claim_label stringclasses 1
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values | claim_sentence stringlengths 13 1.01k | article_id stringclasses 648
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|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | One long-standing solution to mitigating costs has been generics, a pharmaceutical drug with the same chemical substance as a drug whose patents have expired. | 61_12 | -1 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | So there’s an almost universally accepted desire to increase the number of generic drugs in the marketplace, since they’re supposedly cheaper than their branded counterparts. | 61_12 | -1 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Even if this gets some people cheaper drugs in the short term, it will destroy the next generation of medicine in the long term. | 61_12 | 1 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | For example, generics have been admonished for substandard manufacturing conditions as well and underpaying Medicaid rebates. | 61_12 | 1 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Speaking of Shkreli, generics are just as capable of price gouging. | 61_12 | 1 |
C | Should we ban the production of generic drugs | Lack of quality control in foreign supply chains hits home. | 61_12 | 1 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | A study has shown that mass media interventions; for example, use of teaching sexual education through commercials shown on television, or ads on social media, have proven effective and decreased the amount of unprotected sex [ref]. | 46_2 | -1 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Slyer stated that sex education teaches the young person what he or she should know for his or her personal conduct and relationship with others [ref]. | 46_2 | 1 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | Gruenberg also stated that sex education is necessary to prepare the young for the task ahead. | 46_2 | 1 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | The ultimate goal is to foster mutual respect between boys and girls early on so that it impacts their conception of the world later on [ref]. | 46_2 | 1 |
C | Should sex education courses be compulsory in middle schools? | It doesn’t promote early sexual activity or any particular sexual orientation. | 46_2 | 1 |
C | Should you subsidize biofuels | The bottom line is that biofuel subsidies in rich countries are bad for development by increasing the costs of food and driving tropical deforestation even while failing to reduce the emissions that cause climate change. | 89_7 | -1 |
C | Should you subsidize biofuels | A recent WRI paper asserts that allocating cropland to grow feedstocks for biofuels poses a fundamental threat to a food secure future. | 89_7 | -1 |
C | Should suicide be classified as a criminal offence | It is concerned with the treatment of terminally ill patients and is aiming to improve the quality of those dying. | 111_5 | -1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | Tobacco smoke in enclosed spaces is breathed in by everyone, exposing smokers and nonsmokers alike to its harmful effects. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | In adults, second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including coronary heart disease and lung cancer. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | Neither ventilation nor filtration, even in combination, can reduce tobacco smoke exposure indoors to levels that are considered acceptable. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | Only 100% smoke-free environments provide effective protection. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | Contrary to common belief, smoke-free environments are widely supported by both smokers and nonsmokers. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | Having a smoke-free environment often saves money for bars and restaurant owners, reducing their risks of fire and consequently their insurance costs. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should we ban smoking in public places | Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, recognizes that exposure to tobacco smoke causes death, disease and disability, and asks countries to adopt and implement legislation that provides protection from second-hand smoke. | 65_8 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | There is an argument that copyright is invalid because, unlike physical property, intellectual property is not scarce and is a legal fiction created by the state. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | One of the founders of Piratbyrån, Rasmus Fleischer, argues that copyright law simply seems unable to cope with the Internet, and hence is obsolete. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Fleischer's central argument is that copyright has become obsolete with regards to the Internet, that the cost of trying to enforce it is unreasonable, and that instead business models need to adapt to the reality of the Darknet [ref]. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Groups such as Hipatia advance anti-copyright arguments in the name of freedom of knowledge and argue that knowledge should be shared in solidarity. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | They argue that current copyright law hinders the realisation of these rights in today's knowledge societies relying on new technological means of communication and see copyright law as preventing or slowing human progress [ref]. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Relying on the concept of the author, copyright is based on the assumption that without an intellectual property rights regime, authors would have no incentive to further create, and that artists cannot produce new works without an economic incentive. | 120_6 | -1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Liang challenges this logic, arguing that many authors who have little hope of ever finding a market for their publications, and whose copyright is, as a result, virtually worthless, have in the past, and even in the present, continued to write [ref]. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Selmer Bringsjord argues that all forms of copying are morally permissible (without commercial use), because some forms of copying are permissible and there is not a logical distinction between various forms of copying [ref]. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Edwin Hettinger argues that natural rights arguments for intellectual property are weak and the philosophical tradition justifying property can not guide us in thinking about intellectual property [ref]. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | Shelly Warwick believes that copyright law as currently constituted does not appear to have a consistent ethical basis [ref]. | 120_6 | 1 |
C | Should physical education be compulsory in schools | A sedentary lifestyle can potentially contribute to ill health and many preventable causes of death [ref]. | 10_1 | 1 |
C | Should physical education be compulsory in schools | One of the most prominent direct effect of a sedentary lifestyle is an increased BMI leading to obesity. | 10_1 | 1 |
C | Should physical education be compulsory in schools | A lack of physical activity is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide [ref]. | 10_1 | 1 |
C | Should physical education be compulsory in schools | Indirectly, an increased BMI due to a sedentary lifestyle can lead to decreased productivity and increased absenteeism from necessary activities like work [ref]. | 10_1 | 1 |
C | Should physical education be compulsory in schools | A 2019 review indicated that running, regardless of its frequency, would likely improve population health and longevity, and that any amount, even just once a week, is better than no running [ref]. | 10_1 | 1 |
C | Should suicide be classified as a criminal offence | This court upheld the previous ruling with the reasoning that the Alaska Constitution’s right to privacy and liberty does not allow terminally ill patients to be assisted by physicians in committing suicide. | 111_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | Instead of perusing general interest publications, such as newspapers, readers are more likely to seek particular writers, blogs or sources of information through targeted searches, rendering the agglomeration of newspapers increasingly irrelevant. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | Critics of the newspaper as a medium also argue that while today's newspapers may appear visually different from their predecessors a century ago, in many respects they have changed little and have failed to keep pace with changes in society. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | In some countries, such as India, the newspaper remains more popular than Internet and broadcast media. | 9_10 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | Combined with the current recession, the cloudy outlook for future profits has meant that many newspapers put on the block have been unable to find buyers, who remain concerned with increasing competition, dwindling profits and a business model that seems increasingly antiquated [ref]. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | As succeeding generations grow up with the Web and lose the habit of reading print, noted Columbia Journalism Review in 2007, it seems improbable that newspapers can survive with a cost structure at least 50% higher than their nimbler and cheaper Internet competitors [ref]. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | By 2016 social media sites were overtaking television as a source for news for young people and news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | Some newspaper analysts believe the wisest move is embracing the Internet, and exploiting the considerable brand value and consumer trust that newspapers have built over decades. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | Observers point out that the reliability and accountability of newspapers is being replaced by a sea of anonymous bloggers, many with uncertain credentials and points of view. | 9_10 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | The peculiar fact about the current crisis, writes The New Yorker's economics writer James Surowiecki, is that even as big papers have become less profitable they've arguably become more popular [ref]. | 9_10 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | What's going on in the news business is a lot like what's happening with music, said editor Paul Steiger, a 43-year journalism veteran, who further added that free distribution of content through the Internet has caused a total collapse of the business model [ref]. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | The revenue streams that newspapers counted on to subsidize their product have changed irrevocably: in 2008, according to a study by the Pew Research Center, more people in the United States got their news for free on the Internet than paid for it by buying a newspaper or magazine. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional newspapers | With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as their audience grows, the threat is not just to the companies that own them, but also the news itself, observed writer David Carr of The New York Times in a January 2009 column [ref]. | 9_10 | 1 |
C | Should the death penalty be abolished | Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture. | 68_1 | 1 |
C | Should the death penalty be abolished | Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment. | 68_1 | 1 |
C | Should the death penalty be abolished | Amnesty International considers it to be the ultimate, irreversible denial of Human Rights [ref]. | 68_1 | 1 |
C | Should we fight for the Olympics? | A country will work for over a decade to prepare for the games, and at the end of the Olympics, most host countries are stuck in debt. | 3_10 | -1 |
C | Should we fight for the Olympics? | As Japan prepares its capital city, Tokyo, to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, they may be realizing they are going to lose more money than they will gain by hosting the Olympics. | 3_10 | -1 |
C | Should we fight for the Olympics? | The public usually has a bit of an issue with Olympic infrastructure development because their tax dollars are often used to pay for the construction. | 3_10 | -1 |
C | Should we fight for the Olympics? | Overall, the calculations and finances show that most host countries will not be able to make a profit by hosting the Olympics. | 3_10 | -1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | The Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国商标法) sets out general guidelines on administration of trademarks, protection of trademark owners' exclusive rights and maintenance of quality of products or services bearing the registered trademarks, with a view to protecting consumer interests and to promoting the development of the socialist market economy [ref]. | 120_8 | -1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | However, registering copyrights for literary works can avoid, or at least simplify, ownership disputes. | 120_8 | -1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | China passed the Patent Law of the PRC[9] (中华人民共和国专利法) to encourage invention-creation and to promote the development of science and technology [ref]. | 120_8 | -1 |
C | Should intellectual property rights be abolished | At the EU–China summit 2007, EU Trade Commissioner Peter Mandelson said, I regard the SCHNEIDER case as a test case of the level playing field in China on intellectual property protection that we want to see [ref]. | 120_8 | -1 |
C | Should we support animal rights | Scruton therefore regards the emergence of the animal rights movement as the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview, because the idea of rights and responsibilities is, he argues, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species [ref]. | 16_3 | -1 |
C | Should we support animal rights | In Christian theology, the founder of the Methodist movement, John Wesley, was a Christian vegetarian and maintained that animals had immortal souls and that there were considerable similarities between human and non-human animals [ref]. | 16_3 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | Online courses have expanded rapidly and have the potential to extend further the educational opportunities of many students, particularly those least well-served by traditional educational institutions. | 8_8 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | However, in their current design, online courses are difficult, especially for the students who are least prepared. | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | These students consistently perform worse in an online setting than they do in face-to-face classrooms; taking online courses increases their likelihood of dropping out and otherwise impedes progress through college [ref]. | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | Online college courses are rapidly growing. | 8_8 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | An estimated 1.5 million K-12 students participated in some online learning in 2010 [ref], and online learning enrollments are projected to grow in future years [ref]. | 8_8 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | Non-selective and for-profit higher education institutions have expanded online course offerings particularly quickly. | 8_8 | 1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | Using variation in course-taking that arises both from changes in course offerings at particular campuses in a particular term and from variation across students in the distance that they have to travel to take in-person courses, we find that taking a course online reduces student grades by 0.44 points on the traditional four-point grading scale, approximately a 0.33 standard deviation decline relative to taking a course in-person (See Figure 1). | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | We also find that taking a course online, instead of in person, increases the probability that a student will drop out of school. | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | Moreover, taking a course online reduces the number of credits that students who do reenroll take in future semesters. | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | Thus, while online courses may have the potential to differentiate coursework to meet the needs of students with weaker incoming skills, current online courses, in fact, do an even worse job of meeting the needs of these students than do traditional in-person courses. | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Should we eliminate traditional universities? | These analyses provide evidence that students in online courses perform substantially worse than students in traditional in-person courses and that experience in these online courses impact performance in future classes and their likelihood of dropping out of college as well. | 8_8 | -1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | Advertising is at the front of delivering the proper message to customers and prospective customers. | 37_3 | -1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | The purpose of advertising is to inform the consumers about their product and convince customers that a company's services or products are the best, enhance the image of the company, point out and create a need for products or services, demonstrate new uses for established products, announce new products and programs, reinforce the salespeople's individual messages, draw customers to the business, and to hold existing customers [ref]. | 37_3 | -1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth [ref], it is not without social costs. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | Unsolicited commercial e-mail and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers [ref]. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation [ref]. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | This increasing difficulty in limiting exposure to specific audiences can result in negative backlash for advertisers [ref]. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | In tandem with these criticisms, the advertising industry has seen low approval rates in surveys and negative cultural portrayals [ref]. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | Critics claim that food advertisements targeting children are exploitive and are not sufficiently balanced with proper nutritional education to help children understand the consequences of their food choices. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Is the advertisement harmful? | Additionally, children may not understand that they are being sold something, and are therefore more impressionable [ref]. | 37_3 | 1 |
C | Should we embrace globalization? | Opponents of globalization argue that there is unequal power and respect in terms of international trade between the developed and underdeveloped countries of the world [ref]. | 12_3 | -1 |
C | Should we embrace globalization? | Globalization, according to the sociologist, has turned elites into tourists in their own countries. | 12_3 | -1 |
C | Should we embrace globalization? | In light of the economic gap between rich and poor countries, movement adherents claim free trade without measures in place to protect the under-capitalized will contribute only to the strengthening the power of industrialized nations (often termed the North in opposition to the developing world's South) [ref]. | 12_3 | -1 |
C | Should we stop the development of the Arctic | This brings potentially catastrophic consequences for the global climate as well as commercial opportunities and risks. | 59_8 | 1 |
C | Should we stop the development of the Arctic | The Committee heard that the loss of sea ice in the Arctic creates new economic and social opportunities, but that if this is not managed correctly, the consequences could be dire. | 59_8 | -1 |
C | Does discipline limit the development of personality | There are 5 criteria for effective positive discipline: Positive Behavior Support (PBS) is a form of child discipline that is a proactive and positive approach used by staff, parents and community agencies to promote successful behavior and learning at home and at school for all students. | 105_1 | -1 |
C | Does discipline limit the development of personality | (Browning, 2000; Potter, 1999; Esquivel) Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that a student’s perception of being part of the school community (being connected to school) decreases the incidence of socially risky behavior (such as emotional distress and suicidal thoughts / attempts, cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use; violent behavior) and increases academic performance. | 105_1 | -1 |
C | Does discipline limit the development of personality | (Resnick et al., 1997; Battistich, 1999; Goodenow, 1993) There is also significant evidence that teaching younger students social skills has a protective effect that lasts into adolescence. | 105_1 | -1 |
C | Shouldn't alcohol be forbidden | They found that, over all, harms increased with each additional drink per day, and that the overall harms were lowest at zero. | 88_8 | 1 |
C | Shouldn't alcohol be forbidden | Only 4 in 100,000 people who consume a drink a day may have a problem caused by the drinking, according to this study. | 88_8 | -1 |
C | Shouldn't alcohol be forbidden | This message shouldn’t get lost in any argument: There is no debate, and this study confirms once again, that heavy drinking is really bad for you. | 88_8 | 1 |
C | Should we support animal rights | We should bring to fruition various premises that call for equal consideration of all species by employing philosophical ideologies. | 16_6 | 1 |
C | Should we support animal rights | Countering the claims of benefits from using animals in research is evidence that animal tests do not always reliably predict results in human beings. | 16_6 | 1 |
C | Should we support animal rights | Instead, alternative testing methods now exist that can replace the need for animals. | 16_6 | 1 |
C | Should the Dog Meat Festival be abolished? | The festival has been criticised by animal welfare and animal rights supporters [ref]. | 97_1 | 1 |
C | Should the Dog Meat Festival be abolished? | The local residents and festival organizers claim that the dogs are killed humanely[4] and that eating dog is no different from eating pork or beef [ref]. | 97_1 | -1 |
C | Should the Dog Meat Festival be abolished? | Animal rights activists and campaigners, however, claim that the animals are treated cruelly, based on photographs of the event. | 97_1 | 1 |
C | Should the Dog Meat Festival be abolished? | An editorial published by the People's Daily expressed the view that while activists understand dogs as companion animals, neither the Chinese legal system nor the current Chinese public recognizes them with this special status. | 97_1 | -1 |
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