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O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | The trouble with generic drugs | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | In the effort to mitigate out-of-control health care costs, pharmaceutical drugs make an easy bad guy. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | No one wants to vilify doctors, no one wants to say “get an X-ray instead of an MRI,” no one wants European- or Canadian-style waiting lines. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Picking Big Pharma as the black hat makes for an easy narrative, especially with villains like the price-hiking Martin Shkreli twirling his moustache so evilly. | 61_12 | 0 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | One long-standing solution to mitigating costs has been generics, a pharmaceutical drug with the same chemical substance as a drug whose patents have expired. | 61_12 | -1 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | This increases competition and keeps prices down. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Since the HatchWaxman Act, generics came to market in a standardized pathway that helped many people for most of the last 35 years. | 61_12 | 0 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | So there’s an almost universally accepted desire to increase the number of generic drugs in the marketplace, since they’re supposedly cheaper than their branded counterparts. | 61_12 | -1 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | But they’re not perfect, and recent developments have actually exposed some egregious behavior by the generic industry. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Companies that develop new drugs — “branded” pharmaceutical companies — pour billions into R&D, and require a certain period of time to make both that money back and a profit that justifies the enormous risk. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | This period is usually five years. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Once that time has passed, generic drug makers can model competitor drugs based on those chemical antecedents. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | But greedy generic companies are using an accelerated form of patent challenge, called Inter Partes Review (IPR), to bully their way into invalidating pharma’s intellectual property protections before that time has passed. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Indeed, so-called trolls have made a cottage industry of challenging patents to gain early access to markets by copycatting innovator companies, poaching patents through litigious double jeopardy. | 61_12 | 0 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Even if this gets some people cheaper drugs in the short term, it will destroy the next generation of medicine in the long term. | 61_12 | 1 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | It has never been more expensive to take a newly invented drug from conception to approval. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | While the average cost of developing a new drug was $1.18 billion in 2010, it was $1.99 billion in 2017. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | (That’s a 70 percent jump in seven years.) | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | The more expensive this gets, the harder it is for companies to make their money back. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | While it’s very easy to make Big Pharma the bad guy in a world of never-ending drug needs, if they can’t make a reasonable profit making new medicines, they’ll stop making new medicines. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | In a well-intentioned, but misguided, effort to bring down health care costs, Sen. John Cornyn, Texas Republican, has introduced legislation that would place additional burdens on branded companies by calling their intellectual property into doubt. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | It would combat what Mr. Cornyn refers to as “patent thicketing,” which extends a company’s patent every time they innovate. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | (Such as if researchers realize that a drug originally created as a pill would be better administered as a patch.) | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Again, well-intentioned, but a company protecting intellectual property rights because of continuous improvement hardly seems like robbing the public good. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Mr. Cornyn is a champion for competition and free markets, and almost certainly believes that these attacks on pharmaceutical IP will increase generic competition and reduce drug costs. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | But it isn’t that simple. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | The patent protections given to innovative medicines under our current system are crucial to preserving the incentive for drug companies to innovate. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | If we continue to chisel away at them, what happens to the generic drug industry when it has no innovative drugs to copy? | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Why should we cap our ability to treat deadly diseases at the status quo, rather than encouraging innovators to find a cure for cancer? | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Although they were created to be the good guys in the health care battle, generics have a history of violating rules for profits. | 61_12 | 0 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | For example, generics have been admonished for substandard manufacturing conditions as well and underpaying Medicaid rebates. | 61_12 | 1 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | More shockingly, 44 states have sued 20 generics manufacturers for price fixing and collusion. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Teva Pharmaceutical Industries was named as the ringleader, while 15 other named companies “willingly participated.” (They can share a cell with Shkreli.) | 61_12 | 0 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Speaking of Shkreli, generics are just as capable of price gouging. | 61_12 | 1 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Increases as high as 2,000 percent have been documented, with one Mylan and Sun Pharmaceuticals asthma drug price ratcheted up 3,400 percent and Mylan’s second-most senior executive was caught in another instance for price-fixing. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Problems connected to generic drugs get worse the farther one goes down the supply-chain — and 80 percent of active ingredients in U.S.-consumed drugs are produced elsewhere. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Given data integrity issues with drug companies in India and China, many doctors are questioning whether or not the drugs are working the way they’re intended. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | The FDA has increasingly issued warning letters to production plants in India and China, with both countries receiving 39 of 61 notices from the FDA in 2017. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | If the FDA struggles to keep all drugs safe at home, how could they possibly account for drug manufacturing abroad? | 61_12 | 0 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Lack of quality control in foreign supply chains hits home. | 61_12 | 1 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Last year, one Ohio man went into congestive heart failure after his diuretic for surgery was switched to a generic brand, a generic made in India by a company the FDA had warned the year before for failing to meet U.S. standards. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Generics can play a role in our nation’s health, but they seem to want top billing rather than a supporting role. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | If they upstage Big Pharma, they could make everyone in the audience sick. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Generics, and regulators, need to realize this. | 61_12 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Sex education | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Sources | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Sex education may be taught informally, such as when someone receives information from a conversation with a parent, friend, religious leader, or through the media [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | It may also be delivered through sex self-help authors, magazine advice columnists, sex columnists, or sex education web sites. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Training can also be provided through multimedia resources. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Adolescents spend a lot of their time on social media, or watching television. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Those same adolescents may also have a hard time talking to their families about sexual matters. | 46_2 | 0 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | A study has shown that mass media interventions; for example, use of teaching sexual education through commercials shown on television, or ads on social media, have proven effective and decreased the amount of unprotected sex [ref]. | 46_2 | -1 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Formal sex education occurs when schools or health care providers offer sex education. | 46_2 | 0 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Slyer stated that sex education teaches the young person what he or she should know for his or her personal conduct and relationship with others [ref]. | 46_2 | 1 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Gruenberg also stated that sex education is necessary to prepare the young for the task ahead. | 46_2 | 1 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | According to him, officials generally agree that some kind of planned sex education is necessary. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Sometimes formal sex education is taught as a full course as part of the curriculum in junior high school or high school. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Other times it is only one unit within a more broad biology, health, home economics, or physical education class. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Some schools offer no sex education, since it remains a controversial issue in several countries, particularly the United States (especially with regard to the age at which children should start receiving such education, the amount of detail that is revealed, including LGBT sex education [ref], and topics dealing with human sexual behavior, e.g. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | safe sex practices, masturbation, premarital sex, and sexual ethics). | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Wilhelm Reich commented that sex education of his time was a work of deception, focusing on biology while concealing excitement-arousal, which is what a pubescent individual is mostly interested in. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Reich added that this emphasis obscures what he believed to be a basic psychological principle: that all worries and difficulties originate from unsatisfied sexual impulses [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Leepson asserted that the majority of people favor some sort of sex instruction in public schools, and this has become an intensely controversial issue because, unlike most subjects, sex education is concerned with an especially sensitive and highly personal part of human life. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | He suggested that sex education should be taught in the classroom [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The problem of pregnancy in adolescents is delicate and difficult to assess using sex education [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | But Calderone[who?] | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | believed otherwise, stating that the answer to adolescents' sexual woes and pregnancy can not lie primarily in school programmes which at best can only be remedial; what is needed is prevention education and as such parents should be involved. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | When sex education is contentiously debated, the chief controversial points are whether covering child sexuality is valuable or detrimental; whether LGBT sex education should be integrated into the curriculum;[23] the use of birth control such as condoms and hormonal contraception; and the impact of such use on pregnancy outside marriage, teenage pregnancy, and the transmission of STIs. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Increasing support for abstinence-only sex education by conservative groups has been one of the primary causes of this controversy. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Countries with conservative attitudes towards sex education (including the UK and the U.S.) have a higher incidence of STIs and teenage pregnancy. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | By area | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Africa | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Sex education in Africa has focused on stemming the growing AIDS epidemic. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Most governments in the region have established AIDS education programs in partnership with the World Health Organization and international NGOs. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | These programs were undercut significantly by the Global Gag Rule, an initiative put in place by President Ronald Reagan, suspended by President Bill Clinton, and re-instated by President George W. Bush. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The Global Gag Rule ...required nongovernmental organizations to agree as a condition of their receipt of Federal funds that such organizations would neither perform nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations [ref].... The Global Gag Rule was again suspended as one of the first official acts by United States President Barack Obama [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The incidences of new HIV transmissions in Uganda decreased dramatically when Clinton supported a comprehensive sex education approach (including information about contraception and abortion) [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | According to Ugandan AIDS activists, the Global Gag Rule undermined community efforts to reduce HIV prevalence and HIV transmission [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Egypt teaches knowledge about male and female reproductive systems, sexual organs, contraception and STDs in public schools at the second and third years of the middle-preparatory phase (when students are aged 12–14) [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | A coordinated program between UNDP, UNICEF, and the ministries of health and education promotes sexual education at a larger scale in rural areas and spreads awareness of the dangers of female genital mutilation. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | China | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | In 2000, a new five-year project was introduced by the China Family Planning Association to promote reproductive health education among Chinese teenagers and unmarried youth in twelve urban districts and three counties. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | This included discussion about sex within human relationships as well as pregnancy and HIV prevention [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Since the 2010s there has a been a great increase in books about sex education for children and young adults [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | France | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | In France, sex education has been part of school curricula since 1973. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sex education, and pass out condoms, to students in grades 8 and 9 (aged 15–16). | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | In January 2000, the French government launched an information campaign on contraception with TV and radio spots and the distribution of five million leaflets on contraception to high school students [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | In September 2013, the government launched a new program called les ABCD de l’égalité (the ABCD of equality) whose main aim is to fight gender stereotypes at school. | 46_2 | 0 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The ultimate goal is to foster mutual respect between boys and girls early on so that it impacts their conception of the world later on [ref]. | 46_2 | 1 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Germany | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The first state-sponsored courses on sex education were introduced in Breslau, Prussia c. 1900 by Dr. Martin Chotzen [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | In Germany, sex education has been part of school curricula since 1970. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Since 1992 sex education is a governmental duty by law [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | It normally covers all subjects concerning the process of growing up, bodily changes during puberty, emotions involved, the biological process of reproduction, sexual activity, partnership, homosexuality, unwanted pregnancies and the complications of abortion, the dangers of sexual violence, child abuse, and sex-transmitted diseases. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | It is comprehensive enough that it sometimes also includes things in its curricula such as sex positions. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Most schools offer courses on the correct usage of contraception [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | A sex survey by the World Health Organization concerning the habits of European teenagers in 2006 revealed that German teenagers care about contraception. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The birth rate among 15- to 19-year-olds was very low—only 11.7 per 1000 people, compared to 27.8 births per 1,000 people in the UK, and 39.0 births per 1,000 people in Bulgaria (which, incidentally, has the highest birth rate in Europe) [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
O | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | German Constitutional Court and later, in 2011, the European Court of Human Rights, rejected complaints from several Baptists against Germany concerning mandatory sex education [ref]. | 46_2 | 0 |
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