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11 responsibility 2.
All human beings have a for development, individually and collectively, taking into account the need for full respect for their human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as their duties to the community, which alone can ensure the free and complete fulfilment of the human being, and they shoul... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 85 |
3.
States have the right and the duty to formulate appropriate national development policies that aim at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals, on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of the benefit... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 97 |
States have the primary responsibility for the creation of national and international conditions favourable to the realization of the right to development.
2.
The realization of the right to development requires full respect for the principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation among S... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 94 |
States should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality, interdependence, mutual interest and cooperation among all States, as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights.
14 UNITED NATIONS DECLARAT... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 87 |
States have the duty to take steps, individually and collectively, to formulate international development policies with a view to facilitating the full realization of the right to development.
2.
Sustained action is required to promote more rapid development of developing countries.
As a complement to the efforts of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 87 |
15 16 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ARTICLE 5 States shall take resolute steps to eliminate the massive and flagrant violations of the human rights of peoples and human beings affected by situations such as those resulting from apartheid, all forms of racism and racial discrimination, coloniali... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 125 |
17 18 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ARTICLE 6 1.
All States should co operate with a view to promoting, encouraging and strengthening universal respect for and observance of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without any distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.
19 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 88 |
19 2.
All human rights and fundamental freedoms are indivisible and interdependent; equal attention and urgent consideration should be given to the implementation, promotion and protection of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.
3.
States should take steps to eliminate obstacles to development res... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 86 |
20 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ARTICLE 7 All States should promote the establishment, maintenance and strengthening of international peace and security and, to that end, should do their utmost to achieve general and complete disarmament under effective international control, as well as to ens... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 98 |
21 22 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ARTICLE 8 1.
States should undertake, at the national level, all necessary measures for the realization of the right to development and shall ensure, inter alia, equality of opportunity for all in their access to basic resources, education, health services, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 117 |
Appropriate economic and social reforms should be carried out with a view to eradicating all social injustices.
23 2.
States should encourage popular participation in all spheres as an important factor in development and in the full realization of all human rights.
24 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVEL... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 92 |
All the aspects of the right to development set forth in the present Declaration are indivisible and interdependent and each of them should be considered in the context of the whole.
2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 40 |
2.
Nothing in the present Declaration shall be construed as being contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations, or as implying that any State, group or person has a right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the violation of the rights set forth in the Universal Declaration of Huma... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 80 |
25 26 UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ARTICLE 10 Steps should be taken to ensure the full exercise and progressive enhancement of the right to development, including the formulation, adoption and implementation of policy, legislative and other measures at the national and international levels. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 75 |
27 Resolution 41/128 PHOTO CREDITS Cover: UN Photo / Mark Garten / Young Pupil at UN School in Hanoi, Viet Nam | Page 8: Alain Maurice / New Delhi – 1995 | Page 10: Shutterstock | Page 12: UN Photo / Palais des Nations – Geneva | Page 14: UN Photo / Martine Perret / A coffee handler with coffee beans from Cooperative C... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 341 |
1 1 .
E G — a v e n e G , s n o i t a N d e t i n U i , e c v r e S g n h s i i l b u P e h t y b d e t n i r p d n a d e n g s e D i UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT 1 www.ohchr.org | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769335664.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_booklet_en.pdf | 99 |
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27 Preamble The States Parties to the present Covenant, Considering that,... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 302 |
All peoples have the right of self-determination.
By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
2.
All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 111 |
3.
The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 83 |
PART II Article 2 2 1.
Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognize... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 88 |
2.
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 73 |
3.
Developing countries, with due regard to human rights and their national economy, may determine to what extent they would guarantee the economic rights recognized in the present Covenant to non- nationals.
Article 3 The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 93 |
Article 4 The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, in the enjoyment of those rights provided by the State in conformity with the present Covenant, the State may subject such rights only to such limitations as are determined by law only in so far as this may be compatible with the nature of these right... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 91 |
Article 5 1.
Nothing in the present Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights or freedoms recognized herein, or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for in the presen... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 79 |
2.
No restriction upon or derogation from any of the fundamental human rights recognized or existing in any country in virtue of law, conventions, regulations or custom shall be admitted on the pretext that the present Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.
PART III Art... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 75 |
PART III Article 6 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this right.
2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 65 |
2.
The steps to be taken by a State Party to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include technical and vocational guidance and training programmes, policies and techniques to achieve steady economic, social and cultural development and full and productive employment under condition... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 72 |
Article 7 The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work which ensure, in particular: (a) Remuneration which provides all workers, as a minimum, with: 3 (i) Fair wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without distinctio... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 203 |
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to ensure: (a) The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his choice, subject only to the rules of the organization concerned, for the promotion and protection of his economic and social interests. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 58 |
No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right other than those prescribed by law and which are necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public order or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others; (b) The right of trade unions to establish national federations... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 160 |
2.
This article shall not prevent the imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces or of the police or of the administration of the State.
3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 45 |
3.
Nothing in this article shall authorize States Parties to the International Labour Organisation Convention of 1948 concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize to take legislative measures which would prejudice, or apply the law in such a manner as would prejudice, the guarantees provid... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 101 |
Article 10 The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that: 1.
The widest possible protection and assistance should be accorded to the family, which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society, particularly for its establishment and while it is responsible for the care and education of dependent chi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 89 |
2.
Special protection should be accorded to mothers during a reasonable period before and after childbirth.
During such period working mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate social security benefits.
4 3.
Special measures of protection and assistance should be taken on behalf of all children a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 99 |
Their employment in work harmful to their morals or health or dangerous to life or likely to hamper their normal development should be punishable by law.
States should also set age limits below which the paid employment of child labour should be prohibited and punishable by law.
Article 11 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 68 |
Article 11 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions.
The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the rea... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 93 |
The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed: (a) To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 145 |
Article 12 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 45 |
The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: (a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child; (b) The improvement of all aspects of envi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 121 |
Article 13 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education.
They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 64 |
They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 53 |
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to achieving the full realization of this right: (a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all; 5 (b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 197 |
3.
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 90 |
4.
No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph I of this article and to the requirement that the education given in such institutions ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 77 |
Article 14 Each State Party to the present Covenant which, at the time of becoming a Party, has not been able to secure in its metropolitan territory or other territories under its jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge, undertakes, within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed plan of action fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 112 |
Article 15 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone: (a) To take part in cultural life; (b) To enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications; (c) To benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 83 |
2.
The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for the conservation, the development and the diffusion of science and culture.
3.
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to respect the freedom indispensab... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 84 |
4.
The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields.
PART IV Article 16 6 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to submit in conformity with this pa... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 109 |
(a) All reports shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies to the Economic and Social Council for consideration in accordance with the provisions of the present Covenant; (b) The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall also transmit to the specialized agencies cop... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 123 |
Article 17 1.
The States Parties to the present Covenant shall furnish their reports in stages, in accordance with a programme to be established by the Economic and Social Council within one year of the entry into force of the present Covenant after consultation with the States Parties and the specialized agencies con... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 101 |
3.
Where relevant information has previously been furnished to the United Nations or to any specialized agency by any State Party to the present Covenant, it will not be necessary to reproduce that information, but a precise reference to the information so furnished will suffice. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 57 |
Article 18 Pursuant to its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the Economic and Social Council may make arrangements with the specialized agencies in respect of their reporting to it on the progress made in achieving the observance of the provi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 76 |
These reports may include particulars of decisions and recommendations on such implementation adopted by their competent organs.
Article 19 The Economic and Social Council may transmit to the Commission on Human Rights for study and general recommendation or, as appropriate, for information the reports concerning huma... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 91 |
Article 20 The States Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized agencies concerned may submit comments to the Economic and Social Council on any general recommendation under article 19 or reference to such general recommendation in any report of the Commission on Human Rights or any documentation referred to ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 60 |
Article 21 The Economic and Social Council may submit from time to time to the General Assembly reports with recommendations of a general nature and a summary of the information received from the States Parties to the present Covenant and the specialized agencies on the measures taken and the progress made in achieving... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 72 |
7 Article 22 The Economic and Social Council may bring to the attention of other organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary organs and specialized agencies concerned with furnishing technical assistance any matters arising out of the reports referred to in this part of the present Covenant which may assist such bod... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 97 |
Article 23 The States Parties to the present Covenant agree that international action for the achievement of the rights recognized in the present Covenant includes such methods as the conclusion of conventions, the adoption of recommendations, the furnishing of technical assistance and the holding of regional meetings ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 78 |
Article 24 Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and of the constitutions of the specialized agencies which define the respective responsibilities of the various organs of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies in regard to the ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 72 |
Article 25 Nothing in the present Covenant shall be interpreted as impairing the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources.
PART V Article 26 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 49 |
PART V Article 26 1.
The present Covenant is open for signature by any State Member of the United Nations or member of any of its specialized agencies, by any State Party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice, and by any other State which has been invited by the General Assembly of the United Nations to... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 119 |
3.
The present Covenant shall be open to accession by any State referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.
4.
Accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
5.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States which have... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 115 |
Article 27 1.
The present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.
8 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 57 |
8 2.
For each State ratifying the present Covenant or acceding to it after the deposit of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or instrument of accession, the present Covenant shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of its own instrument of ratification or instrument of accession.
Art... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 110 |
Article 29 1.
Any State Party to the present Covenant may propose an amendment and file it with the Secretary- General of the United Nations.
The Secretary-General shall thereupon communicate any proposed amendments to the States Parties to the present Covenant with a request that they notify him whether they favour ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 90 |
In the event that at least one third of the States Parties favours such a conference, the Secretary-General shall convene the conference under the auspices of the United Nations.
Any amendment adopted by a majority of the States Parties present and voting at the conference shall be submitted to the General Assembly of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 76 |
2.
Amendments shall come into force when they have been approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations and accepted by a two-thirds majority of the States Parties to the present Covenant in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.
3.
When amendments come into force they shall be binding on ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 106 |
Article 30 Irrespective of the notifications made under article 26, paragraph 5, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States referred to in paragraph I of the same article of the following particulars: (a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 26; (b) The date of the entry into ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 116 |
Article 31 1.
The present Covenant, of which the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the United Nations.
2.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall transmit certified copies of the present Covenant to all States referred to in art... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769337380.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.5_icescr.pdf | 80 |
Achieving the SDG’s of ending hunger and food insecurity: Issues and options 12 October 2021 John Hoddinott Cornell University Acknowledgements: Paper prepared for the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs’ (UNDESA), Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD) as a background paper for the prepa... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 98 |
Benjamin Davis, Alejandro Grinspun, Makiko Tagashira, and Lucas Tavares provided helpful comments on an earlier draft.
The author is responsible for all opinions and errors.
Affiliations and Addresses: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management and Department of Glob... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 111 |
Introduction In 2015, all countries of the world agreed on a series of important development goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including ending hunger and achieving food security for all.
But since 2015, the number of people considered undernourished around the world has increased, by approximately 153 ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 102 |
As the pandemic gradually comes to an end, it is time to re-assess how global food security can be enhanced and food production made sustainable, if the SDG agenda is to be met by 2030.
This background paper takes stock of global hunger and food security (sections 2 and 3). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 67 |
Section 4a introduces a set of four inter-linked concepts – settings, shocks and stressors, food systems, entitlements – that are helpful in understanding why hunger and food insecurity increased so much after the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic (section 4b). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 62 |
These understandings of the broader trends in food security and the immediate impacts of the pandemic inform the discussion of policy actions that national governments and the global community can take to ensure a faster recovery towards meeting the 2030 goal of ending hunger and achieving food security (section 5).
2... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 95 |
SDG2 has three components: (1) (2) (3) End Hunger and Achieve Food Security (Target 2.1) End all forms of malnutrition (Target 2.2) Promote Sustainable Agriculture (Targets 2.3-2.5) Progress towards meeting the End Hunger component of Target 2.1 is assessed using a measure curated by the Food and Agriculture Organizati... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 146 |
Separately, it calculates minimum caloric requirements.
Caloric requirements are affected by age, sex, weight, and activity levels.
FAO takes all these into account when constructing, on a country-by-country basis, minimum caloric requirements.
Lastly, FAO estimate how caloric availability is distributed within a co... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 110 |
The End Hunger Target 2.1 will be achieved when this measure of undernourishment falls to zero.
The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as follows: 2 | P a g e “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietar... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 131 |
The three components are: Availability; Access; And Utilization.
Availability refers to the physical availability of safe, nutritious food supplied either through domestic production or imports (including food aid).
Availability is the “supply side” component of food security.
More recently, it is seen as reflecting... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 78 |
Access refers to the consumer or “demand side”; specifically, the extent to which households can acquire food through their own production, through purchase, trade, or transfers.
These means of accessing food encompass notions of income, entitlements, and prices.
Food systems and entitlements are discussed in section... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 102 |
Utilization is a consequence of food intake, but also by good health, which in turn requires access to non-food inputs including clean water, sanitation, and access to health care.
The final, cross-cutting component is Stability.
As FAO (2006) notes, food security requires that food availability and access to exist a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 110 |
Progress towards achieving the food security component of Target 2.1 is measured through FAO’s Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) (FAO, 2016a).
The FIES is based on the idea that food insecurity is not a binary state.
Instead, it exists on a continuum that begins with concern that household resources are not suf... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 111 |
Work done around the globe shows that these are universal responses to food insecurity (Corbett, 1988; Radimer, Olson and Campbell, 1990; Radimer et al., 1992; Devereux, 1993; Coates 2013; Ballard, Kepple and Cafiero, 2013; FAO 2016a).
Based on this universality, FAO developed a simple eight question survey module whi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 129 |
Generally, households who answer affirmatively to one or more questions are considered to have some form of food insecurity; four or more of these questions are considered moderately-or-severely food insecure; and households that answer affirmatively to seven or eight are considered severely food insecure (FAO, 2016b).... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 118 |
We end this section by noting two additional points.
First, the focus of this paper is on Target 2.1, working towards all SDG2 targets is immensely important.
Meeting Target 2.2 - end all forms of malnutrition with particular focus on wasting (acute undernutrition) and stunting (chronic undernutrition) - is both intr... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 102 |
Child wasting is associated with increased risk of avoidable death due to infectious diseases and so ending wasting will reduce infant and child mortality.
Chronic undernutrition causes neurological damage.
As a result, chronically undernourished children attain fewer grades of schooling and learn less than their bet... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 129 |
Good nutrition requires both good health (and good access to health services) and access to biologically adequate consumption of food, both in quantity (calorie) and quality (micronutrient) terms.
Achieving Target 2.1 (ending hunger and food insecurity) thus contributes to Target 2.2.
Second, the definition of food s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 117 |
They pay less attention to the “safe and nutritious” element of food and do not link to the third component of SDG2, namely sustainable agriculture.
There is increasing recognition that discourse around hunger and food security needs to go beyond a “quantity” focus and incorporate both dietary quality and environmenta... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 68 |
Ultimately, the global food system needs to support “Sustainable Healthy Diets”, “Dietary patterns that promote all dimensions of individuals’ health and wellbeing; have low environmental pressure and impact; are accessible, affordable, safe and equitable; and are culturally acceptable” (FAO and WHO, 2019).
3.
Hunger... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 121 |
We start with Figure 1.
Using data taken from the FAO database FAOSTAT (specifically annual data on food balance sheets), this shows the level of daily per capita caloric availability2 at a global level 2 In brief, this is calculated in the following way.
Begin with a country, a crop and a year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 73 |
Begin with a country, a crop and a year.
Determine how much is produced (in quantity terms), how much has been imported, how much is exported and changes in stock levels (a reduction in stocks adds to availability; an increase in stocks reduces availability).
Thus, Domestic supply = domestic production – exports + im... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 128 |
As is clear from Figure 1, at a global level per capita daily caloric availability has increased, slowly but steadily, since the early 1960s.
As of 2018, the last year for which we have data, daily per capita caloric availability was 2927 kcal/person/day.
This is well above the minimum amount calories needed to susta... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 126 |
Figure 2 tells us what crops are responsible for this increase in caloric availability.
Three food groups account for much of this change: cereals (most notably rice, wheat, and maize); oils and fats (driven primarily by increases in palm oil production and the extraction of oils from soy) and meat (meat is often fed ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 93 |
By contrast, other food groups have grown more slowly and the per capita daily availability of one group, pulses, has declined since 1961.
Figure 3 is a screenshot taken from FAO (2021a).
It shows trends in the number and prevalence of individuals considered undernourished.
As part of SDG2 Target 2.1, the goal is th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 107 |
Figure 3 shows that between 2005 and 2015, both the prevalence of undernourishment and the number of persons considered undernourished was falling in an almost continuous basis.
(And not shown in Figure 3 is the fact that undernourishment was falling prior to 2005).
But this benign trend stopped around 2015. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 88 |
But this benign trend stopped around 2015.
The number of people considered undernourished began to creep up, from 606 million in 2014 to 650 million in 2019 and the prevalence of undernourishment remained essentially unchanged from 2014 to 2019. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 79 |
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is not possible to determine exactly how undernourishment has changed and so FAO provides an estimated set of ranges: (a) from a lower bound of 9.2 percent to an upper bound of 10.4 percent with a middle projection being 9.9 percent; and (b) a lower bound estimate of 720 mill... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 114 |
The middle range projection indicates that the onset of the pandemic is associated with an increase of 118 million people considered undernourished.
The upper bound estimate suggests that all the progress towards eliminating the number of hungry since 2005 has been lost – the number of losses during storage and transp... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 90 |
Convert this physical quantity to kilocalories using food composition tables.
Add up these kilocalories, then divide by population size and again by 365 to generate daily per capita caloric availability.
Do this for all countries and all years.
5 | P a g e undernourished people in 2005 (810 million) is nearly identi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 119 |
It shows, globally and by region, the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity for three years, 2015, 2018, and 2021, as measured by the FIES.
Globally, 22.8 percent of people were moderately or severely food insecure in 2015.
This rose slightly in 2018 and rose much more, to 30.4 percent, in the first year ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 142 |
The highest prevalence is found in Africa where nearly 60 percent of the population was food insecure in 2020.
Latin America and the Caribbean say the biggest increase in food insecurity, with its prevalence rising by 9.2 percentage points between 2018 and 2020.
By contrast, food insecurity has grown more slowly in A... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769339428.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2022/01/Enhancing_food_security_Hoddinott_FINAL-for-website.pdf | 115 |
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