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Please answer with one of the option in the bracket
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C: Expulsion by the mucociliary escalator
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| Q:An investigator studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 6.7-μm sized particles to a healthy subject via a nonrebreather mask. Which of the following is the most likely route of clearance of the particulate matter in this subject??
{'A': 'Trapping by nasal vibrissae', 'B': 'Swallowing of ... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Association of In-Ear Device Use With Communication Quality Among Individuals Wearing Personal Protective Equipment in a Simulated Operating Room
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| Importance: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought forth new challenges for health care workers, such as the daily use of personal protective equipment, including reusable facial respirators. Poor communication while wearing respirators may have fatal complications for patients, and no solution has been proposed to date. Ob... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Polymeric surfaces with biocidal action: challenges imposed by the SARS-CoV-2, technologies employed, and future perspectives
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| The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that hygiene habits reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on contaminated surfaces In this context, compounds with biocidal properties can act as surface coatings, especially in hospital environments, a source of pathogenic microorganisms Therefore, the purpose of this review ... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 2 - Hand hygiene and other hygiene measures: systematic review and meta-analysis.
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| OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of hand hygiene, surface disinfecting, and other hygiene interventions in preventing or reducing the spread of illnesses from respiratory viruses. DESIGN: Update of a systematic review and meta-analysis focussing on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs (c-RCTs) evi... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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UV-C light completely blocks highly contagious Delta SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission in hamsters
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| Behavioral and medical control measures are not effective in containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here we report on the effectiveness of a preemptive environmental strategy using UV-C light to prevent airborne transmission of the virus in a hamster model and show that UV-C exposure completely prevents airborne transmis... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Face mask—A potential source of phthalate exposure for human
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| Face masks are necessary for fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019 around the world. As the face mask is usually made from polymers and phthalates are widely-used additives into the polymers, the face mask could be a potential source of phthalate exposure to humans. However, limited knowledge is available on th... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2
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| The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacter... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Low-cost, safe, and effective smoke evacuation device for surgical procedures in the COVID-19 age
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| BACKGROUND: Smoke is generated by energy-based surgical instruments. The airborne by-products may have potential health implications. METHODS: We developed a simple way to use de conventional surgical evacuator coupled with de electrosurgical pen attached to a 14G bladder catheter for open surgery. It was used in ten p... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Safety and Efficacy of Casting during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Polymers Used for 3D Printing to Conventional Materials Used for the Generation of Orthopaedic Orthoses.
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| To reduce the risk of spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the emerging protocols are advising for less physician-patient contact, shortening the contact time, and keeping a safe distance. It is recommended that unnecessary casting be avoided in the events that alternative methods can be applied such as in stabl... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Aerosols and Bacteria From Hand Washing and Drying in Indoor Air
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| Effective hand drying is an important part of hand hygiene that can reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission through cross-contamination of surfaces by wet hands. However, hand drying methods may also cause aerosolisation of pathogenic microorganisms if they are present in washed hands. This study investigate... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in a workplace based on CO2 sensor network
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| We measured the compartmental air change per hour (ACH) using a CO2 sensor network in an office space where a cluster of COVID-19 infections attributed to aerosol transmission occurred. Generalized linear mixed models and dynamic time warping were used for a time series data analysis, and the results indicated that the... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Fit-testing of respiratory protective equipment in the UK during the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic
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| BACKGROUND: Public Health England guidance stipulates the use of filtering facepiece (FFP3) masks for healthcare workers engaged in aerosol-generating procedures. Mask fit-testing of respiratory protective equipment is essential to protect healthcare workers from aerosolized particles. AIM: To analyse the outcome of ma... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Decontamination and re-use of surgical masks and respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic
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| OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic increased global demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) and resulted in shortages. The study evaluated the re-use of surgical masks and respirators by analysing their performance and safety before and after reprocessing using the following methods: oven, thermal... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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A review of impact of textile research on protective face masks
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| COVID-19, classified as SARS-CoV-2, is causing an ongoing global pandemic The pandemic has resulted in the loss of lives and has caused economic hardships Most of the devices used to protect against the transmission of the novel COVID-19 disease are related to textile structures Hence, the challenge for textile profess... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Conversion of self-contained breathing apparatus mask to open source powered air-purifying particulate respirator for fire fighter COVID-19 response
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| To assist firefighters and other first responders to use their existing equipment for respiration during the COVID-19 pandemic without using single-use, low-supply, masks, this study outlines an open source kit to convert a 3M-manufactured Scott Safety self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) into a powered air-purify... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Protective Face Masks: Current Status and Future Trends.
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| Management of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has relied in part on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Face masks, as a representative example of PPE, have made a particularly significant contribution. However, most commonly used face masks are m... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Inactivation Rates for Airborne Human Coronavirus by Low Doses of 222 nm Far-UVC Radiation
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| Recent research using UV radiation with wavelengths in the 200–235 nm range, often referred to as far-UVC, suggests that the minimal health hazard associated with these wavelengths will allow direct use of far-UVC radiation within occupied indoor spaces to provide continuous disinfection. Earlier experimental studies e... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Preventing the spread of norovirus-like infections by the airborne route using plasma assisted catalytic technology (PACT)
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| Zoonoses are frequently reported, and outbreaks of the highly pathogenic influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome have occurred recently, in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Sterilization using a chemical reactor with plasma assisted catalytic technology (PACT... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Likelihood of survival of coronavirus in a respiratory droplet deposited on a solid surface
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| We predict and analyze the drying time of respiratory droplets from a COVID-19 infected subject, which is a crucial time to infect another subject. Drying of the droplet is predicted by using a diffusion-limited evaporation model for a sessile droplet placed on a partially wetted surface with a pinned contact line. The... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Two-drape closed pocket technique: minimizing aerosolization in mastoid exploration during COVID-19 pandemic
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| BACKGROUND: Mastoidectomy is associated with extensive bone-drilling which makes it a major aerosol generating procedure. Considering the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic, it is essential to devise methods to minimize aerosolization and hence ensure safety of the healthcare workers during the operative procedure. METHO... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Airborne Aerosolized Mouse Cytomegalovirus From Common Otolaryngology Procedures: Implications for COVID-19 Infection
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| OBJECTIVES: To determine whether common otolaryngology procedures generate viable aerosolized virus through a murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) model for infection. STUDY DESIGN: mCMV model of infection. SETTING: University of Utah laboratory. METHODS: Three-day-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with mCMV or saline. Five day... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination from hospitalised COVID-19 patients receiving aerosol generating procedures
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| ABSTRACT Background. Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) and high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) are considered "aerosol-generating procedures" (AGPs) in the treatment of COVID-19. We aimed to measure air and surface environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 virus when CPAP and HFNO were used, compared with supplemen... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Impact of Personal Cooling on Performance, Comfort and Heat Strain of Healthcare Workers in PPE, a Study From West Africa
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| Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential component of safely treating suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients. PPE acts as a barrier to heat loss, therefore increasing the risk of thermal strain which may impact on cognitive function. Healthcare workers (HCWs) need to be able to prioritize and... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Effects of Surface Material, Ventilation, and Human Behavior on Indirect Contact Transmission Risk of Respiratory Infection
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| Infectious particles can be deposited on surfaces. Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection. The exposure and infection risk contributed by this transmission route depend on indoor surface mat... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Analyzing the dominant SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes toward an ab initio disease spread model
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| Identifying the relative importance of the different transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is an urgent research priority To that end, the different transmission routes and their role in determining the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic are analyzed in this work The probability of infection caused by inhaling vi... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Minimal, superficial DNA damage in human skin from filtered far-ultraviolet-C (UV-C).
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| Krypton-Chloride (Kr-Cl) excimer lamps have a peak emission wavelength of 222 nm in the ultraviolet-C (UV-C) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Currently Kr-Cl lamps are the only viable "far-UV-C" sources for full-room inactivation of airborne SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic1 . Commerci... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Implementing a negative pressure isolation space within a skilled nursing facility to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission
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| BACKGROUND: Isolation space must be expanded during pandemics involving airborne transmission. Little to no work has been done to establish optimal design strategies and implementation plans to ease surge capacity and expand isolation capacity over long periods in congregate living facilities. The COVID-19 pandemic has... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Effect of Ultraviolet C Disinfection Treatment on the Nanomechanical and Topographic Properties of N95 Respirator Filtration Microfibers
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| Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) treatment is considered an effective decontamination approach to address the supply shortage of N95 FFRs during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic In this study, we investigated the nanomechanical and topographic properties of filtration fibe... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Evidence-based strategies to reduce contamination from aerosolised microbes in dental practice environment
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| Cohort selection The aim was to evaluate interventions to minimise microbial contamination from aerosol generating procedures in the dental office. Seven electronic databases were searched using key words such as 'aerosols', 'droplets', 'spatter', 'microbial loads' etc to identify relevant randomised controlled trials ... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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A Model for Inhalation of Infectious Aerosol Contaminants in an Aircraft Passenger Cabin
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| Aerosol contamination of an aircraft cabin by infectious passengers is a concern of passengers, aircrew and the aviation industry This may be especially important during a pandemic, such as COVID-19, where the full extent of aerosol transmission is not well understood A statistical method to determine the number of inf... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Topology Optimization and Control Design of an Artificial Respirator
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| Since the beginning of 2020, the entire world has been affected by Covid-19, which has caused millions of infections and deaths, with older adults being the most affected population. Like many other countries in the world, Ecuador has shown a deficit of supplies to face this threat. Within this context, this article sh... |
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Flushing of Stagnant Premise Water Systems after the COVID-19 Shutdown Can Reduce Infection Risk by Legionella and Mycobacterium spp.
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| There is concern about potential exposure to opportunistic pathogens when reopening buildings closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, water samples were collected before, during, and after flushing showers in five unoccupied (i.e., for ∼2 months) university buildings with quantification of opportunists via ... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Unflushable or missing toilet paper, the dilemma for developing communities during the COVID-19 episode
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| Unlike in developed countries, most public toilets in China do not provide toilet paper onsite and users must bring their toilet paper. Moreover, an open waste bin is placed in each user’s cubicle to collect used toilet paper and tissues. Such practices, which are common in East Asia and central America, have induced a... |
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Air flow experiments on a train carriage—Towards understanding the risk of airborne transmission
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| A series of experiments was undertaken on an intercity train carriage aimed at providing a “proof of concept” for three methods in improving our understanding of airflow behaviour and the accompanied dispersion of exhaled droplets. The methods used included the following: measuring CO2 concentrations as a proxy for exh... |
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Efficacité et sécurité de la décontamination visant la réutilisation des masques N95 : recherche de littérature systématique et synthèse narrative./ Efficacy and safety of decontamination for N95 respirator reuse: a systematic literature sea... | PURPOSE: Under times of supply chain stress, the availability of some medical equipment and supplies may become limited. The current pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has highlighted limitations to the ordinary provision of personal protective equipment (PPE). For perioperative healthca... |
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High Concentration and Frequent Application of Disinfection Increase the Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Psychiatric Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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| The tolerance of certain multi-drug resistant bacteria to disinfectants may be promoted while the requirements of environmental disinfection have been raised in the high-risk areas of medical institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current research addressed the mechanisms underlying a sharp increase in the dete... |
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Waste respirator processing system for public health protection and climate change mitigation under COVID-19 pandemic: Novel process design and energy, environmental, and techno-economic perspectives
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| The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic leads to a surge on consumption of respirators This study proposes a novel and effective waste respirator processing system for protecting public health and mitigating climate change Respirator sterilization and pre-processing technologies are included in the system to resist viral infecti... |
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Cotton and Surgical Face Masks in Community Settings: Bacterial Contamination and Face Mask Hygiene
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| During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks has become increasingly recommended and even mandatory in community settings. To evaluate the risk of bacterial cross-contamination, this study analyzed the bacterial bioburden of disposable surgical masks and homemade cotton masks, and surveyed the habits and... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Ventilation and air cleaning to limit aerosol concentrations in a gym during the COVID-19 pandemic
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| SARS-CoV-2 can spread by close contact through large droplet spray and indirect contact via contaminated objects There is mounting evidence that it can also be transmitted by inhalation of infected saliva aerosol particles These particles are generated when breathing, talking, laughing, coughing or sneezing It can be a... |
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Towards a highly efficient air purifier using annular photonic crystals in UV regimes
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| Air purifiers play a vital role in fighting the spread of airborne transmitted diseases like COVID-19, rubeola, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and varicella-zoster, which represent a fundamental challenge. This paper introduces a new enhancement to ultraviolet (UV) air purifiers in air ventilation systems, which delivers ... |
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Use of carbon dioxide measurements to assess ventilation in an acute care hospital
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| Poorly ventilated indoor spaces pose a risk for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We measured carbon dioxide levels in a multiple areas in an acute care hospital to assess the adequacy of ventilation. Carbon dioxide levels remained below 800 parts per million in most areas but exceeded this level in a small conferen... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Use of powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) by healthcare workers for preventing highly infectious viral diseases-a systematic review of evidence
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| BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at particular risk during pandemics and epidemics of highly virulent diseases with significant morbidity and case fatality rate. These diseases include severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Eb... |
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Please summerize the given abstract to a title
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Innovative overhead transparent plastic barrier with powered suction technique intended to limit coronavirus disease 2019 aerosols spread during fiber-optic intubation and throughout the surgery
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| Background: In the context of the current coronavirus pandemic, we propose an inexpensive, innovative overhead transparent plastic barrier with powered suction (OTPBPS) technique using materials that are ubiquitous in the hospital, easy to set up in minutes and well tolerated by the patients As presented in this case r... |
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Higher Concentrations of Bacterial Enveloped Virus Phi6 Can Protect the Virus from Environmental Decay
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| Phage Phi6 is an enveloped virus considered a possible nonpathogenic surrogate for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other viral pathogens in transmission studies. Larger input amounts of bacteriophage Phi6 are shown to delay and protect the phage from environmental decay, both when the p... |
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Modified full-face snorkel masks as reusable personal protective equipment for hospital personnel
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| Here we adapt and evaluate a full-face snorkel mask for use as personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers, who lack appropriate alternatives during the COVID-19 crisis in the spring of 2020. The design (referred to as Pneumask) consists of a custom snorkel-specific adapter that couples the snorkel-port... |
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Inactivation of Human Coronavirus by FATHHOME’s Dry Sanitizer Device: Rapid and Eco-Friendly Ozone-Based Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2
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| The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Pertaining to its high transmissibility and wide host adaptability, this unique human coronavirus spread across the planet inflicting 115 million people and causing 2.5 million deaths (as of March 3rd, 2021). Limited or negligible pre-ex... |
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Investigation of Mask Efficiency for Loose-fitting Masks against Ultrafine Particles and Effect on Airway Deposition Efficiency
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| Ultrafine particle (i.e., smaller than 100 nm) in the ambient air is a significant public health issue. The inhalation and deposition of ultrafine particles in the human airways can lead to various adverse health effects. Loose-fitting types of masks are commonly used by the general public in some developing countries ... |
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Patented portable spirometer based on fluid mechanics and low energy consumption to monitor rehabilitation of Covid-19 patients
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| The evolution of respiratory capacity in convalescent Covid-19 patients must be monitored over time, which is not feasible due to the lack of personal, portable and low cost spirometers that prevent contamination. Here, we propose the design of a portable and personal spirometer, that uses the parabolic movement of a d... |
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A Novel Low-Cost Ventilator for Use in a Worldwide Pandemic: The Portsmouth Ventilator.
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| The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has demonstrated the potential need for a low-cost, rapidly deployable ventilator. Based on this premise, we sought to design a ventilator with the following criteria: 1) standard components that are accessible to the publi... |
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Experimental design of a “Snap-on” and standalone single-bed oxygen concentrator for medical applications
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| A novel single-bed, “Snap-on” and standalone, medical oxygen concentrator design based on a rapid pressure swing adsorption process was investigated for continuous oxygen supply. The Snap-on concentrator design is easy to hook up to an existing compressed air source, and the unit can then be readily used to produce oxy... |
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Dental infection control and occupational safety in the Russian Federation.
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| BACKGROUND In the recent past, the Russian Federation has seen a considerable increase in HIV caseload. A high level committee was formed to assess the status of dental infection control and safety (IC&S) in Russia. This article is one of the outcomes to assess the status of IC&S and is the research of a doctoral stude... |
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A tracing method of airborne bacteria transmission across built environments
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| Disease transmission across built environments has been found to be a serious health risk. Airborne transmission is a vital route of disease infection caused by bacteria and virus. However, tracing methods of airborne bacteria in both lab and field research failed to veritably express the transporting process of microo... |
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### Response:
Droplet Sizes Emitted from Demonstration Electric Toothbrushes
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| The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to microbial transmission risk via aerosols in dental practice. Demonstration electric toothbrushes are used intra-orally for education. The aim of this investigation was to measure the size of droplets emitted by the brush head of two demonstration oscillating-rotating electri... |
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Droplet and Aerosol Generation With Endonasal Surgery: Methods to Mitigate Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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| OBJECTIVE: To define the aerosol and droplet risks associated with endonasal drilling and to identify mitigation strategies. STUDY DESIGN: Simulation series with fluorescent 3-dimensional (3D) printed sinonasal models and deidentified cadaveric heads. SETTINGS: Dedicated surgical laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cadav... |
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Strategies for managing N95 mask shortages at water resource recovery facilities during pandemics: a review
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| As the numbers of COVID-19 cases grew globally, the severe shortages of health care respiratory protective equipment impacted the ability of water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) to acquire N95 masks for worker protection. While the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) encourages WRRFs to conduct j... |
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Numerical simulation of the novel coronavirus spread in commercial aircraft cabin
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| Passengers carrying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a commercial aircraft cabin may infect other passengers and the cabin crew. In this study, a cabin model of the seven-row Airbus A320 aircraft is constructed and meshed for simulating the SARS-CoV-2 spread in the cabin with a virus ... |
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### Response:
Potential sanitizers and disinfectants for fresh fruits and vegetables: A comprehensive review
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| Fresh fruits and vegetables carry a heavy load of microorganisms which may cause the risks of food-borne illness to the consumer. Even after washing with water, there is a need for sanitization and disinfection to drop down a load of harmful microbes under the safe limit. Sanitizers and disinfectants are not only cost-... |
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Role of two-way airflow owing to temperature difference in severe acute respiratory syndrome transmission: revisiting the largest nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Hong Kong.
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| By revisiting the air distribution and bioaerosol dispersion in Ward 8A where the largest nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak occurred in Hong Kong in 2003, we found an interesting phenomenon. Although all the cubicles were in 'positive pressure' towards the corridor, the virus-containing bioae... |
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Journal of Hospital Infection A cold water, ultrasonic activated stream efficiently removes proteins and prion-associated amyloid from surgical stainless steel
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| BACKGROUND: Sterile Service Department decontamination procedures for surgical instruments struggle to demonstrate efficient removal of the hardiest infectious contaminants, such as prion proteins. A recently designed novel system, which utilises a low pressure ultrasonic activated, cold water stream, has previously de... |
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### Response:
“Endoscopy Salon” for Controlling Respiratory Droplet Spreading During Endoscopic Procedure
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| Introduction Preventing droplet dispersal is an important issue for decreasing the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) transmission rate; numerous personal protective equipment (PPE) devices have been recently developed for this. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel PPE device to prevent droplet spread during nas... |
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Splendid Isolation: A practical guide to the use of rubber dam part 2
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| Rubber dam isolation is generally considered to be the optimal method of moisture control in dentistry and is taught at the vast majority of dental schools worldwide Unfortunately, undergraduate training does not always translate into use in dental practice, with the majority of clinicians never using a rubber dam, eve... |
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### Response:
The Role of UV and Blue Light in Photo-Eradication of Microorganisms
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| Photo-eradication of microorganisms with UV and blue light has been around since the 1870s. Research to further the development and deployment of germicidal UV and violet-blue light has been on the rise since COVID-19 pandemic. This paper traces the evolution of UV and violet-blue light, presents suggested ways to expl... |
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Characterization of a novel, low-cost, scalable ozone gas system for sterilization of N95 respirators and other COVID-19 related use cases.
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an elusive and highly pathogenic agent, has resulted in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic affecting numerous populations worldwide. New studies investigating the tenacity of SARS-CoV-2 have highlighted its ability to persist on a myriad of surfaces for several d... |
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### Response:
Addressing personal protective equipment (PPE) decontamination: Methylene blue and light inactivates severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on N95 respirators and medical masks with maintenance of integrity and fit
### Res... | OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), underscoring the urgent need for simple, efficient, and inexpensive methods to decontaminate masks and respirators exposed to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We hypoth... |
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Correction to: Use of medical face masks versus particulate respirators as a component of personal protective equipment for health care workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
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| An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article. |
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Role of polymeric materials in preventing COVID-19 infection
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| The safety of personal protective equipment (PPE) is very important, and so is the choice of materials used. The ability of electrostatic charges (ESCs) generated from the friction of engineered materials to attract or repel viruses has a significant impact on their applications. This study examined the ESCs generated ... |
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3D-printed contact-free devices designed and dispatched against the COVID19 pandemic: the 3D COVID initiative
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| Abstract Contacts with public devices such as elevator buttons, beepers, telephones, computer mice and keyboards can contribute to spread viral diseases. Here we report our experience in designing, producing and dispatching three 3D-printed objected intending to lower the risks of COVID19 contamination by limiting dire... |
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### Response:
Feasibility of Reusing Surgical Mask Under Different Disinfection Treatments
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| The possibility to extend the lifespan or even reuse one-off personal protective equipment, especially for N95 respirator and surgical mask become critical during pandemic. World Health Organization has confirmed that wearing surgical mask is effective in controlling the spread of respiratory diseases in the community,... |
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### Response:
Adolescents’ face mask usage and contact transmission in novel Coronavirus
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| The global outbreak of coronavirus has become an international public health threat. Prevention is of paramount importance to contain its spread. This study observes face mask wearing behavior and contact transmission problems in Taiwan. Teachers track student status in class. In addition to measuring body temperature ... |
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### Response:
Modelling and Evaluation of the Absorption of the 866 MHz Electromagnetic Field in Humans Exposed near to Fixed I-RFID Readers Used in Medical RTLS or to Monitor PPE
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| The aim of this study was to model and evaluate the Specific Energy Absorption Rate (SAR) values in humans in proximity to fixed multi-antenna I-RFID readers of passive tags under various scenarios mimicking exposure when they are incorporated in Real-Time Location Systems (RTLS), or used to monitor Personal Protective... |
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Necessary conditions of the length and correct way of wearing of a nonmedical mask for younger Japanese women
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| Textile masks used in industrial, medical and daily settings cover the wearer?s nose and closed and open mouth. Masks have been made by different mask manufacturers as a result of the sudden shortage of masks due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, there has been no clear standard design of a mask for da... |
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Facemasks Block Lower Visual Field in Youth Ice Hockey
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| Wearing a facemask (FM) reduces the spread of COVID-19, but it also blocks a person's lower visual field. Many new public safety rules were created in response to COVID-19, including mandated FM wearing in some youth sports like youth ice hockey. We hypothesized that FM wearing in youth hockey players obstructs the low... |
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In vitro tools for orally inhaled drug products—state of the art for their application in pharmaceutical research and industry and regulatory challenges
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| The drug development process is a lengthy and expensive challenge for all involved players. Experience with the COVID-19 pandemic underlines the need for a rapid and effective approval for treatment options. As essential prerequisites for successful drug approval, a combination of high-quality studies and reliable rese... |
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Comparative analysis of the use of pyrometers and thermal imagers in sanitary barriers for screening febrile people
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| Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, many places with high traffic of people set up sanitary barriers to screening febrile people. Thermal imagers and pyrometers are the equipment commonly used to measure temperature in these barriers. In this paper, Temperature measurements performed by these instruments were compared consid... |
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ISCOSA UV-C illumination chamber for SARS-CoV-2 decontamination
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| Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) is a reliable and frequently used method to decontaminate objects. ISCOSA participated in a OSAF grant program for development of a UVC decontamination chamber to support healthcare workers in our communities. © OSA 2020 © 2020 The Author(s) |
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Contamination in Bedside Surfaces of a Hospital Ward and the Potential Effectiveness of Enhanced Disinfection with an Antimicrobial Polymer Surfactant
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| The aim in this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) surfactant in reducing surface staphylococcal contamination in a routinely operating medical ward occupied by patients who had tested positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The QAC being tested is an ... |
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Surgical masks vs respirators for the protection against coronavirus infection: state of the art
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| BACKGROUND: During the Covid-19 outbreak, a recurrent subject in scientific literature has been brought back into discussion: whether surgical masks provide a sufficient protection against airborne SARS-CoV-2 infections. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review is to summarize the available studies which have compared ... |
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Predictive and retrospective modelling of airborne infection risk using monitored carbon dioxide
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| The risk of long range, herein ‘airborne', infection needs to be better understood and is especially urgent during the COVID-19 pandemic. We present a method to determine the relative risk of airborne transmission that can be readily deployed with either modelled or monitored CO2 data and occupancy levels within an ind... |
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Application failure mode effect analysis on 3D printing COVID-19 face mask
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| The condition of the Covid 19 virus outbreak in the world, especially in Indonesia in early 2021, is still experiencing an increase, although in terms of the percentage it has decreased compared to before Health protocols according to WHO recommendations by using masks, washing hands with soap in water flow and social ... |
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From containment to harm reduction from SARS-CoV-2: a fabric mask for enhanced effectiveness, comfort, and compliance
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| Although the COVID-19 pandemic shows no signs of abating, public health strategies have transitioned from containment to harm reduction. In light of this paradigm shift, it is critical that individuals take steps to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. In the United States, the CDC recommen... |
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Pathogen Control in the Built Environment: A Probiotic-Based System as a Remedy for the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
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| The high and sometimes inappropriate use of disinfectants and antibiotics has led to alarming levels of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and to high water and hearth pollution, which today represent major threats for public health. Furthermore, the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has deeply influenced our sanitization habits... |
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Clinical Efficacy of Novel Patient-Covering Negative-Pressure Box for Shielding Virus Transmission during Esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A Prospective Observational Study
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| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has a high risk of virus transmission during the current coronavirus disease 2019 era, and preventive measures are under investigation. We investigated the effectiveness of a newly developed patient-covering negative-pressure box system (Endo barrier(®)) (EB) for EGD. Eighty consecutive... |
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Biodegradable and multifunctional surgical face masks: A brief review on demands during COVID-19 pandemic, recent developments, and future perspectives
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| Providing the greater public with the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is time-consuming and research-intensive; intermediately, some essential ways to reduce the transmission include social distancing, personal hygiene, testing, contact tracing, and universal masking. The data suggests that universal masking,... |
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Transport and evaporation of virus-containing droplets exhaled by men and women in typical cough events
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| The spreading of the virus-containing droplets exhaled during respiratory events, e.g., cough, is an issue of paramount importance for the prevention of many infections such as COVID-19. According to the scientific literature, remarkable differences can be ascribed to several parameters that govern such complex and mul... |
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Assessing the Impact of Mask Usage on COVID-19 Transmission Using a Computer Simulation
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| Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is highly contagious and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Mask usage has been advocated by health professionals to minimize its spread. Thus, it is important to develop a simulation that models SARS-CoV-2 spread in indoor environments to evaluate mask usage effecti... |
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Disinfection of Respiratory Protective Equipment in OHSE - H2S Practical Trainings
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| INTRODUCTION:: The COVID-19 Pandemic has caused greatest impact to the business framework across the globe. Each company depends on their strategy, they developed their pandemic business continuity management. Like other industry, the OHSE Education and Training organizations have faced similar challenges especially to... |
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Eight weeks later-the unprecedented rise of 3D printing during the COVID-19 pandemic-A case study, lessons learned, and implications on the future of global decentralized manufacturing
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| The eruption of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (corona virus disease, COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, and its global spread has led to an exponentially growing number of infected patients, currently exceeding over 6.6 million and over 390,000 deaths as of the 5th of June 2020. In this pande... |
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Development and application of a polymicrobial, in vitro, wound biofilm model.
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| AIMS The goal of this investigation was to develop an in vitro, polymicrobial, wound biofilm capable of supporting the growth of bacteria with variable oxygen requirements. METHODS AND RESULTS The strict anaerobe Clostridium perfringens was isolated by cultivating wound homogenates using the drip-flow reactor (DFR), an... |
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Decontamination of respirators amid shortages due to SARS-CoV-2
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| The pandemic created by SARS-CoV-2 has caused a shortage in the supplies of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), disposable respirators with at least 95% efficiency to remove non-oily airborne particles, due to increasing cases all over the world. The current article reviewed various possible decontamination met... |
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Aerosol generation from different wind instruments
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| The potential airborne transmission of COVID-19 has raised significant concerns regarding the safety of musical activities involving wind instruments. However, currently, there is a lack of systematic study and quantitative information of the aerosol generation during these instruments, which is crucial for offering ri... |
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### Response:
Assessing the potential of unmanned aerial vehicle spraying of aqueous ozone as an outdoor disinfectant for SARS-CoV-2
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| The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed gaps in our understanding of safe, effective and efficient means of disinfecting high use public spaces. Whilst this creates an opportunity for development and application of innovative approaches such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based disinfection, unregulated outdoor disinfecti... |
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### Response:
The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity
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| BACKGROUND: Facemasks are recommended to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but concern about inadequate gas exchange is an often cited reason for non-compliance. RESEARCH QUESTION: Among adult volunteers, do either cloth masks or surgical masks impair oxygenation or ventilation either at rest or during physical activity... |
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Development of Electrospun Nanofibrous Filters for Controlling Coronavirus Aerosols
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| Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 plays a critical role in spreading COVID-19. To protect public health, we designed and fabricated electrospun nanofibrous air filters that hold promise for applications in personal protective equipment (PPE) and the indoor environment. Due to ultrafine nanofibers (∼300 nm), the elect... |
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### Response:
Effectiveness of bacterial disinfectants on surfaces of mechanical ventilator systems.
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| BACKGROUND Pathogens in healthcare settings can be transmitted via skin contact and environmental media. This study investigates bacterial contamination rate on surfaces of mechanical ventilator systems and bedside equipment. An experimental study evaluates the effectiveness of 75% alcohol in killing bacteria on surfac... |
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### Response:
Extensive use of face masks during COVID-19 pandemic: (micro-)plastic pollution and potential health concerns in the Arabian Peninsula
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| Face masks are primary line of defense to reduce the transmission risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). World Health Organization (WHO) has already updated the guidelines and advised the use of face masks in public areas essentially. This has dramatically increased the production and use... |
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### Response:
Do increased flow rates in displacement ventilation always lead to better results?
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| Indoor ventilation is essential for a healthy and comfortable living environment. A key issue is to discharge anthropogenic air contamination such as CO\(_2\) gas or, of potentially more direct consequence, airborne respiratory droplets. Here, by employing direct numerical simulations, we study mechanical displacement ... |
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### Response:
Child and parent preferences for the appearance of dentists with respect to personal protective equipment in paediatric dentistry
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| BACKGROUND: Personal protective equipment (PPE) gained particular importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. AIM: To assess child and parent preferences for dentists' appearance concerning their PPE and to determine the relationship between the child and parent preferences. DESIGN: A total of 250 children aged 6-12 years... |
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### Response:
A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the safety, fit, comfort of a novel N95 mask in children
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| Children are more vulnerable to the risks of air pollution, including susceptibility to acquiring chronic diseases in their developing lungs. Despite these, there are no specific masks designed for and tested in children that are available to protect our young from the common particulate air pollutants today. We evalua... |
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### Response:
The Muffling of Healthcare: Assessing the Impact of Personal Protective Equipment on Speaking Volume in an Endoscopy Centre.
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| Personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial in the COVID-19 epidemic[1] but muffle speech, with potential for medical error. While wearing Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) adds 76 Db of background noise to the user[2], objectively quantifying this effect remains a knowledge gap with implications on human fact... |
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### Response:
Reusable MoS2-Modified Antibacterial Fabrics with Photothermal Disinfection Properties for Repurposing of Personal Protective Masks
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| The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has seen a widespread use of personal protective equipment, especially face masks. This has created the need to develop better and reusable protective masks with built-in antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and aerosol filtration properties to prevent the transmission of air-borne pa... |
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