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Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Volume 46 Number 4 Article 24 1-1-2016 An analysis of the incidence of measles in Turkey since 1960 An analysis of the incidence of measles in Turkey since 1960 DENİZ ÇALIŞKAN BİRGÜL PİYAL RECEP AKDUR MİNE ESİN OCAKTAN CEYLAN YOZGATLIGİL Follow thi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
46: No.
4, Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1503-62 Available at: https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/vol46/iss4/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TÜBİTAK Academic Journals.
It has been accepted for inclusion in Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences by an authorized editor of TÜBİ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Turkish Journal of Medical Scienceshttp://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/Research ArticleTurk J Med Sci(2016) 46: 1101-1106© TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/sag-1503-62An analysis of the incidence of measles in Turkey since 19601,Deniz ÇALIŞKAN1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, TurkeyDepa... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The administration of measles vaccine started in the rural regions in 1970; it was carried out as a campaign along with the National Vaccine Campaign in 1985, and it has been employed as combined measles, mumps, and rubella under the scope of the Measles Elimination Program (MEP) since 2006 in Turkey. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
While a dramatic decrease in the reporting of measles was observed between 2000 and 2010, the number of the cases has increased since 2011.Materials and methods: The time series of measles incidence was evaluated for possible structural changes with regression models using dummy variables, autocorrelated with error ter... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
However, a statistically significant increase in incidence was noted after 2013 (P = 0.0008).
Conclusion: Over the last 54 years, the pattern of measles cases demonstrated a significant decline in incidence.
However, the increase in incidence in 2013 should be carefully analyzed and interpreted in terms of the MEP.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
IntroductionMeasles is the third vaccine-preventable infectious disease that the World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eradicate after elimination (1–6).
Due to its high morbidity and mortality, measles is 1 of the 6 diseases that were included in the 1974 Expanded Immunization Program (EIP). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Following elimination of the disease in the western Pacific region in 2002, WHO now aims to eliminate measles by 2020 in 5 more regions and the discussion on possible measles eradication strategies has already begun (2,6,7–13).
WHO and combined measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) initiatives have amended the target elim... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
In 2010, WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization conducted a comprehensive evidence review to establish the biological and technical feasibility of measles eradication and concluded that measles can and should be eradicated (17).
1.1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
1.1.
Measles in TurkeyAs shown in Table 1, according to the Ministry of Health data, a total of 66,111 cases of measles were reported in Turkey in 1969 before vaccination when measles was a * Correspondence: caliskan@medicine.ankara.edu.trnationally notifiable disease (18).
Administration of the measles vaccine was i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The chronological history of fighting measles in Turkey started with National EIP in 1981; EIP, as well as a National Vaccine Campaign (NVC), was established in 1985 (20).
The Measles Vaccination Acceleration Campaign was implemented in 1996, and a second-dose measles vaccine was administered to first-grade children i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The purpose of this program was to eliminate measles in Turkey, maintain a low level of infection, halt indigenous virus transmission in Turkey by 2010, hinder the measles colonization due to importation, and prevent deaths.
After 2006, “the Measles and Rubella Elimination and Prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The aim of this study was to evaluate measles incidence and the effect of elimination strategy interventions on the measles disease in 1960–2014 in Turkey.
1101 Table 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The number of measles cases and measles incidence between 1960 and 2014 in Turkey.Years1960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014**Number of m... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
**Cases were only diagnosed in the first 9 months.11022.
Materials and methodsThe incidence of measles was calculated according to the number of reported measles cases and compared with population census data for each respective year.
To satisfy the assumptions of the present model, the natural logarithm of the serie... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
After the application of Box–Cox, the natural logarithm of the series was taken (25).To analyze the significance of special events that might affect measles incidence, the transformed series was regressed with the intercept and some indicator functions for certain time periods. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Using the history of measles incidence the following dummy variables were chosen:I1 =10,,*Year<1964ifotherwise<1974I2 =I3 =I4 =I5=I6 =I7 =I8 =1,if1973<Year<1975*0,otherwise1,if1981<Year<1985*0,otherwise1,if2005<Year<2011*0,otherwise1,if2013#Year#2014*0,otherwise1,if1985<Year<1988*0,otherwise1,if1995<Year<1999*0,otherwi... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
All model diagnostics were satisfied.
Parameter estimates of the models are given in Table 2.
Variables I1–I8 presented the dummy variables.
The first-order autoregression estimate was determined for the autocorrelated error model.
Because variables I1–I3, I7, and I8 were not statistically significant at 5%, these ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
/ Turk J Med Sci Figure 1.
Measles cases in Turkey and elimination strategy (1960–2013).Table 2.
Parameter estimates of the regression with AR (1) error model.Variable (years)I4 (2005–2011)I5 (2013–2014)I6 (1985–1988)AR (1) Autoregressive model (1) DF1111Estimate−3.15892.9601−1.6567−0.9756Standard error0.59170.82650.... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Dummy variables I4–I5 decreased the incidence of measles, whereas I6 increased the incidence.
Because logarithmic transformation was applied to the series before analysis, the exponent of the estimates was used to conclude the actual measles incidence.
The coefficient of determination of the model was 95.49%, which i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
SAS/ETS 9.2 (2008) software (SAS Institute Inc., NC, USA) was used to perform all statistical analyses.
Figure 2 shows the close fit of the original and predicted values.
i.e.
after the 1985 NVC was implemented, and 2005–2011 (P < 0.0001), i.e.
after the 2002 MEP and 2006 MMR vaccination were implemented (as seen i... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The measles incidence decreased by 3.1589 units (incidence), on average, between 2005 and 2011 and between 1985 and 1988 with the presence of the fourth dummy variable; the presence of the fifth dummy variable resulted in a decrease of 1.6567 units (incidence), on average.
However, in 2013 and during the first 9 month... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
3.
ResultsWhen the 1960–2014 measles incidence in Turkey was analyzed using regression modeling, statistically significant drops were observed in 1985–1988 (P ≤ 0.0072), 4.
DiscussionThe aim of this study was to evaluate measles incidence since 1960 in Turkey.
The Ministry of Health (MoH) in Turkey started measles v... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
/ Turk J Med Sci ecnedicnIFigure 2.
Time series plot of 54 years of measles incidence rates in Turkey and predicted values obtained using AR (1) regression error modeling.in 2002.
To show the significance of these interventions, a regression model was used.
When the 1960–2014 measles incidence in Turkey was analyzed... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
However, measles vaccination rates remained rather low prior to the 1981 EIP (25%–35%).
A NVC was established in 1985, and 92% of the children <5 years of age were vaccinated at the end of this campaign (20).
Following implementation of the NVC, the number of reported cases dropped from 2267 to 2194 in 2 years (1986–... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The Measles Vaccination Acceleration Campaign was implemented in 1996, and a second-dose measles vaccine was administered to first-grade children in 1998.
As shown in Table 1, in 2001, 30,509 measles cases were reported.
The MEP has been running since 2002 (21–23).
Accordingly, the 2003–2005 MEP implemented measles ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
This program has been conducted as part of the Measles and Rubella Elimination and Prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome Program since 2006 and, accordingly, the MMR vaccine has been administered.
All children attending elementary school were vaccinated during 2006–2008.
Furthermore, a catch-up study was performe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The circular published by the MoH in 2010 reported the province-wide requirements for achieving measles surveillance, detecting potential epidemics, and effectively responding to and controlling epidemics in Turkey.
In total, 18,216,897 children between 9 months and 14 years of age were vaccinated as part of the 2002 ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The decreased trend continued through 2012 with 349 cases (Table 1).
During the third period, the number of cases increased incrementally after 2013.
As shown in Table 1, 7405 measles cases were reported in 2013.
The MoH reported that this increase was not defined as an epidemic but instead described as a controlled... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Unlike the MoH, in a report published by the Public Health Specialist Society in March 2013, the increase in measles was considered as an epidemic and, because of a large influx of refugees since 2013, this period was evaluated carefully (29).
The official number of Syrian refugees in Turkey was 1,805,255, but the 110... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
According to the report of “Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency” (DEMP), 28.2% of children aged less than 10 years in the camps and about 41.3% of children out of the camps were not vaccinated against measles.
This posed a serious health threat for children among the local population (31).
Moreover, the MoH ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
A higher number of cases than expected can still be defined as an epidemic if the vaccination rates are low; however, in countries where elimination programs are implemented, an incidence that exceeds 1 case per 100,000 people is considered an epidemic (32).
According to this criterion, the measles incidence of 2013 T... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Because of the high virulence and infection rate of the measles virus, epidemics can be observed in vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups in regions where elimination programs halt indigenous transmission (5,6,13,16,32–34).The MoH reported that a significant portion of measles cases in 2013 included infants who had not y... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Therefore, the Measles Science Committee (MSC) recommended that first-dose MMR vaccination should be administered at 9 months instead of 12 months and second-dose vaccine should be administered at 12 months.
The MSC also recommended that first-grade children should be vaccinated during nursery school, and military per... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Accordingly, approximately 4,000,000 people were vaccinated in 2013 (28,29).
The increase in the number of cases was controlled using these precautions, and only 529 cases were detected by the end of September 2014.
After the present analysis, the MoH announced that only 5 cases were added in the last 3 months in 201... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Considering the 2014 cases, it can be said that the MoH succeeded in these interventions in 2013 (28).
The course of measles reveals that interventions could effectively reduce the incidence in Turkey.
The 2013 increase in incidence needs to be carefully interpreted by program administrators.
The MoH reported that 2... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Since 2005, epidemics reported in the European region (35–39), and the last epidemic experienced in Turkey, showed that it is impossible to eradication measles now (11,13,29,34,40). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Particular factors including high infectivity, virulence, pathogenicity, inadequate cold chain, unsafe administration, groups who refuse vaccination or cannot be reached, incomplete protective properties of the vaccine, waning immunity, gradual increase in the sensitive pool over subsequent years, immigration, internat... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
However, the increase in incidence during 2013 should be carefully analyzed and interpreted in terms of the MEP.
For diseases such as measles with high infection rates, it is important to reach 95% and more immunity in the populations.
Therefore, the immunity levels of refugee children should be monitored carefully.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
The effects of the Health Transformation Program (started in 2003), especially the primary care services, have to be considered.
The performance of the contracting scheme (the immunization coverage rate of registered children) might affect the access of unregistered children to preventive services.
Social awareness r... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359006002.pdf | https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=medical | Turkey |
Awareness among the community, motivation of health professionals for better coverage of preventive services, and motivation of people for utilization of preventive services are some necessary steps for the management of cases.
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University of Central FloridaElectronic Theses and DissertationsDoctoral Dissertation (Open Access)The Impact of Mobbing and Job-related Stress onBurnout and Health-related Quality of Life: TheCase of Turkish Territorial State Representatives2015Mehmet YesilbasUniversity of Central FloridaFind similar works at: http://... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
5021.http://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5021This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS.
It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesesand Dissertations by an authorized administrator of STARS.
For more information, please c... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
THE IMPACT OF MOBBING AND JOB-RELATED STRESS ON BURNOUT AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE: THE CASE OF TURKISH TERRITORIAL STATE REPRESENTATIVES by MEHMET YESILBAS LL.B., University of Ankara, 1998 MPA, Public Administration Institute for Turkey and Middle East, 2009 PhD in BA, University of Dicle, 2012 A dissertation... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
It has direct and negative effects on employees’ productivity and it may have negative impacts on employees’ health.
One of the potential results of prolonged stressors at work place is burnout and this response may lead to physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion that can occur at both individual and organiz... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is commonly used to measure an individual’s overall/global health and quality of life.
Another serious issue, mobbing, usually leads to some individual and organizational complications.
It affects the organizational commitment, motivation and efficiency of staff, job satisfactio... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
The primary objective of this study is to determine whether stress and mobbing are directly related to burnout; and, whether burnout leads to an adverse effect on the HRQoL of Turkish territorial state representatives (TSRs).
This study examines four specific research questions: 1) Whether and to what extent do the le... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
2) Whether and to what extent is the level of perceived burnout syndrome associated with HRQoL of TSRs?
3) To what extent does the level of perceived burnout mediate the effects of job-related stress on HRQoL of TSRs?
4) What are the mediating factors between job burnout and HRQoL?
This study is expected to offer va... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
iii The study utilized two statistical analyses, which were descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) which allows for the assessment of the relationships specified in the hypotheses and the SEM was used to validate the theoretically driven model.
The findings of the study supported the hypotheses o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
The CFA results established that job-related stress was positively and significantly associated with the burnout of TSRs, while perceived mobbing was positively and significantly related to the burnout of TSRs.
Moreover, perceived HRQoL of TSRs was negatively associated with the burnout of TSRs.
Further, the findings... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
Thus the variable had a positive effect on burnout and a negative effect on the HRQoL of TSRs.
In summary, the findings of the study showed that results and propositions of the theoretical frameworks of the study and literature were consistent with one another.
iv I dedicate this study to my beloved father Ahmet for ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for the guidance and support of my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Thomas Wan, who encouraged me to continue working on my dissertation.
Without his excellent guidance, support, and patience, this dissertation would never have been accomplished.
I would also like to acknowledge the a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
I gratefully acknowledge the moral support and encouragement that my friends and colleagues provided me with during my PhD education in the US.
I would like to thank the Turkish Government and the Turkish Ministry of Interior for their financial support in my doctoral study in the US.
Last but not least, I am thankfu... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
Without their support and patience, this dissertation would never be accomplished. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODU... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
17 Hypotheses of the Study ....................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER THREE: THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ............................................................ 22 General Principles of the Structure of the Turkish State ............................ | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
32 Civil Inspectors and Legal Advisors ............................................................................ 32 Central Organizations Bureaucrats ............................................................................... 33 Hiring, Training, and Appointment Process of the TSRs ................................. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1710359026514.pdf | https://scholar.archive.org/work/mdxqrg3cbbczbkfcnoxlq3ql2e/access/wayback/https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6021&context=etd | Turkey |
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