occurs in agricul- tu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 90 |
Cases of agricultural forced labour vary widely.
Many involve the farming of agricultural commodities that form the lowest links of agri-food supply chains, or other forms of commercial agriculture such as the harvesting of fruit and vegetables bound for sale in domestic or export markets.
Particularly at risk are se... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 79 |
Other cases of ag- ricultural forced labour involve people who were born into a life of slavery in animal herding or field work because of their social class or inherited debt.
Domestic work.
More than 1.4 million adults in forced labour exploitation, 8 per cent of the total, are in domestic work. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 71 |
Domestic workers, the majority of whom are female, are especially vulnerable to forced labour because of their isolation, deep power imbalances with their employers, and their limited access to complaints mechanisms and oppor- tunities to organize. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 47 |
In many contexts they are not covered by labour and social security laws, heightening their vulner- ability.49 Restrictive visa arrangements that often tie migrant domestic workers to one employer can also increase their susceptibility to abuse, as can irregular immigration status, including lack of a visa.
We either ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 110 |
And forced to finish the work even after the time and without paying additional wages.
— 56-year-old male agricultural worker I worked without pay, I worked alone from 5am to 11pm from Monday to Friday.
— 20-year-old female agricultural worker Forced me to clean or else she will kill me.
32 — 25-year-old female migr... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 132 |
Other sectors form smaller shares of total adult forced labour exploitation but nonetheless still ac- count for hundreds of thousands of adults in forced labour.
There are nearly a quarter-million adult workers who are forced to dig for minerals or perform other mining and quar- rying work, and 128,000 fishers who are... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 110 |
Other adults in forced labour include 208,000 who are forced to beg on the street and 32,000 forced into illicit activities.
Part 1.
Scale and manifestations of modern slaveryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 33 Panel 3.
Forced labour and human trafficking in fishing There is a st... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 111 |
Their working hours can be long, their pay very low, and their work hazardous and arduous.
On board vessels in remote locations of the sea for months or even years at a time, they are extremely vulnerable to labour abuses.
Poor connectivity at sea can make it all but impossible to raise complaints.
Fishers themselve... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf | 96 |
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