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Regulatory T cells are identified by expression of CD3, CD4, CD25, and FOXP3.
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| What are the markers used to identify regulatory T cells? |
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Pembrolizumab works as an immunostimulant by targeting the PD-1 receptor. PD-1 is a protein found on the surface of certain immune cells that helps to regulate the immune response. By blocking the PD-1 receptor, pembrolizumab can help to activate the immun... | How does pembrolizumab work as an immunostimulant? |
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Memory B cells are a type of mature, differentiated B cell that are produced by the immune system in response to an initial infection or immunization. These cells are characterized by the presence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, or IgE, which are an... | What are memory B cells, and how are they characterized in terms of their surface markers? |
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The Hepatitis B vaccine is a subunit vaccine that contains recombinant HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen).
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| What type of vaccine is administered to prevent Hepatitis B infection? |
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Live, attenuated vaccines are known to induce a strong and often lifelong immunity against the targeted pathogen.
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| Among different types of vaccines, which one is known to elicit a robust and long-lasting immune response? |
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Subunit vaccines are a type of vaccine that includes only the antigens that are most efficient at stimulating the immune system.
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| What is the term used to describe a vaccine that contains only the specific antigens that are most effective at triggering an immune response? |
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The type of selection that allows the survival of T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells is called positive selection.
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| What is the name of the type of selection that allows the survival of T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells? |
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MHC II is the class of major histocompatibility complex that is expressed only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These cells include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, which are responsible for presenting exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells. MHC I... | What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class that is exclusively expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? |
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MHC II is the major histocompatibility complex class that is associated with the gene products of HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR. These genes encode the alpha and beta chains that make up the MHC II molecule. MHC II molecules are expressed on the surface of an... | Which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class is associated with the gene products of HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR? |
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The type of influenza vaccine that can stimulate a CD8+ T-cell response is the live intranasal vaccine. This vaccine contains weakened live viruses that can still replicate in the nasal passages and stimulate both the humoral and cellular immune responses.... | What type of influenza vaccine can stimulate a CD8+ T-cell response? |
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The two immunoglobulin isotypes that are expressed by mature, naive B-cells are IgM and IgD. Naive B-cells are B-cells that have not yet encountered an antigen, and they express both IgM and IgD on their surface as part of the B-cell receptor complex. Thes... | What are the immunoglobulin isotypes that are expressed by mature, naive B-cells? |
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The immunoglobulin that has the highest avidity is IgM. Avidity refers to the strength of binding between an antibody and its antigen. IgM is a pentameric antibody that has ten antigen-binding sites, which allows it to bind to multiple epitopes on an antig... | Among the immunoglobulins, which one has the highest avidity? |
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The immunoglobulin that has the highest affinity for antigens is IgG. Affinity refers to the strength of binding between an antibody and a single epitope on an antigen. IgG is a monomeric antibody that has two antigen-binding sites, which allows it to bind... | Among the immunoglobulins, which one has the highest affinity for antigens? |
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Helper T cells express the cell surface protein CD40L. CD40L, also known as CD154, is a co-stimulatory molecule that is involved in the activation of B cells and other immune cells. When a helper T cell recognizes a foreign antigen presented by an antigen-... | What type of immune cell expresses the cell surface protein CD40L? |
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The poliovirus vaccine that provides group immunity through person-to-person contact is called the Sabin vaccine.
The Sabin vaccine, also known as the oral polio vaccine (OPV), is a type of vaccine that is administered orally and contains a weakened form ... | What is the name of the poliovirus vaccine that provides group immunity through person-to-person contact? |
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The epitope of the antigen needs to be preserved to elicit an immune response when given as an inactivated or killed vaccine.
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| Which part of an antigen needs to be conserved to generate an immune response when administered as an inactivated or killed vaccine? |
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The class of helper T cell that recruits eosinophils for parasite defense is Th2.
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| Which class of helper T cell is responsible for recruiting eosinophils for parasite defense? |
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The class of helper T cell that promotes humoral immunity is Th2.
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| Which class of helper T cell is responsible for promoting humoral immunity? |
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The class of helper T cell that promotes cell-mediated immunity is Th1.
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| Which class of helper T cell is responsible for promoting cell-mediated immunity? |
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The class of helper T cell that helps maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions is Regulatory T (TReg) cells.
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| Which class of helper T cell helps maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions? |
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The vaccines used for Hepatitis B and HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 are recombinant vaccines. Recombinant vaccines are made by inserting genetic material from a pathogen into a harmless virus or bacterium, which is then used to stimulate an immune response. This type ... | What type of vaccines are used for Hepatitis B and HPV 6, 11, 16, 18? |
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The specific recombinant protein used in the vaccine for Hepatitis B Virus is HbsAg. HbsAg stands for hepatitis B surface antigen, which is a protein found on the surface of the virus. By using a recombinant version of this protein, the vaccine is able to ... | What is the specific recombinant protein used in the vaccine for Hepatitis B Virus? |
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The quadrivalent vaccine Gardasil protects against HPV types 6,11,16,18.
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| Which HPV types are protected against by the quadrivalent vaccine Gardasil? |
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The PPSV23 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine induces immunization via a T-cell independent B-cell response mechanism.
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| What type of immune response mechanism does the PPSV23 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine use to induce immunization? |
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The PCV13 conjugate polysaccharide vaccine induces immunization via a T-cell dependent B-cell response mechanism.
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| What is the mechanism by which the PCV13 conjugate polysaccharide vaccine induces immunization? |
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The MMR vaccine can be given to HIV+ patients with CD4 counts > 200.
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| What is the CD4 count required for HIV+ patients to receive the MMR vaccine? |
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The purpose of conjugating some killed vaccines to a protein is to elicit a stronger immune response, such as immunologic memory.
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| What is the purpose of conjugating some killed vaccines to a protein? |
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Rituximab targets B cells by binding to the CD20 surface antigen.
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| What is the target of Rituximab in B cells, and how does it bind to it? |
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Rituximab binds to CD20 molecules on B-cells and tags them for destruction by natural killer cells through a process called antibody dependent cytotoxicity.
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| How does Rituximab work to target B-cells, and what is the process by which it tags them for natural killer cells? |
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Ipilimumab and pembrolizumab are monoclonal antibody medications that work by downregulating immune tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, they help to activate the immune system and enhance the body's ability to fight cancer cells.
Ipilimumab targets CTLA-... | How do ipilimumab and pembrolizumab work, and what are their respective targets? |
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Prior BCG vaccination does not influence the results of the Interferon-gamma release assay. The Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) is a blood test that is used to detect tuberculosis (TB) infection. Unlike the TB skin test, the IGRA measures the immune ... | How is prior BCG vaccination related to the Interferon-gamma release assay? |
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In flow cytometry, antibodies are tagged with a unique fluorescent dye, which is detected and counted during analysis to identify and quantify the cells that express the target protein.
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| What is the purpose of tagging antibodies with a unique substance in flow cytometry, and what type of substance is commonly used for this purpose? |
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A single IgM molecule can bind up to 10 identical antigens. IgM is the largest antibody molecule and is the first antibody produced in response to an infection. It is composed of five units, each containing two antigen-binding sites, giving a total of 10 b... | What is the number of identical antigens that a single IgM molecule can bind? |
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A single cell expresses six different classes of MHC class I molecules. MHC class I molecules are cell surface proteins that present peptides derived from intracellular proteins to CD8+ T cells. These peptides are generated by the cell's own proteasome and... | What is the number of MHC class I expressed on a single cell? |
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Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody against the IL4 receptor alpha subunit.
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| What is the target of Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody? |
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Yes, there is a vaccine available for hepatitis A. The hepatitis A vaccine is a highly effective way to prevent infection with the virus. The vaccine is typically given in two doses, with the second dose administered 6 to 12 months after the first dose. Th... | Is there a vaccine available for hepatitis A? |
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Yes, adaptive immunity has a memory response. When the body is exposed to a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, the adaptive immune system produces specific antibodies and immune cells to fight the infection. After the infection is cleared, some of thes... | Is there a memory response in adaptive immunity? |
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No, exposure to thymus-independent antigens does not typically result in the development of immunologic memory. Thymus-independent antigens are antigens that can activate B cells without the assistance of T cells. Because they do not require T cells to bec... | Does exposure to thymus-independent antigens result in the development of immunologic memory? |
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Yes, exposure to thymus-dependent antigens typically results in the development of immunologic memory. Thymus-dependent antigens are antigens that require the assistance of T cells to become activated. When T cells are activated, they can help B cells prod... | Does exposure to thymus-dependent antigens result in the development of immunologic memory? |
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To determine the clonality of B lymphocytes, researchers can analyze the phenotype of the Immunoglobulin Light Chain. This involves looking at the specific type of light chain that is expressed on the surface of the B cells, as well as the pattern of expre... | How can the clonality of B lymphocytes be determined, and what specific phenotype is typically analyzed for this purpose? |
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The cytokines that mediate class switching of IgM in the immune system, along with CD40L, are produced by T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Th2 cells are a type of immune cell that play a key role in regulating the immune response to allergens and parasitic infectio... | What type of cells produce the cytokines that mediate class switching of IgM in the immune system, along with CD40L? |
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Basiliximab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the IL-2 receptor. This receptor is found on the surface of certain immune cells, including T cells, and plays a key role in the activation and proliferation of these cells. By blocking the IL-2 receptor, ba... | Which receptor does basiliximab block as a monoclonal antibody? |
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Antigenic variation in influenza viruses can occur due to antigenic drift or antigenic shift.
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| What are the two types of antigenic variation that can occur in influenza viruses? |
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Antigen independent antibody diversity is generated via random combination of heavy and light chains.
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| How is antigen independent antibody diversity generated? |
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The enzyme responsible for generating antigen-independent antibody diversity by inserting random nucleotides during V(D)J recombination is terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt).
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| What is the enzyme responsible for generating antigen-independent antibody diversity by inserting random nucleotides during V(D)J recombination? |
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Antigen-independent antibody diversity is generated by VJ gene recombination in light chains.
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| In what type of chains is antigen-independent antibody diversity generated by VJ gene recombination? |
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Antigen-independent antibody diversity is generated by V(D)J gene recombination in heavy chains.
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| In what type of chains is antigen-independent antibody diversity generated by V(D)J gene recombination? |
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Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against the cell surface marker CD52, which is expressed by lymphocytes.
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| What is the specific cell surface marker that Alemtuzumab targets as a monoclonal antibody, and which type of cells express this marker? |
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B cells contain markers CD19, CD20, CD21 and mature into plasma cells. Their function is to produce antibodies. TH cells contain markers CD3 and CD4 and their function is to regulate immune responses. Cytotoxic T cells contain markers CD3 and CD8 and their... | What are the functions and markers of B and T cells, TH cells, Cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells in the immune system? How do T cells bind to antigens? |
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No. The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses and, therefore, vaccines for human seasonal flu would not provide protection from H1N1 swine flu viruses.
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| Is the H1N1 swine flu virus the same as human H1N1 viruses? |
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A live attenuated VZV Oka/Merck strain vaccine is available and is marketed in the United States under the trade name Varivax. It was developed by Merck, Sharp & Dohme in the 1980s from the Oka strain virus isolated and attenuated by Michiaki Takahashi and... | What is the virus known as Varicella-Zoster? |
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B cell recognition of antigen is not the only element necessary for B cell activation (a combination of clonal proliferation and terminal differentiation into plasma cells). B cells that have not been exposed to antigen, also known as Naive B cells, can be... | To what is B referring? |
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Although at the present moment there are no antiviral treatments for poliovirus, vaccination has shown to be an effective approach towards the eradication of the virus. Future studies are required in order to evaluate the best approach for immunization of ... | What are the potential or experimental treatments for polio in the future? |
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Blood cell lineage Alternate stain of a basophil Basophil
Template:Blood
v t e Immunology: lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation ... | What is a basophil, and under which category of white blood cells does it fall? |
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Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphoma in the second- or third-line settings. CAR-T therapy is curr... | What are the prospective or experimental treatments for multiple myeloma in the future? |
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There is currently no preventive measure that can be taken against type 1 diabetes. Most people affected by type 1 diabetes are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs, but they can lose weight quickly and dangerously, if not diagnosed ... | What is the primary way to prevent type 1 diabetes mellitus? |
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APCs fall into two categories: professional or non-professional.
Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime ... | Could you explain the meaning of "an antigen-presenting cell"? |
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All these events occur in the highly "eventful" germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, within the lymph nodes.
Some of the resulting paratopes (and the cells elaborating them) have a better affinity for the antigen (actually, the epitope) and are more lik... | What does B cell memory mean? |
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Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response. Successful recognition and eradication of many different types of microbes requires diversity among antibodies; their amino acid composition varies allowing them to interact with many different antig... | What is the explanation for the diversity of antibodies and immunoglobulins? |
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There is currently no vaccine in advanced development to prevent Zika virus infection.
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| Are there any treatments or experimental therapies being developed for Zika virus infection in the future? |
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Abciximab, ReoPro @, is the Fab fragment of the chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody 7E3. Abciximab binds to the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor of human platelets and inhibits platelet aggregation. The chimeric 7E3 antibody is produced by continu... | Could you please provide some information about Abciximab? |
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Considerations for travellers for Hepatitis E vaccination Type of vaccine Recombinant vaccine based on genotype 1 capsid protein which cross-protects against all 4 genotypes of hepatitis E virus of human relevance. Number of doses 3 (administered intramusc... | What is the primary method of preventing Hepatitis E? |
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Monocytes can be used to generate dendritic cells in vitro.
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| What is the explanation for monocytes and dendritic cells? |
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B: Cross-presentation
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| Q:A group of scientists is studying the mechanism by which the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine confers immunity. They observe that during the inoculation of test subjects, mammals with certain viral proteins result in the organism’s antigen-presenting cells (APCs) absorbing the antigen and presenting it on major his... |
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A: gp120
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| Q:A physician scientist is looking for a more efficient way to treat HIV. Patients infected with HIV mount a humoral immune response by producing antibodies against the HIV envelope proteins. These antibodies are the same antibodies detected by the ELISA and western blot assays used to diagnose the disease. The physici... |
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C: Mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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| Q:During an experiment, the immunophenotypes of different cells in a sample are determined. The cells are labeled with fluorescent antibodies specific to surface proteins, and a laser is then focused on the samples. The intensity of fluorescence created by the laser beam is then plotted on a scatter plot. The result sh... |
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B: Total lack of B and T cells
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| Q:A biology graduate student is performing an experiment in the immunology laboratory. He is researching the recombination activation genes RAG1 and RAG2 in order to verify the function of these genes. He then decides to carry out the experiment on knock-out mice so that these genes will be turned off. Which of the fol... |
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C: Antigenic variation
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| Q:A group of researchers conducted various studies on hepatitis C incidence and prevalence. They noticed that there is a high prevalence of hepatitis C in third-world countries, where it has a significant impact on the quality of life of the infected individual. The research group made several attempts to produce a vac... |
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Fit-for-Purpose Validation and Establishment of Assay Acceptance and Reporting Criteria of Dendritic Cell Activation Assay Contributing to the Assessment of Immunogenicity Risk.
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| Validation of key analytical and functional performance characteristics of in vitro immunogenicity risk assessment assays increases our confidence in utilizing them for screening biotherapeutics. Herein, we present a fit-for-purpose (FFP) validation of a dendritic cell (DC) activation assay designed to assess the immun... |
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Developmental Results of a Vaccine against Salmonella-Induced Equine Abortion
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| An inactivated vaccine based on the Sal. abortus equi BN-12 strain with the Bac. subtilis TNP-3 strain filtrate used as immunomodulator has been developed in order to prevent salmonella-induced equine abortion. Preclinical and clinical trials with the white mice and the horses, respectively, are carried out. The lack o... |
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Lung-resident memory B cells established after pulmonary influenza infection display distinct transcriptional and phenotypic profiles.
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| Recent studies have established that memory B cells, largely thought to be circulatory in the blood, can take up long-term residency in inflamed tissues, analogous to widely described tissue-resident T cells. The dynamics of recruitment and retention of memory B cells to tissues and their immunological purpose remains ... |
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Assessment of intestinal macromolecular absorption in young piglets to pave the way to oral vaccination: preliminary results
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| The small intestine of the piglet has evolved to be permeable immediately after birth to facilitate the uptake of colostrum-derived immunoglobulins as well as other macromolecules, and cells. However, the precise timing of gut closure in today’s precocious pig is not known. We gavaged piglets immediately after birth an... |
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Meeting Report: Vaccine Stability Considerations to Enable Rapid Development and Deployment
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| The Stability Community of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) held a virtual workshop on “Vaccine Stability Considerations to Enable Rapid Development and Deployment”, on March 24-25, 2021. The workshop included distinguished speakers and panelists from across the industry, academia, regulator... |
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Integrin Activation Enables Sensitive Detection of Functional CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells: Application to Characterize SARS-CoV-2 Immunity
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| We have previously shown that conformational change in the ß2-integrin is a very early activation marker that can be detected with fluorescent multimers of its ligand intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 for rapid assessment of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In this study, we describe a modified protocol of this as... |
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Future Path Toward TB Vaccine Development: Boosting BCG or Re-educating by a New Subunit Vaccine
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| Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), kills 5,000 people per day globally. Rapid development and spread of various multi drug-resistant strains of Mtb emphasize that an effective vaccine is still the most cost-effectives and efficient way of controlling and eradicating TB.... |
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Cytotoxic T-Cell-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A Hybrid Immunoinformatic Approach
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| This paper presents an alternative vaccination platform that provides long-term cellular immune protection mediated by cytotoxic T-cells. The immune response via cellular immunity creates superior resistance to viral mutations, which are currently the greatest threat to the global vaccination campaign. Furthermore, we ... |
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Immune Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccination against and Clearance of Mucosal and Lymphatic Norovirus Infection
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| Two cardinal manifestations of viral immunity are efficient clearance of acute infection and the capacity to vaccinate against secondary viral exposure. For noroviruses, the contributions of T cells to viral clearance and vaccination have not been elucidated. We report here that both CD4 and CD8 T cells are required fo... |
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Construction and Immunogenicity of Modified mRNA-Vaccine Variants Encoding Influenza Virus Antigens
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| Nucleic acid-based influenza vaccines are a promising platform that have recently and rapidly developed. We previously demonstrated the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding artificial immunogens AgH1, AgH3, and AgM2, which contained conserved fragments of the hemagglutinin stem of two subtypes of influenza A—H1N1 an... |
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Structural Basis of a Conventional Recognition Mode of IGHV1-69 Rheumatoid Factors.
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| Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are autoantibodies that recognize the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Genetically diverse RFs are produced in rheumatoid arthritis patients; however, in hematologic diseases, such as cryoglobulinemia and B cell lymphoma, RFs from a limited combination of heavy cha... |
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Effective pressure and treatment duration of high hydrostatic pressure to prepare melanoma vaccines.
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| Current therapeutic methods for melanoma have numerous limitations, and thus the improvement of such treatment methods are essential. One possible option is the vaccination of autologous inactivated tumor cells. The primary indispensable principles of a cell-based melanoma vaccine include: i) Entire inactivation of mel... |
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Targeted protein degradation at the host-pathogen interface.
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| Infectious diseases remain a major burden to global health. Despite implementation of successful vaccination campaigns and efficient drugs, the increasing emergence of pathogenic vaccine or treatment resistance demands novel therapeutic strategies. The development of traditional therapies using small molecule drugs is ... |
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Flow Cytometry and T-Cell Response Monitoring after Smallpox Vaccination
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| Orthopoxvirus zoonosis or smallpox as result of bioterrorism or biological warfare represents a risk for epidemic spread. By monitoring T-cell responses by flow cytometry, we observed a recall response after recent vaccination against smallpox. When the high similarity between the orthopoxviruses is considered, this ra... |
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Vero cell upstream bioprocess development for the production of viral vectors and vaccines
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| The Vero cell line is considered the most used continuous cell line for the production of viral vectors and vaccines. Historically, it is the first cell line that was approved by the WHO for the production of human vaccines. Comprehensive experimental data on the production of many viruses using the Vero cell line can ... |
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Detection and quantification of anti-rabies glycoprotein antibodies: current state and perspectives
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| ABSTRACT: Rabies is an ancient fatal disease with no other available treatment than post-exposure vaccination, where the bite of infected animals, mainly dogs, is the leading cause of its transmission to human beings. In this context, global vaccination campaigns of companion animals, as well as wildlife reservoirs vac... |
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Senescent BALB/c mice are able to develop resistance to Leishmania major infection.
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| Aging has been associated with a decline in immunocompetence and resistance to infections, partially due to dysregulated NO production by macrophages and deficits in mounting Th2 cell responses. We wondered if these alterations would reverse the immune response in experimental leishmaniasis. Bone-marrow-derived macroph... |
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A formulated poly (I:C)/CCL21 as an effective mucosal adjuvant for gamma-irradiated influenza vaccine
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| BACKGROUND: Several studies on gamma-irradiated influenza A virus (γ-Flu) have revealed its superior efficacy for inducing homologous and heterologous virus-specific immunity. However, many inactivated vaccines, notably in nasal delivery, require adjuvants to increase the quality and magnitude of vaccine responses. MET... |
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Kinetics of the in vitro antibody response to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus from pig mesenteric lymph node cells, using the ELISASPOT and ELISA tests
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| Abstract A method is described for in vitro studies of viral humoral immune responses in the pig. After oral immunization with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) coronavirus, antibody production from primed mesenteric lymph node cells was revealed by an in vitro boost with viral antigen. For the latter the leukocytes ... |
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CD8+ T Cells Responding to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Delivered by Vaccinia Virus MVA in Mice
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| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel infectious agent causing severe respiratory disease and death in humans, was first described in 2012. Antibodies directed against the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein are thought to play a major role in controlling MERS-CoV infection and in mediating vaccine-in... |
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Know thy immune self and non‐self: Proteomics informs on the expanse of self and non‐self, and how and where they arise
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| T cells play an important role in the adaptive immune response to a variety of infections and cancers. Initiation of a T cell mediated immune response requires antigen recognition in a process termed MHC (major histocompatibility complex) restri ction. A T cell antigen is a composite structure made up of a peptide frag... |
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MDCK and Vero cells for influenza virus vaccine production: a one-to-one comparison up to lab-scale bioreactor cultivation
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| Over the last decade, adherent MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) and Vero cells have attracted considerable attention for production of cell culture-derived influenza vaccines. While numerous publications deal with the design and the optimization of corresponding upstream processes, one-to-one comparisons of these cell ... |
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Antigen-experienced CXCR5- CD19low B cells are plasmablast precursors expanded in SLE
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| OBJECTIVES: Altered composition of the B cell compartment in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by expanded plasmablast (PB) and IgD- CD27- double negative (DN) B cell populations. Previous studies showed that DN B cells represent a heterogeneous subset and further characterization ... |
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A Narrative Review of the W, X, Y, E, and NG of Meningococcal Disease: Emerging Capsular Groups, Pathotypes, and Global Control
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| Neisseria meningitidis, carried in the human nasopharynx asymptomatically by ~10% of the population, remains a leading cause of meningitis and rapidly fatal sepsis, usually in otherwise healthy individuals. The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) varies substantially by geography and over time and is n... |
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Novel Protein-Based Vaccine against Self-Antigen Reduces the Formation of Sporadic Colon Adenomas in Mice
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| SIMPLE SUMMARY: Colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. However, high-risk populations with a genetic predisposition for colorectal cancer could benefit greatly from novel and efficacious immunopreventive strategies that afford long-lasting protection. The achaete-scute family b... |
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Allo-priming as a universal anti-viral vaccine: protecting elderly from current COVID-19 and any future unknown viral outbreak
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| BACKGROUND: We present the rationale for a novel allo-priming approach to serve the elderly as a universal anti-virus vaccine, as well serving to remodel the aging immune system in order to reverse immunosenescence and inflammaging. This approach has the potential to protect the most vulnerable from disease and provide... |
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Comparison of Antibodies Hydrolyzing Myelin Basic Protein from the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
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| It was found that antibodies (Abs) against myelin basic protein (MBP) are the major components of the antibody response in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We have recently shown that IgGs from sera of MS patients are active in the hydrolysis of MBP. However, in literature there are no available data concerning possib... |
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Design of a Multi-epitope Vaccine Against Acinetobacter baumannii Using Immunoinformatics Approach
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| Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most successful pathogens causing nosocomial infections and has significantly multidrug-resistant. So far, there are no certain treatments to protect against infection with A. baumannii, therefore an effective A. baumannii vaccine needed. The purpose of this study was to predict an... |
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Broad and ultra-potent cross-clade neutralization of HIV-1 by a vaccine-induced CD4 binding site bovine antibody
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| Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccination of cows has elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are isolated from a clade A (KNH1144 and BG505) vaccinated cow using a heterologous clade B antigen (AD8). CD4 binding site (CD4bs) bNAb (MEL-1872) is more po... |
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Towards new TB vaccines
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death attributed to a single infectious organism. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the standard vaccine against M. tuberculosis, is thought to prevent only 5% of all vaccine-preventable deaths due to tuberculosis, thus an alternative vaccine is required. One of the... |
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Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara as a Viral Vector for Vaccine Candidates against Chikungunya Virus
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| There is a need to develop a highly effective vaccine against the emerging chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne Alphavirus that causes severe disease in humans consisting of acute febrile illness, followed by chronic debilitating polyarthralgia and polyarthritis. In this review, we provide a brief history of the... |
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Including 793/B type avian infectious bronchitis vaccine in 1-day-old chicken increased the protection against QX genotype
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| Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly infectious pathogen, which affects the respiratory tract, reproductive system, and kidney of chickens. Many different genotypes of IBV are recognized which cause different clinical manifestations. According to the antigenic differences, different serotypes of the virus do n... |
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