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Otherwise the major avenues of mass media communication, print, radio and television, are largely controlled by adults.
141.
The new Children’s Law will require the Ministry of Information, Culture, and Tourism progressively to work with the Ministry of Education and other Ministries “to mobilize and provide informat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 128 |
55 Ibid., section 21.5.
56 Ibid., section 23.2.
57 Ibid., section 19.3.
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 37 The right not be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment 142.
The Government has worked to reduce violence and other cruel behaviour against children.
Through the training of teachers an... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 127 |
For example, between 2006 and 2008, 230 teachers and 150 humanitarian workers were trained on the prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse.
There were 60 mass campaigns against child institutional violence and 40 meetings to promote the concept of child-friendly schools.
143.
Section 5.8 of the Penal Law of Liber... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 111 |
Such force, however, must not be designed to cause or be known to create a substantial risk of causing death, serious bodily injury, disfigurement or degradation.
Despite this proviso, instances of severe violence against children are often reported and noted.
UNMIL, in its human reports, has documented many of such ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 74 |
Forms of violence meant to discipline children have included tying a child’s hands together, beating, burning part of the child’s body, and forcing a child to eat the excrement of a sibling.
144.
Although corporal punishment is widely practised and explained in Liberia, the view of the Government expressed through th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 110 |
This happens in the home and the community, usually by parents and guardians.
Corporal punishment is administered in schools.
It is also very common in secret and initiation ceremonies.
145.
Corporal punishment and other forms of physical violence against children by carers and service providers is largely a result... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 114 |
146.
The general toleration and ability to explain violence against children, particularly girls, is reflected in some of the cases reported to the Police or observed by UNMIL and NACROG.
Table 10 singles out practices, observed by NACROG, that are criminal offences and tend to exemplify cruelty to children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 77 |
Table 10 Offences related to cruelty to children as observed by the National Child Rights Observatory Group (NACROG) in 2007 Number of cases Offence Male Female Total Rape (including gang rape) 0 121 121 Abandonment 12 17 29 Torture 9 12 21 Others (including ritualistic killing, child trafficking, murder, abduction, fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 146 |
147.
The Government is concerned about the incidents of sexual and gender based violence in the country.
Table 11 shows that of the number of cases handled by the Women and Children Section, the majority are on gender-based violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 54 |
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 38 GE.11-46838 Table 11 Gender-based violence cases handled by the Women and Children Protection Section (WACPS), 2006 to 2008 Number of cases Status of cases 2006 2007 2008 Total handled 1 936 2 668 2 352 Gender-based violence cases handled 374 424 707 Gender-based violence cases sent to court 221 202 27... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 195 |
148.
Thus, there was a 26.7 per cent increase in the number of gender-based violence’s cases handled by the Women and Children Protection Section of the Liberian National Police in 2007.
In 2008, the rate of increase jumped to 66.7 per cent, reflecting the general prevalence of such crimes in the country and people’s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 102 |
The 2007 LDHS showed that 44 per cent women aged between 15 and 49 indicated that they had “experienced physical violence since the age of 15”.58 149.
Of the 1469 cases on sexual abuse handled by the LNP in 2006, 30 per cent were against children.
In 2007, the LNP handled 2668 cases on sexual abuse and 35 per cent of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 160 |
150.
The Government has taken strict and strong legislative measures to prevent and punish violence against children and gender-based violence in general.
A law on Rape, for example, was passed in 2005 to close loopholes against a person who may sexually penetrate “any opening” of a child or “any opening” of a non-co... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 135 |
In the same year, the Anti-Trafficking Law made provision for the punishment of child trafficking, child pornography, forcing or servile marriages, delivery of children for exploitation, and abuse of position.61 Such provisions were in addition to earlier ones in the Penal Law, which had created crimes against sexual a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 145 |
Liberia Demographic and Health Survey 2007.
Monrovia, Liberia: Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) and Macro International Inc. 59 An Act to Amend the New Penal Code Chapter 14 Sections 14.70 and 14.71 and to Provide for Gang Rape, 2005, sections 3 and 2, replacing Chapter 14 sections... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 178 |
61 An Act to Ban Trafficking In Persons within the Republic Of Liberia, 2005, sections 1 and 2.
62 The New Penal Code, Chapters 14.76, 14.77, and 14.78.
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 39 152.
The Children’s Law will place duties on the Ministry of Gender and Development progressively to “facilitate parental guidance prog... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 149 |
The hope is that such programmes will contribute towards a shift towards no tolerance on violence against children.
153.
The Government recognizes the need for diligence in the implementation of the new Children’s Law, if violence against children is to be prevented and punished.
Some have noted that the implementat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 99 |
For example, UNMIL often report that law enforcement officers tend to disregard the Rape Law.63 Further, accused persons are often released when the Police come under pressure from the accused relatives, family members and community leaders.
The Children’s Law will respond to such neglect of duties by making it a crim... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 91 |
Meanwhile, the Government and its partners are continuing with campaigns against violence.
VI.
Family environment and alternative care (arts.
5, 9, 11, 18, paras.
(1) and (2), 19–21, 25, 27, para.
(4) and 39) 154.
Following the war, the Government and its partners have been occupied with remedial measures to ensu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 141 |
A.
Response to concluding observations 155.
The Committee on the rights of the Child made a number of recommendations related to the child’s environment and alternative care of the child, following Liberia’s initial report.
Parental responsibilities 156.
The Committee recommended that the Government, in collaborati... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 106 |
157.
The Government has been working on a national social welfare policy, which when implemented, will help respond to these recommendations.
In addition to awareness campaigns that the Ministry of Gender and Development have and will be implementing, the Children’s Law will be an additional measure in tackling this ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 112 |
The next set of recommendations on family and alternative care was on adoption.
The Committee on the Rights of the child urged Liberia to reduce and eliminate informal 63 UNMIL Human Rights Section, Quarterly Report on the Human Rights Situation in Liberia August – October 2006 (Monrovia; UNMIL, 2006).
64 Children’s ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 133 |
33 on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Inter-country Adoptions, and inform the public about the possibilities of formal adoption.
159.
In 2008, the President established a Commission to examine domestic and inter- country adoptions and make recommendations.
The Commission consulted stakeholde... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 120 |
On its part, the Children’s Law included provisions on the principles of both domestic and inter-country adoptions.
Children deprived of a family environment 160.
With regard to children deprived of a family environment, the Committee made five recommendations.
Firstly, it asked Liberia to strengthen family tracing ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 73 |
Second, it called for planning for alternative care for separated children, “making use of the extended family, foster care, and alternative family structures.” Third, Liberia was asked to adopt legislation “in order to issue quality standards and establish a monitoring system” regarding institutional care of children.... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 82 |
Fourth, it asked Liberia to bring non-orphaned children living in institutional homes back to their families, subject to the best interests of the child.
Lastly, the Committee asked the country to seek assistance from partners such as UNICEF.
161.
The Government worked with UNICEF and others on family tracing, reuni... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 80 |
Rules and regulations on minimum standards for institutional or alternative care have already been drafted and will be used as soon as the Law comes into operation.
The draft minimum standards require commitments on the training of staff.
In addition, there is a draft code of conduct for all those that will work on c... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 99 |
Liberia was explicitly to “prohibit corporal punishment in all places, including in the family, in schools and other institutions and childcare settings.” Second, the country was required to investigate cases of violence, using a judicial procedure and in a child-friendly and privacy-respecting manner.
Third, Liberia ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 94 |
Fourth, to meet these recommendations, Liberia was asked to seek assistance from UNICEF, WHO, and other partners.
163.
The Government worked with UNICEF, Save the Children-UK, and others to help establish a Women and Children Protection Section in the National Police in 2005.
The aims of the Section include properly... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 110 |
The Section commenced its work in Monrovia, but by 2009, it hard branches in all the counties of the country.
UNICEF and Save the Children-UK continue to support the operations of the Section through provision of technical and financial assistance and training.
B.
Other measures on family environment and alternative... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 79 |
In addition to the measures to respond to the concluding observations on family and alternative care, Liberia has taken policy, legislative, and programmatic measures to CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 41 improve the well-being of children in such settings.
The key ones, in this regard, were still undergoing finalisation st... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 120 |
Parental guidance (art.
5) 165.
The Government is concerned that the lack of sufficient parenting skills among young parents who grew up or were born during the wars may lead to cycles of poor parenting for future generations.
This is especially so because children are now growing amidst increased sources of modern ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 100 |
This has been one result of the long period of wars, which also disrupted the social transfer of parenting knowledge and skills.
166.
During the wars, parental authority and power was forcibly or unwittingly transferred from many parents, relatives, and relations towards warlords, commanders, and young people. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 73 |
Then, many young people developed new images of personhood that were different from those in civilian social settings.65 Such new assumption of new images often meant quick maturity into adulthood and loss of childhood.
Young people become fathers and mothers, often without sufficient parental skills.
167.
The Child... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 104 |
It will require that the Government and others implement programmes on parenting skills.
Parental responsibilities (art.
18, paras.
1 and 2) 168.
The current law, in its reflection of cultural perceptions, is riddled with contradictions regarding the optimum development of the child. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 74 |
The New Domestic Relations Law states that a married woman is a natural joint guardian with the father of her child if she is residing with her husband.66 This entails that the two are equally charged with the care, nurture, welfare and education of the child.
Unmarried parents or parents that are not residing togethe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 92 |
169.
If the parents are not residing together or are otherwise separated, the Law describes the father as the “custodian” of the child.67 The mother or any other person, may upon application to court get “custodianship” of the child only when the father is morally unfit or unable to “perform his parental, legal, moral... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 117 |
In contrast to expressed aspirations that there must be consequences if parents fail in their duty to provide nurture to the child, the New Domestic Relations Law provides neither sanctions nor any other course of action.
170.
The new Children’s Law will stipulate parental duties regarding the care of children.
Ther... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 108 |
Currently, non-governmental organizations provide such support.
The NGOs work directly with communities, child welfare committees, and the private 65 Ibid.
66 An Act Adopting a New Domestic Relations Law, Title 9 of Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Chapter 4, section 4.1.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 42 GE.11-468... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 152 |
Separation from parents (art.
9) 171.
The war resulted in the separation of many children from their parents and families.
This was largely the proportion of people displaced at least once during the conflict was high, at 86 per cent.
Even after the war, cases of children being separated from their parents and fami... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 81 |
Families make arrangements or give away their children to relatives or people who may provide for them, usually in expectation of household or trading services from the child.
Thus, the 2007 LDHS showed that 18 per cent of children in Liberia live with neither biological parent even though both parents were alive.
Ov... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 100 |
172.
One concern on part of the Government is that there are incidents of children running away from home because of either violence or neglect.
Many of such children are those whose parents have agreed with a relative or any other person to provide for the child in return for labour.
The following table shows that ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 91 |
THINK is a safe home that receives such children from the Liberian National Police. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 17 |
Table 12 Children who ran away from parents/carers as registered by the Police and as received by THINK Received by THINK Case 2006 2007 2008 Missing 18 10 26 Domestic violence 3 20 14 Attempted suicide 5 1 Escape from attempt of ritualistic killing 2 Lost and found 3 20 0 Abandoned 7 12 1 Delinquent 12 30 52 In need o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 219 |
Family reunification (art.
10) 173.
Since the end of the war, the Government and its partners have been engaged in family reunification programmes for those children that were separated from their parents CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 43 or homes.
Working with UNDP and UNICEF, the Government implemented the Disarmament,... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 160 |
The number of children demobilised was 11,780.
Of these, 2,738 were girls while 9,042 were boys.
A 2007 study found that 99 per cent of demobilised children were reunified with their families.69 Recovery of maintenance for the child (art.
27, para.
4) 174.
A common complaint among women is that although many men t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 124 |
Indeed, the 2007 LDHS showed that more children lived with only their mothers even though their fathers were alive, at 18 per cent, compared to 8 per cent.
175.
Before the Children’s Law comes into effect, the law is characterized by contradictions and lack of effective enforcement. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 73 |
The Penal Law only makes it a “misdemeanour of first degree” if a parent or caregiver knowingly endangers a child’s welfare through the “violation of a legal duty of care, protection or support.”70 In this regard, the legal duties are breached in the following three cases:71 • Failure adequately to supply food, clothin... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 136 |
Before the Children’s Law comes into effect, the law is characterized by contradictions and lack of effective enforcement.
The Penal Law only makes it a “misdemeanour of first degree” if a parent or caregiver knowingly endangers a child’s welfare through the “violation of a legal duty of care, protection or support.”7... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 101 |
This means not only that the offence is treated as minor, but that the parent or caregiver has to have a guilty intention to breach these duties.
It also entails that the parent or caregiver is entitled to plead the defences of financial inability or that the harm suffered by the child is not serious.
178.
The Child... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 102 |
It will provide that it is sufficient to prove the offence by showing unreasonable failure to provide or pay for adequate food, clothing, or housing for the child or unreasonable failure to make adequate provision for the proper health and care of the child.
179.
The new law makes it will clarify that it is the child... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 112 |
The Minister will be empowered to take steps to recover maintenance from the neglectful parent.
Further, a child welfare committee will be able to summon any parent or caregiver who contravenes duties to maintain or care for 69 UNICEF, Impact Evaluation of the Reintegration Programme for Children Associated with Fight... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 126 |
71 Penal Law, section 16.4 and the Judicial Law, section 11.11 (d).
72 An Act Adopting a New Domestic Relations Law, Title 9 of Liberian Code of Laws Revised.
73 Penal Law, section 16.4 and the Judicial Law, section 11.11 (d).
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 44 GE.11-46838 her or his child and issue instructions or recommendations to... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 162 |
20) 180.
The Government and its partners have adopted a strategy of assessing and documenting children in alternative care.
In 2009, this strategy revealed that there were around 3,000 children in orphanages, whose parents were alive.
The Child Protection Network, as a forum was working in 2009 to assist the Governm... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 120 |
A large group of such children are those that are orphaned.
In 2004, UNAIDS, UNICEF, and the USAID had estimated that the number of orphaned children in Liberia would increase from 230,000 in 2003 to 290,000 by 2010, representing 13 per cent of all children for each year.
However, the 2007 LDHS showed that 7.1 and 7.... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 136 |
The rural/urban split of orphaned children showed that more lived in urban areas, 7.7, compared to 6.3 in rural areas.74 182.
The rural/urban differences are partly because the capacity to care for non-biological children is thought to increase with access to economic resources – generally higher in urban areas.
Thus... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 116 |
There were however more rural households, 10.5 per cent reporting having a single orphaned child in the household, compared to 9.6 per cent for urban households.75 183.
As one consequence of increasing numbers of orphaned children, the numbers of orphanages and similar institutions in Liberia has escalated.
However, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 94 |
A UNMIL study noted that the number of orphanages in the early years of the war grew eleven times in two years, from 10 in 1989 to 121 in 1991.76 Six years later, NACROG found that there were 6,389 children in orphanages, most of whom were not orphaned.
For example, in later 2006, over 900 children that were instituti... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 121 |
The Task Force on Orphanages recommended that 80 of the orphanages that housed these children had to be closed due to poor standards.
184.
The UNMIL study of 79 orphanages found much violation of human rights.
The child’s right to life was under threat in most of these orphanages, as sanitation and health standards ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 110 |
There was hasty resort to institutionalization, with the majority of the children in the orphanages studied having been separated from their families.
Most children had limited access to information and lacked freedom of expression.
Living conditions in some orphanages threatened the children’s rights to health, adeq... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 73 |
There was no evidence that children received any information of what constituted abuse or exploitation, rendering their rights to be protected from abuse and exploitation illusory.
Most caregivers in the orphanages were not certified as fit and safe to care for children in institutions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 58 |
Any education provided to the children 74 Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) [Liberia], Ministry of Health and Social Welfare [Liberia], National AIDS Control Program [Liberia], and Macro International Inc. 2008.
Liberia Demographic and Health Survey 2007.
Monrovia, Liberia: Liberia... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 154 |
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 45 was of very poor quality.
With active adoption agencies in the country, there was strong indication that some orphanages were working as holding houses for easy in-country and inter-country adoptions that were not in the best interests of the child.77 185.
The tendency towards the institu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 123 |
The Constitution enshrines many civil liberties.
The Public Health Law requires orphanages to be accredited.
Under the law, every institution is subject to inspection regarding the “fitness and adequacy” of the institution’s premises, equipment, rules and bye-laws, administration of medical care, and other standards.... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 100 |
78 The guidelines, in part, discourage institutionalization and encourage reunification with biological parents and families.
Minimum standards followed the policy guidelines in 2006.79 Both sets of rules are largely ignored by institutions.
There is now a renewed attempt to develop and implement minimum standards as... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 99 |
For example, 170 care givers and 60 proprietors of institutions have been trained in alternative care.
There have been efforts, with the financial and logistical assistance from UNICEF, WHO, INGO, and Save the Children UK, to assess and document all children in alternative care.
The purpose is to reunify most childre... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 119 |
Adoption (art.
21) 188.
The Government shares the view that adoption should be a last resort and to be allowed only in the child’s best interests.
Since the end of the war, however, and as a result of parental failure to provide for their children, informal and formal adoption has become a matter for public debate.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 111 |
189.
Adoptions, particularly inter-country adoptions in Liberia, are characterized by contradictions in the way its associated systems work.
There is no repository for adoption records, making it difficult to access comprehensive data on the matter.
Actors involved in adoption decline to give data on adoptions.
Whe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 108 |
For example, the Ministry of Health reported that Acres of Hope had facilitated 22 adoptions between 1 January and 31st July 2006, Americans for African Adoption, Angels of Heaven Outreach, Plan for the Children, West African Children Support Network, and independent individuals had respectively facilitated 2, 6, 17, 8... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 121 |
On their part, Americans for Christian Adoption, Angels of Heaven Outreach, Plan for the Children respectively reported 7, 0, and 0.
77 Ibid.
78 Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, ‘Policy Guidelines for Minimum Conditions and Standards for Social Welfare Institutions’ (MoHSW; Monrovia, 1999).
79 Child Protection... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 156 |
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 46 GE.11-46838 190.
Further discrepancies appear when figures from the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare are compared with those from the American Consulate in relation to visas granted for children described as orphans.
For example, the Ministry indicated that there had been 68 inter-country adopti... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 112 |
The figures from the USA State Department, however, indicate that although accurate and comprehensive figures may be lacking, inter-country adoptions have been increasing since the end of the war, reaching 353 in 2006, as Figure 3 shows.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Figure 3: Number of Visas Granted to Orphaned Ch... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 152 |
Although the legal forum for adoptions is the probate court,80 the dominant view and practice is that the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare has the mandate to handle adoptions.
192.
Researchers have found that many children involved in inter-country adoptions are not eligible for adoption, as some adoption agenci... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 82 |
At one point in 2007, the National Bureau of Investigations reported that at least 50 cases were being investigated on suspicion that parental consent had been obtained through fraud or misleading information.
Indeed, in many cases, parents do not give informed consent.
In the context of economic poverty, the fee cha... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 102 |
80 An Act Adopting a New Domestic Relations Law, Title 9 of Liberian Code of Laws Revised, Chapter 4.
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 47 Illicit transfer and non-return (art.
11) 193.
There were cases of forcible recruitment, transportation, keeping, and transfer of children during the war.
With the end of the war, there... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 151 |
194.
There is growing concern that there may be child trafficking rings operating in Guinea, Cote d’Ivoire, and Liberia.
UNMIL reported the case of the arrest of a 21 year old man from Guinea offering a 6 year old girl for sale in December, 2007, in Ganta, Nimba County.
The reported price was US$ 5,000. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 100 |
The reported price was US$ 5,000.
UNMIL also reported that the Liberia Police arrested a 16-year-old Senegalese girl from Cote d’Ivoire on the border between Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire with an 8-month old baby girl stolen from Liberia on 15 May, 2008.
Also reported arrested were two people who facilitated the abductio... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 166 |
UNMIL further reported that in June 2008, the Office of the Labour Commissioner in Lofa County reported finding 85 children aged between 10 and 17 years at the residences of two persons in Voinjama.
The children were from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea.
195.
The Government and its partners have been taking measur... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 95 |
The Anti-Trafficking Law makes provision for the punishment of child trafficking, child pornography, forced or servile marriages, delivery of children for exploitation, and abuse of position.
81 The Government has drafted a law on to ban trafficking of persons within Liberia.
In addition, the Task Force against Human... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 120 |
39) 196.
The Government and its partners have accomplished much to reintegrate children that were demobilised after the war.
Assisted by partners such as UNICEF, the Government implemented the Reintegration Programme for Children Associated with Fighting Forces.
The Programme aimed at social and economic reintegrati... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 95 |
In addition to helping establish 293 child welfare committees, the programme contributed towards the formation of 228 children’s clubs and 193 youth clubs to facilitate greater participation for the children.
197.
As of April 2007, 217 of the child welfare committees, 163 of the children’s clubs, and 35 of the youth ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 120 |
In addition, many possess vocational and business skills and apprenticeship and work-related experiential knowledge.
An evaluation of the programme certified that the children were well accepted and appreciated in their communities, following the programme.
198.
A less successful result was with regard to the econom... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 82 |
Currently, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and the Women and Children Protection Section of the Police do significant rehabilitation work.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission is required to: [A]ddress the experiences of women, children and vulnerable groups, paying particular attention to gender base... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 107 |
82 Anti-Human Trafficking Task Force, National Plan: Anti-Human Trafficking Task Force (Monrovia; Government of Liberia).
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 48 GE.11-46838 soldiers, providing opportunities for them to relate their experiences, addressing concerns and recommending measures to be taken for the rehabilitation of victims of h... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 111 |
In its work so far, 35 children have given testimony before the TRC, as the Commission visited various counties.
On its part the Women and Children Protection Section’s work includes counselling to survivors of sexual and other forms of abuse.
Periodic review of placement (art.
25) 200.
Although there have been a g... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 105 |
Occasionally, officials from the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare undertake inspections on institutions.
However, such inspections and reviews are rarely systematically implemented.
201.
The Children’s Law will recognize periodic review as a right for every child in alternative placement.
There will be a duty ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 117 |
VII.
Basic health and welfare 202.
The destruction wrought by the wars affected the country’s health delivery systems and services.
For example, in 1990, the country had 30 hospitals, 50 health centres, and 330 clinics.
After the war, and having restored some facilities, the country had 18 hospitals, 50 health cent... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 141 |
Most of the health facilities in the country function only with the support of faith-based organizations and NGOs.
A.
Responses to concluding observations 204.
The Government has taken steps to respond to the recommendations made by the Committee on the rights of the Child on the basic health and welfare of the chil... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 115 |
The Government had to ensure that policies and programmes for children with disabilities were to be developed based on “adequate and comprehensive data.” The country was to review the situation of children with disabilities regarding their “access to suitable health care, rehabilitation programmes, education services, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 84 |
Liberia was to have regard to the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (General Assembly resolution 48/96, annex) and of the Committee’s recommendations adopted at its day of general discussion on the rights of children with disabilities (CRC/C/69).
83 An Act to Establish t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 141 |
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 GE.11-46838 49 206.
The Government was to allocate adequate resources to “strengthen services for children with disabilities” provide support to their families, and train relevant professionals.
On education, Liberia was to strengthen inclusive education policies and programmes, train teachers, and make... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 109 |
To do all these, the Government was to seek assistance from UNICEF, WHO, and other partners.
207.
The country established a National Commission on Disabilities.
It has a separate budgetary allocation, which in 2008/2009 constituted 0.42 per cent of the social and community services sector.
The Commission has not be... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 108 |
Data, as in the rest of Liberia, remains a huge limitation to develop programmes and policies based on accurate data.
The Commission was however, with assistance of UNMIL, working to develop a policy in 2009.
208.
In addition, the Children’s Law will respond to some of the UN Committee’s recommendations.
The Law, w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 99 |
Firstly, the child with disabilities has to “enjoy a full and decent life, in conditions that ensure dignity, promote self-reliance, and facilitate the child’s active participation in the community.”84 Secondly, such a child has to enjoy a right to “special care that is conducive to the child’s achieving the fullest po... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 212 |
The hope is that these provisions will help strengthen the work of the Commission on Disabilities.
Health and health services 210.
The Committee on the Rights of the Child made four recommendations on health and health services.
First, Liberia was urged to develop and implement “comprehensive policies and programmes... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 84 |
Second, the country was to work to increase access to health services; reduce incidence of maternal, child, and infant morality; prevent and combat malnutrition especially for vulnerable children; promote proper breastfeeding practices; and increase access to safe drinking water.
Third, the country was encouraged to c... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 108 |
84 Children’s Bill, Article VII, section 42.
85 Ibid.
CRC/C/LBR/2-4 50 GE.11-46838 211.
The country, through the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare has attempted to respond to these recommendations.
The Ministry has developed a policy and platform of action to increase general health and child health.86 The goal... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 131 |
212.
From this National Health Policy and Plan, a number of policy and strategy documents have been drafted or completed.
These include the definition of a Basic Package of Health Services to be delivered free at the point of service delivery (BPHS) and a Child Survival strategy, A Road Map for the acceleration of th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 115 |
A Health financing policy has been drafted.
Pooled funding has been created and organizations such as the Global Fund and GAVI have provided increased funding.
213.
With a health workforce ratio of only 0.18 per 100,000 people, mainly because of the war, goal one of the NHPP is to build the country’s human resources... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 117 |
Among the strategies is the development of training programmes, and placing 6,000 health workers on incentive packages.
A rapid assessment in 2006 estimated that the country had 4,000 full time and 1,000 part time staff, distributed unevenly against rural areas.
Over one in three, 36 per cent of the total health pers... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1722000478734.pdf | https://clr.africanchildforum.org/pdf/libera-second-to-fourth-uncrc-sr_en.pdf | Liberia | 118 |
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