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When enacting the Forced Marriage Civil Protection Act in 2007, the United Kingdom specifically declined to criminalize the practice of forced marriage.
The Act, which extends to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but not to Scotland, seeks to help both victims of forced marriage as well as those threatened with fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
Britain made a calculated decision to not include forced marriage as a criminal offense after considering the possible negative consequences of such a move, including concerns that victims would not want their families to be punished, or that the practice would go further underground.96 The Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
This involved cooking, cleaning, as well as bearing and rearing children, which were often the result of rapes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
These “marriages” lasted for years, and some wives have stayed with their husbands despite the fact that the conflict is long over.99 In January 2009, a new law was approved by Sierra Leone’s President that promotes women’s rights by recognizing customary or traditional marriages that have not 95 “The Force Marriage (C... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
96 “Our Two Year Strategy,” Forced Marriage Unit, Foreign & Commonwealth Office, May 2007, http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/FMU%20Two-Year%20Strategy.pdf.
97 See Forced Marriage Unit website at http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/fco-in-action/nationals/forced-marriage- unit/.
98 Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rap... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
99 Scharf, Charles P. & Suzanne Mattler, “Forced Marriage: Exploring the Viability of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’s New Crime Against Humanity,” Case School of Law, October 2005.
3-4.
16 EGM/GPLHP/2009/EP.08 19 June 2009 ENGLISH only been registered by the state.100 The goal of The Customary Marriage and Divor... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
The Act also makes forced marriage illegal and sets 18 as the legal marriage age.
The country saw its first court conviction on the charges of “forced marriage” in February 2009. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
After a four-year trial, The Special Court for Sierra Leone convicted three former leaders of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and forced marriage.101 The court set legal precedent by considering forced marriage as a crime against humanity, separate from other forms of sex... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
C. United States In the United States, marriages of girls may take place as early as 14 or 15 with the consent of parents.
Individual state laws recognize a minimum age of consent to marry that can be lowered if parental or judicial consent is received. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
The majority of states recognize the age of consent to marry without parental consent to be 18.102 With parental or judicial consent, the minimum age of consent to marry often drops, ranging from no age limit to 18.103 Some states also have gender-based differences in minimum age of consent to marry with and without pa... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
These exceptions to the minimum age requirement, however, can sometimes conflict with states’ statutory rape laws which criminalize sex with anyone under a 100 “Sierra Leone Endorses Marriage Act,” AfricanLoft, 27 January 2009, http://www.africanloft.com/sierra-leone-endorses-marriage-act/.
101 Integrated Regional Inf... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
102 “Marriage Laws of the Fifty States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico,” http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/table_marriage.
103 Under Mississippi law, with parental consent or judicial consent there is no age limit to consent to marry.
Mississippi Code § 93-1-5(d) (2008); Under New Hampshire law, the legal age o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
New Hampshire Statutes, Title 43, Chapters 457:4 (1907) and 457:5 (1973).
104 Under Massachusetts law, the age of consent to marry without parental consent is 18 for both male and females.
However, with parental consent, the age of consent to marry for boys is 14 while it is 12 for girls.
Massachusetts General Law, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
17 EGM/GPLHP/2009/EP.08 19 June 2009 ENGLISH only certain age.105 States such as Delaware, Georgia, and Kansas, have all addressed this conflict between minimum age to marry and statutory rape laws.106 In Minnesota, like the majority of states in the United States, the age of consent to marry without parental consent i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
The District of Colombia, however, does specifically criminalize the practice of forced marriage. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
The specific language, which is found within the state’s pandering and prostitution statute, states: “It is unlawful for any person, within the District of Columbia to take or detain an individual against the individual’s will, with intent to compel such individual by 105 See Bushey, Claire, “Age of Consent Muddles Law... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
106 Delaware law, for example, previously contained a pregnancy exception which allowed younger parties to marry in the event of pregnancy or birth.
This pregnancy provision was in direct conflict with the state’s statutory rape law which classified sex with anyone under 16 as a felony. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
Pregnancy is no longer an exception to the age restriction in Delaware and the current law requires anyone younger than 18 to petition to Family Court for permission to marry and a judge will decide whether the marriage is in the minor’s best interest; See, 13 Del.
Law, c. 1, § 123 (2007).
Georgia previously had a pr... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
In 2006, however, Georgia eliminated the pregnancy provision from its code and set 16 as the minimum marriage age.
This change was made after 37 year-old Lisa Lynette Clark married a 15 year-old boy who had impregnated her.
The couple had been allowed to marry due to the pregnancy exception, but Clark was charged wit... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
§ 19-3-2 (2006); Age of Consent Muddles Law on Marriage vs. Rape, Bushey, Claire, Women’s E News, 7 June 2007; Kansas Setting Minimum Marriage Age: 15, Associated Press, 5 May 2006.
In Kansas, the age of consent to marry without parental or judicial consent has been 18.
Until recently, however, Kansas had no minimum ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
In 2006, the minimum age to marry was set to 15 and even then, only if a district court judge decides it is in the best interest of the person 15 years of age.
Someone who is 16 or 17 can be married if they receive parental and/or judicial consent.
This change may have been instigated by the case of Mathew Koso from ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
They crossed into Kansas to get married after her fourteenth birthday because, at the time, Kansas had no set minimum age for marriage if the minor had parental permission.
Despite the marriage, Nebraska’s Attorney General, charged Koso with breaking the state’s statutory rape laws.
Koso served 15 months for statutor... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
§ 23-106(c)(1) and (2) (2006); Age of Consent Muddles Law on Marriage vs. Rape, Bushey, Claire, Women’s E News, 7 June 2007; Kansas Setting Minimum Marriage Age: 15, Associated Press, 5 May 2006.
107 Minn. Stat.
§ 517.02 (2006).
108 Minn. Stat.
§ 609.25 (2009). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
108 Minn. Stat.
§ 609.25 (2009).
18 EGM/GPLHP/2009/EP.08 19 June 2009 ENGLISH only force, threats, menace, or duress to marry the abductor or to marry any other person.”109 Recently, at a federal level, The International Protecting Girls by Preventing Child Marriages Act of 2009 was proposed to the United States Cong... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
It will be important to see how this proposed federal legislation progresses, but it appears its focus is on international forced and early marriage, as opposed to forced or early marriage within the United States.
VI.
Conclusion There has been recognition of the practice of forced and early marriage throughout the w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
The practice, however, continues, and is actually increasing in CEE/FSU countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
It is important to demand the creation of new laws which specify 18 as the minimum age for both males and females and to mandate registration of births, marriages, and deaths.111 In addition, however, it is vital to recognize that sometimes the “ineffectiveness of the law lies not in its content but in its implementati... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
109 D.C. Criminal Code § 22-2705 (2007).
110 “H.R.
2103: International Protecting Girls by Preventing Child Marriage Act of 2009.” 111th Congress, 1st Session, 2009-2010, introduced April 27, 2009, available at http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-2103.
111 Rude-Antoine, Edwige, ed., “Forced Marriages ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769085799.pdf | https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw_legislation_2009/Expert%20Paper%20EGMGPLHP%20_Cheryl%20Thomas%20revised_.pdf |
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t s e r r o F ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
t s e r r o F e c a r G o t o h P .
t e z o r C l e c r a M / O L I : o t o h P Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Table of contents Executive summary Introduction Part 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Scale and manifestations of modern slavery 1.1 1.2 Modern slavery Forced labour 1.2.1 Overview and trends 1.2.2 Forced labour exploitation 1.2.3 Forced commercial sexual exploitation 1.2.4 Forced labour of children 1.2.5 State-imposed forced labour 1.3 Forced marriage 1.3.1 Overview and trends 1.3.2 Circumstances surro... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
2.2 Forced labour Forced marriage Annex.
Methodology Endnotes 1 11 17 19 22 22 30 45 46 50 59 59 69 77 79 99 109 119 .
t e z o r C l e c r a M / O L I : o t o h P Executive summary 1 Modern slavery is the very antithesis of social justice and sustainable develop- ment.
The 2021 Global Estimates indicate there are 50... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
This number translates to nearly one of every 150 people in the world.
The estimates also indicate that situations of modern slavery are by no means transient – entrapment in forced labour can last years, while in most cases forced marriage is a life sentence.
And sadly, the situation is not improving.
The 2021 Glob... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Through the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the global community has committed to ending modern slavery among children by 2025, and universally by 2030 (Target 8.7).
This report underscores the scale of the challenge facing the global community in the short period remaining to meet these ambitiou... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Compounding crises – the COVID-19 pandemic, armed conflicts, and climate change – in recent years have led to unprecedented disruption to employment and education, increases in extreme poverty and forced and unsafe migra- tion, and an upsurge in reports of gender-based violence, together serving to heighten the risk of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
As is usually the case, it is those who are already in situations of greatest vulnerability – including the poor and socially excluded, workers in the informal economy, irregular or otherwise un- protected migrant workers, and people subject to discrimination – who are most affected.
It is urgent that the global commu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
While the prin- cipal responsibility for change lies with national governments, a whole of society approach is needed – the social partners, participants in the social and solidarity economy, businesses, investors, survivor groups, civil society, and an array of other actors have critical roles to play.
Technical coop... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Social dialogue provides an essential framework for building lasting, consensus-based solutions to the challenge of modern slavery.
The global and regional estimates presented in this report were developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and the International Organization for Migration (IOM)... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
As was the case for the 2016 global estimates, the 2021 calculations are derived from multiple data sources, as no single source was sufficiently reliable. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The principal sources are data from nationally representative household surveys – 68 forced labour surveys and 75 forced marriage surveys – jointly conducted by ILO and Walk Free, as well as the Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative (CTDC) anonymised case dataset on victims of trafficking collected by IOM and its part... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Overview of key findings Modern slavery, as defined for the purpose of the global estimates, is comprised of two principal components – forced labour and forced marriage.
Both refer to situations of exploitation that a person cannot... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The 2021 Global Estimates indicate that 49.6 million people are in modern slavery on any given day, either forced to work against their will or in a marriage that they were forced into.
Forced labour accounts for 27.6 million of those in modern slavery and forced marriage for 22 million. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Forced labour Forced labour, as set out in the ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No.29),1 refers to “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.” There are 27.6 million people in situations of forced labour on ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
More than 3.3 million of all those in forced labour are children.
Forced labour has grown in recent years.
A simple comparison with the 2016 global estimates indicates an increase of 2.7 million in the number people in forced labour between 2016 and 2021, which translates to a rise in the prevalence of forced labour ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The increase in the number of people in forced labour was driven entirely by forced labour in the private economy, both in forced commercial sexual exploitation and in forced labour in other sectors.
The initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic were accompanied by wide- spread reports of forced labour linked to the cri... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Disruptions to income because of the pandemic led to greater indebtedness among workers and with it reports of a rise in debt bondage among some workers lacking access to formal credit channels.
The crisis also resulted in a deterioration of working conditions for many workers, in some cases leading to forced labour. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Yet little is known about how forced labour risks have evolved since the initial months of the crisis, as strict economy-wide workplace shutdowns were phased out in most countries and the world economy began its fragile recovery.
There are many reasons for concern in this regard. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
There are many reasons for concern in this regard.
The World Bank indicates that extreme poverty – one im- portant metric of forced labour risk – remains far higher than the pre-pandemic trajectory2 and the ILO reports that the jobs recovery has stalled in much of the world.3 2 Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Mod... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Asia and the Pacific is host to more than half of the global total (15.1 million), followed by Europe and Central Asia (4.1 million), Africa (3.8 million), the Americas (3.6 million), and the Arab States (0.9 million).
But this regional ranking changes considerably when forced labour is expressed as a proportion of th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
By this measure, forced labour is highest in the Arab States (5.3 per thousand people), followed by Europe and Central Asia (4.4 per thousand), the Americas and Asia and the Pacific (both at 3.5 per thousand), and Africa (2.9 per thousand).
Forced labour is a concern regardless of a country’s wealth.
More than half o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
When population is taken into account, forced labour is highest in low income countries (6.3 per thousand people) followed by high income countries (4.4 per thousand).
Most forced labour occurs in the private economy.
Eighty-six per cent of forced labour cases are imposed by private actors – 63 per cent in the privat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
State-imposed forced labour accounts for the remaining 14 per cent of people in forced labour.
Forced labour touches virtually all parts of the private economy.
The five sectors accounting for the majority of total adult forced labour (87 per cent) are services (excluding domestic work), manufacturing, construction, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
These include adult workers who are forced to dig for minerals or perform other mining and quarrying work, fishers who are trapped in forced labour aboard fishing vessels, people forced to beg on the street, and people forced into illicit activities.
The composition of forced labour differs from that of the broader la... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
There are also relatively more men among workers in forced labour com- pared to the labour force generally.
People in forced labour are more likely to be in manufacturing, and much more likely to be in construction, than workers in the overall labour force.
They are less likely to be in the services and agriculture s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The systematic and de- liberate withholding of wages, used by abusive employers to compel workers to stay in a job out of fear of losing accrued earnings, is the most common form of coercion, experienced by 36 per cent of those in forced labour.
This is followed by abuse of vulnerability through threat of dismissal, w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
More severe forms of coercion, including forced confinement, physical and sexual violence, and the deprivation of basic needs, are less common but by no means negligible.
3 Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Forced labour in the private economy has an important gende... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Women are more likely to be coerced through wage non-payment and abuse of vulnerability, and men through threats of violence and financial penalties.
Women are also more likely than men to be subjected to physical and sexual violence and threats against family members.
Migrant workers face a higher risk of forced lab... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
This figure makes clear that when migrant workers are not protected by law or are unable to exercise their rights, migration is irregular or poorly governed, or where recruitment practices are unfair or unethical, migration can lead to situations of vulnerability to forced labour.
An estimated 6.3 million people are i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Gender is a key determining factor: nearly four out of every five people trapped in these situations are girls or women.
The tragedy of children subjected to forced labour demands special urgency.
A total of 3.3 million children are in situations of forced labour, ac- counting for about 12 per cent of all those in fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The forced labour of children constitutes one component of child la- bour,4 which the international community – through Target 8.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals – has committed to ending by 2025.
The forced labour of children occurs across wide array of economic sec- tors and industries.
Over half of all child... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Qualitative reports indicate that children can be subjected to severe forms of coercion and abuse, including abduction, drugging, being held in captivity, deception, and manipulation of debt.
Some of the worst abuses occur in situations of armed conflict.
The 2021 Global Estimates indicate that 3.9 million people are... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Males make up more than three of every four of those in forced labour imposed by state authorities, while 8 per cent of those in state-imposed forced labour are children.
Over half (55 per cent) of all cases involve some form of abuse of compulsory prison labour, 27 per cent involve the abuse of conscription and 17 pe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
4 Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 5 Forced marriage Forced marriage is a complex and highly gendered practice.
Although men and boys are also forced to marry, it predominantly affects women and girls.
Forced marriages occur in every region of the world and cut ac... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The number of men, women, and children living in forced marriages has risen globally.
An estimated 22 million people were living in situations of forced marriage on any given day in 2021.
This is a 6.6 million increase in the number of people living in a forced marriage between 2016 and 2021, which translates to a ri... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Nearly two-thirds of all forced marriages, an estimated 14.2 million people, are in Asia and the Pacific.
This is followed by 14.5 per cent in Africa (3.2 million) and 10.4 per cent in Europe and Central Asia (2.3 million).
When we account for the population in each region, prevalence of forced marriage is highest in... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
This equates to an estimated 14.9 million women and girls.
While women and girls account for the majority of people living in a forced marriage, men and boys are also subjected to forced marriage.
Three in every five people in a forced marriage are in lower-middle income countries; however, wealthier nations are not ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Most persons who reported on the circumstances of forced marriage were forced to marry by their parents (73 per cent) or other relatives (16 per cent).
Half of those living in forced marriages were coerced using emotional threats or verbal abuse.
This includes the use of emotional blackmail – for ex- ample, parents t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Physical or sexual violence and threats of violence were the next most used form of coercion to force a marriage (19 per cent).
Once forced to marry, there is greater risk of sexual exploitation, violence, and domestic servitude and other forms of forced labour both inside and outside the home.
Females are more likel... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
COVID-19 has exacerbated the underlying drivers of all forms of modern slavery, including forced marriage, which often is linked to economic hardship.
Widespread socio-economic instability due to the pandemic led to increased global unemployment, increased indebtedness, and an increase in extreme global poverty for th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
As the data only par- tially reflect the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the estimates presented in this report are likely to understate the full magnitude of the pandemic’s impact.
Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Ending modern slavery: the path to 2030 Nothing ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
It is not a question of not knowing what to do.
There is a sub- stantial and growing body of policy and programming experience in addressing modern slavery, offering critical guidance for the future.
The overall rise in modern slavery also masks numerous contexts that have registered significant reductions, offering ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
International legal instruments provide the normative framework for efforts against modern slavery.6 Some of the key policy priorities for addressing forced labour and forced mar- riage in the lead up to the 2030 target date for ending modern slavery are dis- cussed below.
Forced labour ▪ Respect for the freedoms of w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
These funda- mental labour rights enable workers to exert a collective voice to defend their shared interests and to bargain collectively for secure and decent work, thus creating workplaces that are inimical to forced labour and workers who are resilient to its risks.
These rights are essential prerequisites for soci... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Currently, workers in much of the world, and the vast majority of workers in the informal economy – migrants as well as nationals – lack a representative and collective voice.
▪ Extend social protection, including floors, to all workers and their fam- ilies, to mitigate the socio-economic vulnerability that underpins ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Extending social protection coverage in the informal economy is a priority.
It is important that social protection also provides inclusive, equitable and non-discriminatory coverage to migrants.
▪ Promote fair and ethical recruitment, to protect workers from abusive and fraudulent practices during the recruitment and... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The global estimates indi- cate that a large share of forced labour cases can be traced to abuses occur- ring during the recruitment phase of their employment.
▪ Strengthen the reach and capacity of public labour inspectorates, so they are able to detect and act on labour violations before they deteriorate into forced... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Extending the reach of labour inspectorates into the informal economy is a priority.
6 Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage 7 ▪ Ensure protection for people freed from forced labour, through imme- diate assistance, rehabilitation, and long-term sustainable solutions, s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Despite progress, still only a small fraction of those subjected to forced labour and trafficking for forced labour are identified and referred to com- prehensive protection services.
▪ Ensure access to remedy for people freed from forced labour, to help rec- ompense them for the consequences of their subjection to fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Remedies include compensation for material dam- ages (e.g., as medical costs, unpaid wages, legal fees, and loss of earnings and earning potential) or for moral damages (e.g., pain and emotional dis- tress).
Currently, only a very small share of those subjected to forced labour and human trafficking are provided with ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Statistics indicate that the number of cases of forced labour and human trafficking reported for legal investigation remains low and, due to limited capacities for adequate investigation and prosecution of these crimes, the rate of con- viction is minimal.
▪ Address migrants’ vulnerability to forced labour and traffic... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Although most migration is voluntary and has a largely pos- itive impact on individuals and societies, the global estimates indicate that when migrants are not protected by law or are unable to exercise their rights they can be at increased risk of forced labour and human trafficking.
National policy and legal framewo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
▪ Address children trapped in forced labour.
Far more investment is needed in identification and protection measures for children in forced labour, in- cluding, but not limited to, those in commercial sexual exploitation and those in forced labour linked to armed conflict.
Better information on the numbers of childre... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
▪ Mitigate the heightened risk of forced labour and trafficking for forced labour in situations of crisis.
Much of forced labour and human trafficking occurs in situations of crisis linked to armed conflicts, disasters, and disease.
There is a need to mainstream prevention and protection measures across all phases of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Measures to sustain livelihoods during crises are especially im- portant in preventing workers from falling into forced labour and trafficking as they struggle to support themselves and their families.
Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage ▪ Combat forced labour and tra... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Attention should focus on identifying, prioritizing, and acting on “hotspots” where the risk of forced labour and other human rights abuses is highest in terms of both severity and scale.
Particularly important in this context are the informal micro- and small en- terprises operating at the lower links of supply chain... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
The fact that state-imposed forced labour is the direct product of deliberate laws and practices on the part of states makes abun- dantly clear what is needed for change – namely, the political commitment and follow-up to reform these same laws and practices.
▪ Partnership and international cooperation.
The challenge... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Alliance 8.7 plays an important role in facilitating cooperation and experience exchange on forced labour and human trafficking across the array of governmental and non-gov- ernmental organizations that make up its wide membership.
International support to financing and resource mobilization is one of the key ingredie... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Forced marriage ▪ As women and girls are disproportionately affected, legislative and policy responses should have a gendered lens, including gender-sensitive laws, policies, programmes, and budgets, including gender-responsive social protection mechanisms.
It is important that these initiatives are inclusive, equitab... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
This should include raising the legal age of marriage to 18 without exceptions in order to protect children, criminalizing the act of marrying someone who does not consent, regardless of age, and civil protections that protect the in- dividual from marriage without having to penalise the perpetrators, who are often fam... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Legislative action should be part of a broader holistic response that tackles underlying drivers of forced marriage, and includes prevention and support measures such as safe accommodation, emergency funds, and psychosocial support.
▪ Address underlying socio-cultural norms and structures that contribute to forced mar... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
Legislation is not in itself sufficient to end forced mar- riage and needs to be combined with wider preventative approaches ad- dressing underlying discrimination and gender inequality, as well as related socio-cultural norms.
Central to changing these attitudes is context-specific research on vulnerabilities and com... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
8 Executive summaryGlobal Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage ▪ Invest in building the agency of women and girls.
Ensuring that women and girls have the opportunity and ability to complete school, earn a liveli- hood, and inherit assets plays a significant role in reducing vulnerability to f... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
To support this, institutions and employers should offer employment opportunities for women and girls while providing training for “soft-skills” beyond formal education, such as pre-employment and on- the-job skills building and training programmes.
▪ Protect the rights of those vulnerable to forced marriage and traf-... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769094535.pdf | https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/report/global-estimates-of-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage/Forced_labour_and_forced_Marriage_2022.pdf |
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