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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful. As a historically left-wing movement, placed on the farthest left of the p... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | association with anti-capitalism and socialism.
Humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose. Although traces of anarchist thought are found throughout histo... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarc... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | which can be broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant overlap between the two, which are merely descriptive. Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while evolutionary tactics aim to prefigure what an anarchist soci... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | ent, or utopian.
Etymology, terminology, and definition
The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia, meaning "without a ruler", composed of the prefix an- ("without") and the word arkhos ("leader" or "ruler"). The suffix -ism denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy. Anarchism... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | s anarchists, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists. Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as William Godwin (1756–1836) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | the 1890s and beginning in France, libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States. Some usages of libertarianism refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, and free-market anarchism in particular is termed libertarian anarchis... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Left and libertarian Marxists, who do not associate themselves with authoritarian socialists or a vanguard party, and extreme cultural liberals, who are primarily concerned with civil liberties. Additionally, some anarchists use libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connect... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | ove. Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two. Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism, and being both liberals and socialists but more so, while most scholars reject anarcho-capitalism a... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | on among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently. Major definitional elements include the will for a non-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that human nature allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive socie... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | the creation of institutions of authority that anarchistic ideas espoused as a reaction. The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi.... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | nd Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy. Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience. Cynics dismissed human law (nomos) and associated authorities while trying to live ac... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to religious anarchism. In the Sasanian Empire, Mazdak called for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.
In Basra, religious sects preached agai... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | tored elements of anti-authoritarian secularism, particularly in France. Enlightenment challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the revolutions of the 1790s and 1848 all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.
Modern era
During the French Revolution, ... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | as William Godwin espoused philosophical anarchism in England, morally delegitimising the state, Max Stirner's thinking paved the way to individualism and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's theory of mutualism found fertile soil in France. By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well-defined and a wav... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Drawing from mutualism, Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen's Association, a class worker union later known as the First International that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with Karl Marx b... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | ntionism and small property holdings. After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress. Anarchists were treated similarly in the Second International, being ultimately expelled in 1896. Bakunin famously predicted that if revolutionaries gained power ... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | f Peter Kropotkin, a Russian philosopher and scientist, anarcho-communism overlapped with collectivism. Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 Paris Commune, advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods according to one's needs.
At the turn of the century, anarchism had spread all ov... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | a hotspot for rebellious youth from countries of the far east, travelling to the Japanese capital to study. In Latin America, Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology. During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary political ... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | nies following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts. Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to exclude them from American immigration, including the Immigration Act of 1903, als... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | an Revolution in opposition to the White movement; however, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government was stabilised. Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, notably leading to the Kronstadt rebellion and Nestor Makhno's struggle in the Free Territory. With the anarchists being cru... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | were against anything that would resemble a political party. Seeing the victories of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War, many workers and activists turned to communist parties which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States,... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | the Spanish Civil War of 1936, anarchists and syndicalists (CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. A long tradition of Spanish anarchism led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war. In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, ... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | of the war, but the result was a bitter fight among communists and anarchists at a series of events named May Days as Joseph Stalin tried to seize control of the Republicans.
Post-war era
At the end of World War II, the anarchist movement was severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caus... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | such as the anti-nuclear, environmental, and peace movements, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the New Left. It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative anti-capitalist reformism. Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex P... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | m's move from a Eurocentric demographic. This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.
Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements. Anarchists becam... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | nown as black blocs engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | s Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria.
Thought
Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty i... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | n a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter.
Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophica... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | ilosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy. Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy. Anarchism's emphasis on a... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | ced on the far-left of the political spectrum. Much of its economics and legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, libertarian, and radical interpretations of left-wing and socialist politics such as collectivism, communism, individualism, mutualism, and syndicalism, among other libertarian socialist e... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | e reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was anarchism without adjectives, a call for toleration and unity among anarchists first adopted by Fernando Tarrida del Mármol in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time. Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchi... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | les such as individual and local autonomy, mutual aid, network organisation, communal democracy, justified authority and decentralisation.
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Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism. They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectivist, comm... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | rre-Joseph Proudhon. Its aims include reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and monetary reform of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people. Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of ... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | ocialist form of anarchism commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin. Collectivist anarchists advocate collective ownership of the means of production which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as i... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | nism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a communist society with common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations, workers' councils and worker cooperatives, with production and consumption based on the guiding principle "From each according to his ab... | [
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12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | rst International. It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin, whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century. Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views labour syndicates as a potential force for revolutionary social change, ... | [
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