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Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development An examination from within the United Nations system Working Group on Youth of the Regional Collaborative Platform for Latin America and the Caribbean Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: an...
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This group is co-chaired by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and includes the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of ...
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The document was coordinated by Heidi Ullmann and Daniela Trucco (ECLAC), Gabriela Nones (UNDP) and Pedro Boareto (FAO). The contributions of the consultant Eleonora Nun in the systematization of the inputs are gratefully acknowledged.
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Inputs for the different chapters were provided by José Luis Hernández (UNHCR), Andrés Espejo, Ernesto Espíndola, Fabiola Fernández, Eva Hopenhayn and Carlos Kroll (ECLAC), Francesco Carella (ILO), Sonja Caffe (PAHO), Bárbara Ortiz and Miguel Trancozo (UN-Women), Francisco Arellano and Alicia Sánchez Argueta (UNAIDS), ...
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United Nations publication LC/TS.2021/74 Distribution: L Copyright © United Nations, 2021 All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.19-01185 This publication should be cited as Working Group on Youth of the Regional Collaborative Platform for Latin America and the Caribbean, “Latin American and Caribbea...
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Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Documents and Publications Division, publicaciones.cepal@un.org. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior autho...
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3 Contents Introduction: the 2030 Agenda and the three dimensions that frame the challenges facing young people in Latin America and the Caribbean ................................................................... 7 A.
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Three dimensions to highlight challenges and opportunities ............................................. 8 The challenge of social inclusion: inequalities and the impact of COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean ........................................................................... 8 1. 2. The environmental...
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The challenge of governance: young people building peaceful, just and inclusively participatory societies ................................................................11 I. The SDGs and youth: an empirically based diagnosis ..................................................... 13 A. Goal 1: poverty among youth is ...
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Goal 2: ensuring young people food security and nutrition requires improving their health and long-term productivity ............................................................................17 C. Goal 3: to sow equality and inclusion, the comprehensive health of young people must be promoted through participatory st...
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Goal 16: peace, justice and security are necessary conditions for youth inclusion and development; eradicating violence against young people is essential for progress towards sustainable development ............................................................... 50 Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda...
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Looking to the future: youth participation and investment in young people .................... 57 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 67 Bibliography ....................................................................................
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the Caribbean: number of children, adolescents and young people aged 0 to 24 living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), by age group, 2010–2019 ......................................................................................... 21 Latin America and the Caribbean: women aged 15 to 19 with correct and comp...
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young people aged 20 to 24 with complete secondary education, by area of residence and sex, around 2002, 2014 and 2018 ......... 32 Latin America (4 countries): young people aged 20 to 24 with completed secondary education, by disability status and sex, around 2018 ................................33 Latin American and ...
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access to sanitation, 2002, 2014 and 2018 ........................................................................... 46 Latin America (18 countries): unemployment rates by sex and age group, 2002, 2014 and 2018 ................................................................................................ 47 Latin Am...
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51 Fighting violence in Colombia and on its border ....................................................... 55 A look at youth exposed to violence in Northern Central America, from an approach based on human vulnerability and resilience ............................... 56 Institutional framework for youth ..................
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: Latin American and Caribbean adolescents and youth participating through diversity and inclusion ................................................................................ 63 Participation by young people in situations of mobility ............................................ 63 Latin American and Caribbean yout...
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Youth well-being is directly linked to the eradication of poverty and undernutrition, the reduction of inequality, the development of universal social protection systems, gender equality, access to health and education, the pursuit of sustainable economies and an environment that is protected and cared for, access to d...
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The implementation and progress of the 2030 Agenda stand to have a positive impact on the integral development of the region’s young people if its elements are thought of as a whole, in a universal and comprehensive manner, so that no one is left behind.
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Young people can clearly contribute innovative solutions to the challenges posed by the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and accelerate progress towards its attainment to the extent that there are venues for their participation and the incorporation of their views and perspectives.
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In addition, the recently adopted United Nations Youth Strategy “Youth 2030” (United Nations, 2021) provides a general framework to guide the actions of the entire United Nations system and aims to ensure that broader global, regional and national actions are taken to address the needs of young people in all their dive...
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Within that framework, the purpose of this document is to review the status of a selection of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets as they affect the youth population of Latin America and the Caribbean and to define lines for future action towards promoting resilient, sustainable and inclusive development amo...
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Young people are at the heart of the 2030 Agenda and, from an intergenerational perspective, attention must be paid to the determining effects that today’s decisions will have on the population’s future situation. At the same time, the region is currently facing the challenge of capitalizing on its demographic dividen...
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Focusing on young people today is therefore essential from the point of view of solidarity and intergenerational Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development... 8 responsibility. Despite this, none of the SDGs refers specifically to youth; instead, concern for young people is a cr...
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An analysis of the situation of youth sectors in relation to the SDGs therefore involves examining and analysing each of the Goals individually and identifying regional indicators that can record progress in relation to this specific population. Data availability is thus one of the main limitations of this exercise. ...
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It calls for the more determined inclusion of the participation and deliberations of young people from different territories and regions and for endorsing investment in youth as a tool for constructing societies that are more equitable and sustainable. The purpose of this document is to raise awareness of the challeng...
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Another aim is to generate data and arguments to inform the debate and guide the actions of decision makers, civil society representatives and other stakeholders engaged with youth populations, particularly at a time of crisis when recovery and stimulus packages will play a key role with regard to short- and medium-ter...
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A. Three dimensions to highlight challenges and opportunities In order to cover the full scope of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, this document is structured around three major dimensions of challenges and areas of opportunity for Latin American and Caribbean youth: (i) inclusion, (ii) climate change and environmental p...
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These dimensions of analysis were selected in order to observe the difficulties in attaining the SDGs as regards young people in these areas that pose the greatest challenges in the region. Latin America and the Caribbean is the world’s most unequal region and it is also facing a profound crisis of governance, evidenc...
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Finally, the effects of climate change are having a major impact in the region, as shown by the increased frequency of extreme weather events. The challenge of making progress towards achieving the SDGs as they relate to young people falls simultaneously into these three areas. The problem of inequality and exclusion...
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Likewise, although these dimensions can structure the analysis in a way that highlights which of these three topics has made the most or least progress, where the greatest difficulties are being faced or which measures could be most effective in addressing the challenges arising in each, the construction of more inclus...
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The identification of the three dimensions thus serves to underscore the constant need to monitor progress towards the SDGs in these three areas, as this is the only way to ensure that achievements can be sustained over time. 1. The challenge of social inclusion: inequalities and the impact of COVID-19 in Latin Ameri...
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According to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, 2019a), inclusion is a multidimensional concept that encompasses the enjoyment of rights, participation in social life, access to education, health, care and basic infrastructure services, and the availability of material resources, such a...
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Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development... 9 The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) defines inclusion as the process of improving the terms of participation in society, in particular for those who are disadvantaged by reasons of age, gender, disabi...
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Under that approach, inclusion aims to promote the full participation of all people and to remove the multiple barriers that affect certain populations, groups or individuals in exercising their rights and accessing well-being, as a prerequisite for social cohesion. This chapter is based on this broad conception of in...
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The concept of inclusion is clearly expressed in the 2030 Agenda, which recognizes that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, combating inequality within and among countries, preserving the planet, creating sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and fostering social inclusion are interlinke...
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More inclusion and participation are essential in strengthening institutions and making political processes more legitimate and transparent, which are core conditions for sustainable development. Inclusion as a guiding theme of the 2030 Agenda is finally embodied in the call that no one be left behind along the path t...
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Although today’s young people are living at a time of rising living standards in their countries, these movements are in response to persistent levels of inequality and injustice they face in different areas. In the current context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the lack of inclusion is a decisive fac...
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The pandemic’s effects have drawn attention to shortcomings in social protection, health, education and employment systems. It is estimated that an additional 45 million people will swell the ranks of those living in poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean, bringing the total to 37% of the region’s population (ECLA...
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Among youth sectors, this impact is compounded by the educational challenges that have arisen due to the closure of schools and universities: as of early May 2020, those closures affected more than a billion students worldwide, including 165 million in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNESCO, 2021). This is in additio...
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According to estimates by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), in Latin America and the Caribbean, more than three million children and adolescents may never return to school, and primary school enrolment is likely to decline by more than 1.8% (UNICEF, 2020a). According to data from the International Labour Or...
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At the same time, the pandemic has exposed and aggravated the inequality faced by young women in various spheres, including greater job insecurity and informality, limited access to social protection, increased risk of falling victim to gender-based violence (UNFPA, 2020) and the imbalance in the burden of unpaid domes...
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“Circumstances such as child malnutrition, school dropout, and traumatic experiences occurring at early stages in life often have irreversible effects. Research on past crises reveals that these long-lasting effects do exist and are a leading cause for persistent inequalities and low mobility” (Lustig and Tomassi, 202...
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To achieve inclusion, the following actions are required: (i) reverting the dynamics of inequality and exclusion in the area of well-being, (ii) expanding access to basic and social services, and (iii) fighting discrimination in all its manifestations. At the same time, young people must be considered as targets of re...
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Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development... 10 2. The environmental and climate challenge: the context of the new generations in light of the 2030 Agenda One of the main messages of the 2030 Agenda is the need to implement a new development model that allows progress towards b...
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This need is becoming increasingly urgent as the effects of climate change affect more and more people around the world, particularly the most vulnerable segments of the population. The urgency of addressing climate change is a challenge for all generations. Moreover, the actions taken today —or today’s failure to ac...
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2020 was the second hottest year on record, outstripped only by 2016, and it marked the end of the hottest decade of all time (WMO, 2020). The COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the need to rethink our relationship with nature. Humans and nature are part of a connected system, and there is a clear relationship between h...
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Likewise, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise (UNEP, 2019a). While the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects on certain activities could cause the 2020 figure to fall by about 7% compared to 2019, in the long term this rate of decline would mean a reduction of only 0.01°C by 2050, unless countries’ economic recovery plans...
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However, even if today’s national commitments were met, global warming would total 3.5°C by the end of the century, far short of the 2°C target set by the Paris Agreement (UNEP, 2020). This is accompanied by a direct impact on people’s lives as extreme weather events and disasters increase around the world. In 2019, ...
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In addition to breaking records, the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season left a bleak picture in its wake. UNICEF has estimated that as of 1 December 2020, the number of people affected by Hurricanes Eta and Iota in Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua totalled 6.8 million, including 2.6 million children and adolescents (UNIC...
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The prospect of an increase in the number and intensity of extreme events such as floods and droughts poses a critical challenge. Half of the world’s countries most severely affected by extreme weather events between 1998 and 2017 are located in the region: Puerto Rico, Honduras, Haiti, Nicaragua and the Dominican Rep...
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This is compounded by the loss of biodiversity through human activity and global warming: the mass deaths of corals or mangroves, for example, which are the breeding grounds for countless species and a natural defence against weather events. Over the past ten years, the region has experienced an enormous number of ext...
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An example of the latter is the fact that the Andean cryosphere is receding; this is affecting the seasonal distribution of water flows, including drainage into the River Plate basin. The risk of water scarcity will increase due to lower precipitation and increased evapotranspiration in semi-arid regions, affecting ci...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has made the vulnerability of our societies more visible and highlighted our relationship with the world we inhabit. Moreover, the devastating consequences of climate change in the region are due not only to the different levels of resilience or vulnerability of each ecosystem, but also to the in...
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Thus, young people from the most vulnerable population segments feel the impact in key aspects of development —such as food and water security, migration, education and security— which widens existing social and economic gaps and deepens inequalities. Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustaina...
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The challenge of governance: young people building peaceful, just and inclusively participatory societies Young people in Latin America and the Caribbean face major challenges that limit their participation in building peaceful, just and inclusive societies. Those challenges are closely linked to their situations as r...
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Those inequalities are reinforced in discourse —through stigmatization, for example— and in interactions with other actors, whenever youth groups are not considered, consulted or included in community decision-making processes. Accordingly, participation is closely tied to institutional development and to the existenc...
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The growing dissatisfaction with democracy as a form of government that is emerging in that scenario should not give cause for surprise, nor should the widespread distrust towards institutions and the party system (Schulz and others, 2018). These factors are catalysing crises in the region’s governance and in its poli...
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The Latin American module of the most recent International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS), conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) in 2016, revealed that, on average, 69% of eighth-grade students in five countries (Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Repub...
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In the same study, however, nearly 80% of the young people surveyed said they did not agree with the idea of government leaders making decisions without consulting anyone. In addition, 72% stated their belief that peace can only be achieved through dialogue and negotiation.
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According to the 2018 Latinobarómetro Report, 71.3% of the region’s young people between the ages of 15 and 25 feel dissatisfied with the state of public affairs in their countries, and 70% believe that their countries’ democracies face challenges. According to ECLAC (2018), an average of 88.2% of people aged between ...
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On the other hand, 64% agree or strongly agree that democracy has problems but is the best form of government: in 2009, however, the average figure was 76%, which means that it dropped 12 percentage points over a decade. The 2018 Latinobarómetro Report reveals that as age increases, so does the value placed on democra...
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Overall, the figures show that in terms of perception, young people today do not value formal democracy as they once did, and that they rate its functioning as poor. Undoubtedly, the many cases of corruption and abuses in recent years have undermined confidence in institutions. And not only that: distrust has undermi...
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This can be seen in the fact that 64% of students in the region would agree to break the law if that were the way to achieve their goals, and 73% would do so if it were the only way to help their families (Schulz and others, 2018). Youth confidence in institutions is essential for the development of a democratic polit...
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The future cannot be conceived of without more and better democracy (UNDP, 2020). But the world is living times of great change. Access to digital devices, the Internet and social networks in general dynamizes political processes and yields ambivalent results. The ability to access and produce knowledge through new ...
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However, these networks are also sounding boards for intense polarization, symbolic violence and disinformation. Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development... 12 Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development... “The structural barriers that p...
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Primarily the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the digitization of the world and, although on the one hand connectivity and the possibility of meeting virtually has in some ways bolstered the participation of young people, for people with disabilities it in many ways continues to be another barrier, since the accessib...
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Seen in this light, this is a historic moment when Latin American youth is questioning effective governance, or, in other words, the governance that creates opportunities for inclusion and guarantees minimum institutional conditions that ensure access to rights and services, as well as genuine venues for participation ...
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In recent years, young people have acquired a critical eye with regard to the exercise of forms of power and participation in which they feel neither recognized nor represented. They are therefore promoting new forms of political and social participation that also question the perspectives through which the main chall...
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In accordance with the 2030 Agenda, one precondition for development is effective democratic governance: responsive in its actions, transparent in its work and based on the ideals of inclusion, equity, social justice and human rights. Democratic governance is a process through which opportunities are created for all p...
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It is through effective governance that States can structure and undertake its implementation, using their institutions to formulate and promote coordinated, comprehensive and intersectoral policies. If youth sectors distrust current governance mechanisms, progress towards achieving the 2030 Agenda itself may be imped...
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The energy of student movements, youth organizations, young peace-builders and networks engaged with climate change and sustainability must therefore be channelled into improving the democratic governance mechanisms that have already been created. In keeping with the comprehensive spirit of the 2030 Agenda, actions mu...
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Ensuring good standards of public health, for example, requires violence-free environments and access to adequate nutrition. This is essential for the full exercise of the right to education and cultural rights throughout life, in order to attain the learning milestones necessary for a dignified life and participation...
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Healthy nutrition depends, in turn, on access to clean water and a protected environment, and on economies that do not disrupt or damage ecosystems. In light of the foregoing, the following sections will analyse some of the SDGs with a particular focus on youth. The awareness that young people are connected to everyo...
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13 I. The SDGs and youth: an empirically based diagnosis In the context of the pandemic, it is more necessary than ever to review progress towards meeting the SDGs, as the policies implemented during the recovery phase will determine the likelihood of achieving them.
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The framework of the SDGs is intended to ensure that the actions taken in pursuit of them are not a series of isolated measures, but that, in addition to meeting certain thresholds, they also represent progress towards a model of holistic development that is sustainable, inclusive and resilient.
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So long as these actions recognize, include and prioritize the diversity of youth sectors and invite them to be part of the design and formulation of those policies, effective progress can be made towards a form of development that leaves no one behind, excludes nobody and allows maximum use to be made of young people’...
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This document proposes that the three dimensions examined above can constitute a road map for the region’s efforts towards that objective, since inclusion, governance and environmental protection in the context of climate change represent, in a manner that is both complementary and indivisible, the main challenges and ...
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Using different sources of information from the agencies of the United Nations system, the following sections will review indicators and studies that address different challenges that the hemisphere’s young people face within the framework of the 2030 Agenda.
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Since data and studies are available for most of the countries in the region, the indicators are focused on the following SDGs: 1 (no poverty), 2 (zero hunger), 3 (good health and well-being), 4 (quality education), 5 (gender equality), 6 (clean water and sanitation), 8 (decent work and economic growth), 10 (reducing i...
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The aim is not to provide an exhaustive overview of all the Goals and their targets, but rather to briefly showcase some of the challenges facing the new generations, in order to draw up a road map for actions to achieve the 2030 Agenda’s objectives.
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As an additional source of information, some results from the United Nations survey on Latin American and Caribbean youth within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic —conducted by the Working Group on Youth of the Regional Collaborative Platform for Latin America and the Caribbean— Latin American and Caribbean youth an...
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The consultation was conducted online in 2020 and more than 7,000 young people took part. It should be noted, however, that the survey was neither random nor representative of the population as a whole, and so the data presented are not statistically representative; instead, they are intended to illustrate trends and ...
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The analysis is structured around the factors that are hindering or assisting the inclusion of young people in Latin America and the Caribbean within the framework of the 2030 Agenda. As far as possible, three stages in the life cycles of men and women will be distinguished: between the ages of 15 and 19, between 20 a...
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In addition, when the data or studies allow, different groups of young people who are in a situation of greater vulnerability and at greater risk of being left behind will be examined, placing special emphasis on communities that are subject to social exclusion. A.
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A. Goal 1: poverty among youth is the ultimate expression of exclusion and a barrier to full development The impact of poverty experienced in childhood, adolescence and youth is long and enduring, and it is a key element in the intergenerational reproduction of poverty and inequality (Espíndola and Milosavljevic, 2019...
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Living in a poor household may mean, for example not having sufficient quality food, no timely access to health services, insufficient resources to attend school, a home that lacks the wherewithal to foster good academic performance, being forced to abandon school early to contribute to the household income or care for...
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• • Target 1.1: By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than US$ 1.25 a day. Target 1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. T...
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These situations are experienced simultaneously and have cumulative effects throughout childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Figures on monetary poverty among adolescents and young adults are not encouraging (see figure 1).
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After the sustained improvements of the 1990s and the early twenty-first century, the pace of poverty reduction slowed from 2015 onwards and, by 2018, poverty rates among young people had already risen: that year, almost a third of all people aged 15 to 24 were living in monetary poverty. In addition, levels of povert...
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It is estimated that in 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 crisis, the number of people living in poverty will have increased by 209 million, 78 million of whom will be condemned to extreme poverty (ECLAC, 2021). Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development...
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Figure 1 Latin America (18 countries):a poverty and extreme poverty, by age group and area of residence, 2010, 2015 and 2018 (Percentages) 15 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 40.4 42.3 39.6 31.6 29.0 30.0 10.7 8.8 8.6 15.2 10.8 8.9 63.8 59.3 58.7 29.0 28.2 27.5 50.0 48.1 48.5 20.3 21.1 19.9 31.3 28.7 28.6 9.5 6.8 5.4 Poverty Ext...
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a Weighted average of the following countries: Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. • Target 1.3: Implement nati...
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SDG 1 also identifies social protection as a key tool for reversing poverty and promoting access to basic services. Today, however, young people represent a bottleneck in that process, as they face pronounced shortcomings in access to social protection under both the contributory and non-contributory pillars. As rega...
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The figure shows that while the percentage of employed youth contributing to a pension system increased between 2002 and 2014, a slight decrease was recorded between 2014 and 2018 and, in 2018, only four out of ten employed young people were contributing to or enrolled in a pension scheme. The percentage was higher am...
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In addition, there were major differences by age: the younger people are, the smaller the proportion of them who contribute to pension systems. In other words, unwaged young people face an almost total lack of protection. Regarding the non-contributory pillar, many of the instruments in place in the countries —such a...
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Latin American and Caribbean youth and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development... 16 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 2 Latin America (18 countries):a people aged 15 to 29 affiliated to or contributing to a pension system, by age group and wage-earning status, 2002, 2014 and 2018 (Percentages) 66.2 63.5 55.3 57.0 52.2...
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a Weighted average of the following countries: Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay.
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In the context of the pandemic, the alarming figures for economic contraction and rising unemployment that are expected will have profound effects on the region’s poverty levels, a situation that already had a significant impact on adolescents and young people prior to the crisis. This outlook poses a serious threat t...
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Thus, according to data from the United Nations survey on Latin American and Caribbean youth within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, two thirds of the respondents expressed concern about their families’ future financial situation, and 45% did so with respect to their personal situations (see figure 3). Among the ...
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