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O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In at least one instance, convicted individuals were sent to re-education through labor even after being found not guilty in a trial. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Most detainees in re-education through labor facilities are reported to be drug users, petty criminals, and prostitutes, as well as some political prisoners; James Seymour has also claimed that most individuals sentenced to re-education through labor are from urban areas. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Individuals who attempt to leave the country illegally have also been sentenced to re-education through labor upon their return. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In periods leading up to visits from foreign dignitaries or politically sensitive anniversaries (such as the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989), local authorities have supposedly detained undesirables such as the homeless, mentally or physically disabled individuals, and migrant workers. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | One China specialist at the RAND Corporation has claimed that the police, faced with a lack of modern rehabilitation and treatment programs, use re-education through labor convictions to warehouse individuals for an increasing number of social problems. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In some instances, individuals were sent to re-education through labor even after being found not guilty in a court of law. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Detainees can seek to have their detention repealed through an administrative review (xingzheng fuyi, 行政复议) of the decision or by filing an administrative litigation (xingzheng susong 行政诉讼) against the Re-education Through Labor Management Committee that detained them. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | According to the advocacy group Chinese Human Rights Defenders, however, these options are ineffective and the groups overseeing the reviews and litigations often have the same interests as the management committee that originally ordered the detention. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Conditions in the facilities. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | The United States Department of State called the conditions in prisons harsh and frequently degrading, and said the conditions in re-education through labor facilities were similar, citing overcrowded living spaces, low-quality food, and poor or absent medical care. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Detainees in camps are required to work for little or no pay; while Chinese law requires that prison laborers' workday be limited to 12 hours a day, The United States Department of State and the Laogai Research Foundation have speculated that re-education through labor detainees are forced to work longer. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In 2001, sociologist Dean Rojek estimated that detainees generally worked six days a week, in total silence. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Much of the labor done by re-education through labor detainees is geared towards agriculture or producing goods, many of which are sold internationally, since re-education through labor detainees are not counted as official prisoners and therefore not subject to international treaties. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | They also perform work ranging from tending vegetables and emptying septic pits to cutting stone blocks and construction work. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Although drug abusers are ostensibly placed in re-education through labor to be treated for their addictions, some testimonial evidence has suggested that little meaningful treatment takes place in at least some of the centers, and that drug abusers often relapse into addiction upon their release from detention. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | The facilities have been widely criticized for the physical abuse that is said to go on within them. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Corporal punishment is commonly used, and torture and physical abuse are also thought to be widespread in the facilities. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In April 2003, Zhang Bin, an inmate at the re-education facility Huludao City Correctional Camp, was beaten to death, reportedly by other inmates and by the labor supervisor. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Zhang's death, along with the March 2003 death of inmate Sun Zhigang in a custody and repatriation prison, sparked calls within China for reform of the system, although reforms were not made immediately. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Though most reports describe the conditions of re-education camps as brutal, there are some claims of prisoners being well-treated. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | For example, when he was released from a three-year re-education sentence in 1999, dissident Liu Xiaobo said that he had been treated very mildly, that he had been allowed to spend time reading, and that the conditions had been pretty good. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Forced labor may include breaking rocks and assembling car seat covers, and even gold farming in World of Warcraft. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Life after release. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Detainees who are released from re-education through labor camps may still be unable to travel or see other people freely. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Individuals who remain in re-education through labor for 5 or more years may not be allowed to return to their homes, and those who do may be closely monitored and not permitted to leave certain areas. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | For example, in July 2003 a priest who had been released from detention was kept under house arrest, and five men who attempted to visit him were themselves detained. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | According to Xinhua, the official news agency of the Communist Party of China, slightly over 50% of detainees released from prison and re-education through labor in 2006 received government aid in the form of funds or assistance in finding jobs. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Criticism. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Human Rights Watch has stated that the re-education through labor system violates international law, specifically Article 9 (4. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | )of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which provides that Anyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings before a court, in order that the court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of his detention... The Chinese Ministry of Just... | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Wang Gongyi, vice-director of the Institute of Justice Research affiliated to the Ministry of Justice, said that the current re-education through labor practice contradicts several items in the Constitution, the Criminal Procedure Law, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights a United Nations human ... | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Re-education through labor has also been criticized by numerous human rights groups for not offering procedural guarantees for the accused, and for being used to detain political dissidents, teachers, Chinese house church leaders, and Falun Gong practitioners. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Furthermore, even though the law up until 2007 specified a maximum length of detainment of four years, at least one source mentions a retention for in-camp employment system that allowed authorities to keep detainees in the camps for longer than their official sentences. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Re-education through labor has been a focus of discussion not only among foreign human rights groups, but also among legal scholars in China, some of whom were involved in the drafting of the 2007 laws meant to replace the system. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In addition to legal scholars, the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China had criticized the system. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In light of the widespread disapproval of the system, HRIC called in 2001 for the system to be abolished entirely. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Among its criticisms it cited the fact that the wording of re-education through labor laws was too loose, allowing authorities to manipulate it; the fact that the punishment given in re-education centers was too severe for the crimes committed; the abusive conditions at re-education centers; and the variation of re-edu... | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Although many human rights groups and legal scholars both within and without China called for the reform or total abolition of re-education through labor, some groups have defended the system. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | A 1997 report in China's Legal Daily hailed re-education through labor as a means to maintain social peace and prevent and reduce crime. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | The Ministry of Public Security stated in 2005 that re-education through labor helped maintain rule of law and was mainly used for rehabilitating lawbreakers. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | In 2007, when new laws were drafted, the Ministry of Public Security was in favor of continuing the practice of not allowing judicial review before punishment was enforced. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Profit opportunities. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | The laojiao system employs tens of thousands of people. | 102_2 | 0 |
O | Can reading break the barriers of social class? | Profits are made through sale of the products of forced labor and through the collection of bribes received to reduce sentences or to ensure that relatives receive adequate food. | 102_2 | 0 |
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