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We have 14 siblings in our family , at least 10 of us has had a frozen shoulder. We are wondering why? should we be concerned? | instruction | 0 | 84 | 78 | 252 |
Frozen shoulder may develop without a known cause. It is more likely to occur in people who have thyroid disease, diabetes, had shoulder injury, are unable to move their arm due to cast or stroke, and in women undergoing menopause. Most people have a full recovery with full range of motion. | output | 1 | 84 | 78 | 253 |
Frozen shoulder - aftercare: A frozen shoulder is shoulder pain that leads to stiffness of your shoulder. Often the pain and stiffness are present all the time. The capsule of the shoulder joint is made of strong tissue (ligaments) that hold the shoulder bones to each other. When the capsule becomes inflamed, the shoulder bones cannot move freely in the joint. This condition is called frozen shoulder. Frozen shoulder may develop with no known cause. It can also occur in people who: - Have thyroid disease, diabetes, or are going through menopause - Have a shoulder injury - Have had a stroke that makes them unable to use their arm - Have a cast on their arm that holds their arm in one position Symptoms of frozen shoulder often follow this pattern: - At first, you have a lot of pain, or a freezing feeling that prevents you from moving your arm. - Then your shoulder becomes very stiff and hard to move, but the pain lessens. It becomes hard to reach over your head or behind you. - Finally, the pain goes away and you can use your arm again. This is the thawing phase and can take months to end. It can take a few months to go through these stages of frozen shoulder. The shoulder can get very painful and stiff before it starts to loosen. It can take as long as 18 to 24 months for complete healing. To help speed healing, your health care provider will likely do the following: - Teach you exercises to restore motion in your shoulder joint. - Refer you to a physical therapist. - Prescribe medicines for you to take by mouth. These include drugs to reduce pain and inflammation in the shoulder joint. You may also receive a shot of anti-inflammatory drug directly into the joint. Most people have a full recovery with full range of motion without surgery. Using moist heat on your shoulder 3 to 4 times a day may help relieve some pain and stiffness. For pain, you can use ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), or acetaminophen (Tylenol). You can buy these pain medicines at the store. - Talk with your provider before using these medicines if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney disease, or have had stomach ulcers or internal bleeding in the past. - DO NOT take more than the amount recommended on the bottle or by your provider. Get help setting up your home so that you can get to everything you need without reaching above your shoulders or behind your back. - Keep the clothes that you wear most often in drawers and shelves that are between your waist and shoulder level. - Store food in cupboards, drawers, and refrigerator shelves that are between your waist and shoulder level. Get help with house cleaning, taking out the garbage, gardening, and other household tasks. DO NOT lift heavy things or do activities that require a lot of shoulder and arm strength. You will learn some simple exercises and stretches for your shoulder. - At first, try to do these exercises once every hour, or at least 4 times a day. - It is more important to do the exercises often than to do them for a long time each time you do them. - Use moist heat before the exercises to help lessen pain and increase movement. - The exercises should focus on stretching of the shoulder and range of motion. - Avoid exercises to strengthen your shoulder until the range of motion has returned. Some of the exercises are: - Shoulder stretches - Pendulum - Wall crawl - Rope and pulley stretches - Movements to help with internal and external rotation, such as hand behind back Your provider or physical therapist will show you how to do these exercises. Call your doctor if: - The pain in your shoulder is getting worse - You re-injure your arm or shoulder - Your frozen shoulder is making you feel sad or depressed Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | input | 2 | 84 | 78 | 254 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you... | instruction | 0 | 237 | 78 | 711 |
resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy | output | 1 | 237 | 78 | 712 |
What are the treatments for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy?: These resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: - Cleveland Clinic - Gene Review: Gene Review: Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Overview - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1C - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1H - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2D - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2J - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2L - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C1 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C3 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C4 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C5 - Johns Hopkins Medicine - LGMD-Diagnosis.org These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care | input | 2 | 237 | 78 | 713 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you... | instruction | 0 | 239 | 78 | 717 |
Management of Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD. The guidelines for treatment of LGMD developed by the American Academy of Neurology include: weight control to avoid obesity, physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent tightening of the muscles, use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. | output | 1 | 239 | 78 | 718 |
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders which affect the voluntary muscles around the hips and shoulders. The conditions are progressive, leading to a loss of muscle strength and bulk over a number of years. Onset may occur in childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, or even later. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. [1] Most forms of limb girdle muscular dystrophy are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Several rare forms are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. [2] While there are no treatments which directly reverse the muscle weakness associated with this condition, supportive treatment can decrease the complications. [3] There are at least 20 different types of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. [1] Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is most often inherited in an autosomal recessive manner; less commonly, rare sub-types may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. There may be difficulties diagnosing the condition accurately, and often the mode of inheritance cannot be determined. Therefore, it may be challenging to determine the exact recurrence risks for some families. Establishing the type of LGMD in an affected individual can be useful for discussing the clinical course of the disease as well as for determining who else in the family may be at risk for the condition. [4] Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional. Testing Resources Orphanet lists international laboratories offering diagnostic testing for this condition. Unfortunately, no definitive treatments for LGMD exist. Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: [5] [6] Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . [5] [6] While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. [6] Management Guidelines The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the medical specialty society of neurologists, offers a summary of recommended guidelines for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety. The following diseases are related to Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. If you have a question about any of these diseases, you can contact GARD. Epidermolysa bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1A Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1D Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1E Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1F Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1G Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1H Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2F Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2K Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2L Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2M Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2N Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2O Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2Q Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2S Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2T Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2C Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2D Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2G Muscular dystrophy Progressive muscular dystrophy | input | 2 | 239 | 78 | 719 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you... | instruction | 0 | 240 | 78 | 720 |
Management of Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD. The guidelines for treatment of LGMD developed by the American Academy of Neurology include: weight control to avoid obesity, physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent tightening of the muscles, use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. | output | 1 | 240 | 78 | 721 |
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (Treatment): Unfortunately, no definitive treatments for LGMD exist. Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: [5] [6] Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . [5] [6] While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. [6] Management Guidelines The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the medical specialty society of neurologists, offers a summary of recommended guidelines for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety. | input | 2 | 240 | 78 | 722 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you... | instruction | 0 | 789 | 78 | 2,367 |
resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy | output | 1 | 789 | 78 | 2,368 |
What are the treatments for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy?: These resources address the diagnosis or management of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy: - Cleveland Clinic - Gene Review: Gene Review: Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Overview - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1C - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 1H - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2A - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2B - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2D - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2E - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2F - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2G - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2J - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, type 2L - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C1 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C2 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C3 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C4 - Genetic Testing Registry: Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy, type C5 - Johns Hopkins Medicine - LGMD-Diagnosis.org These resources from MedlinePlus offer information about the diagnosis and management of various health conditions: - Diagnostic Tests - Drug Therapy - Surgery and Rehabilitation - Genetic Counseling - Palliative Care | input | 2 | 789 | 78 | 2,369 |
Stem Cell Therapy for Muccular Dystrophy I have read the Medline Abstracts 98,99 of 'Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy'. Please could you tell me how I contact a specialist to enquire further with this...Thank you... | instruction | 0 | 792 | 78 | 2,376 |
Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. | output | 1 | 792 | 78 | 2,377 |
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (Treatment): Unfortunately, no definitive treatments for LGMD exist. Management depends on each individual and the specific type of LGMD that the individual has. However, the American Academy of Neurology has developed guidelines for treatment of LGMD including: [5] [6] Weight control to avoid obesity Physical therapy and stretching exercises to promote mobility and prevent contractures (fixed tightening of the muscles) Use of mechanical aids such as canes, walkers, orthotics, and wheelchairs as needed to help ambulation and mobility Monitoring and surgical intervention as needed for orthopedic complications, such as foot deformity and scoliosis cardiomyopathy A team approach to treatment is recommended including a neurologist , pulmonologist , cardiologist , orthopedic surgeon, physiatrist , physical/occupational/ speech therapist , nutritionist , orthopedist , mental health counselors, and geneticist / genetic counselor . [5] [6] While not a currently available treatment option, some studies have shown promising results with the use of gene therapy . More research is needed to prove the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach. [6] Management Guidelines The American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the medical specialty society of neurologists, offers a summary of recommended guidelines for Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions. Project OrphanAnesthesia is a project whose aim is to create peer-reviewed, readily accessible guidelines for patients with rare diseases and for the anesthesiologists caring for them. The project is a collaborative effort of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Orphanet, the European Society of Pediatric Anesthesia, anesthetists and rare disease experts with the aim to contribute to patient safety. | input | 2 | 792 | 78 | 2,378 |
Subcutaneous retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund's deformity of the calcaneum. I have this problem. Can you please help to overcome this? | instruction | 0 | 793 | 78 | 2,379 |
Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: - Use proper form when exercising. - Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. - Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. - Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. | output | 1 | 793 | 78 | 2,380 |
Bursitis of the heel: Bursitis of the heel is swelling of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) at the back of the heel bone. A bursa acts as a cushion and lubricant between tendons or muscles sliding over bone. There are bursas around most large joints in the body, including the ankle. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located in the back of the ankle by the heel. It is where the large Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. Repeated or too much use of the ankle can cause this bursa to become irritated and inflamed. It may be caused by too much walking, running, or jumping. This condition is very often linked to Achilles tendinitis. Sometimes retrocalcaneal bursitis may be mistaken for Achilles tendinitis. Risks for this condition include: - Starting a very intense workout schedule - Suddenly increasing activity level without the right conditioning - Changes in activity level - History of arthritis that is caused by inflammation Symptoms include: - Pain in the heel, especially with walking, running, or when the area is touched - Pain may get worse when rising on the toes (standing on tiptoes) - Red, warm skin over the back of the heel Your health care provider will take a history to find out if you have symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis. An exam will be done to find the location of the pain. The provider will also look for tenderness and redness in the back of the heel. The pain may be worse when your ankle is bent upward (dorsiflex). Or, the pain may be worse when you rise on your toes. Most of the time, you will not need imaging studies such as x-ray and MRI at first. You may need these tests later if the first treatments DO NOT lead to improvement. Inflammation may show on a MRI. Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: - Use proper form when exercising. - Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. - Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. - Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | input | 2 | 793 | 78 | 2,381 |
We have 14 siblings in our family , at least 10 of us has had a frozen shoulder. We are wondering why? should we be concerned? | instruction | 0 | 1,191 | 78 | 3,573 |
A physical therapist can teach you exercises to recover mobility in your shoulder. | output | 1 | 1,191 | 78 | 3,574 |
Frozen shoulder Overview Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen over time and then resolve, usually within one to three years. Your risk of developing frozen shoulder increases if you're recovering from a medical condition or procedure that prevents you from moving your arm - such as a stroke or a mastectomy. Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises and, sometimes, corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint capsule. In a small percentage of cases, arthroscopic surgery may be indicated to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely. It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder, but some people can develop it in the opposite shoulder. Symptoms Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly, and in three stages. Each stage can last a number of months. - Freezing stage. Any movement of your shoulder causes pain, and your shoulder's range of motion starts to become limited. - Frozen stage. Pain may begin to diminish during this stage. However, your shoulder becomes stiffer, and using it becomes more difficult. - Thawing stage. The range of motion in your shoulder begins to improve. For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep. Causes The bones, ligaments and tendons that make up your shoulder joint are encased in a capsule of connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement. Doctors aren't sure why this happens to some people, although it's more likely to occur in people who have diabetes or those who recently had to immobilize their shoulder for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture. Risk factors Certain factors may increase your risk of developing frozen shoulder. Age and sex People 40 and older, particularly women, are more likely to have frozen shoulder. Immobility or reduced mobility People who've had prolonged immobility or reduced mobility of the shoulder are at higher risk of developing frozen shoulder. Immobility may be the result of many factors, including: - Rotator cuff injury - Broken arm - Stroke - Recovery from surgery Systemic diseases People who have certain diseases appear more likely to develop frozen shoulder. Diseases that might increase risk include: - Diabetes - Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) - Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) - Cardiovascular disease - Tuberculosis - Parkinson's disease Diagnosis During the physical exam, your doctor may ask you to move in certain ways to check for pain and evaluate your range of motion (active range of motion). Your doctor might then ask you to relax your muscles while he or she moves your arm (passive range of motion). Frozen shoulder affects both active and passive range of motion. In some cases, your doctor might inject your shoulder with a numbing medicine (anesthetic) to determine your passive and active range of motion. Frozen shoulder can usually be diagnosed from signs and symptoms alone. But your doctor may suggest imaging tests - such as X-rays or an MRI - to rule out other problems. Treatment Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as possible. Medications Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), can help reduce pain and inflammation associated with frozen shoulder. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe stronger pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapy A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize recovery of your mobility. Surgical and other procedures Most frozen shoulders get better on their own within 12 to 18 months. For persistent symptoms, your doctor may suggest: - Steroid injections. Injecting corticosteroids into your shoulder joint may help decrease pain and improve shoulder mobility, especially in the early stages of the process. - Joint distension. Injecting sterile water into the joint capsule can help stretch the tissue and make it easier to move the joint. - Shoulder manipulation. In this procedure, you receive a general anesthetic, so you'll be unconscious and feel no pain. Then the doctor moves your shoulder joint in different directions, to help loosen the tightened tissue. - Surgery. Surgery for frozen shoulder is rare, but if nothing else has helped, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove scar tissue and adhesions from inside your shoulder joint. Doctors usually perform this surgery with lighted, tubular instruments inserted through small incisions around your joint (arthroscopically). Lifestyle and home remedies Continue to use the involved shoulder and extremity as much as possible given your pain and range-of-motion limits. Applying heat or cold to your shoulder can help relieve pain. Alternative medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture involves inserting extremely fine needles in your skin at specific points on your body. Typically, the needles remain in place for 15 to 40 minutes. During that time they may be moved or manipulated. Because the needles are hair thin and flexible and are generally inserted superficially, most acupuncture treatments are relatively painless. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) A TENS unit delivers a tiny electrical current to key points on a nerve pathway. The current, delivered through electrodes taped to your skin, isn't painful or harmful. It's not known exactly how TENS works, but it's thought that it might stimulate the release of pain-inhibiting molecules (endorphins) or block pain fibers that carry pain impulses. | input | 2 | 1,191 | 78 | 3,575 |
We have 14 siblings in our family , at least 10 of us has had a frozen shoulder. We are wondering why? should we be concerned? | instruction | 0 | 1,743 | 78 | 5,229 |
A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize recovery of your mobility. | output | 1 | 1,743 | 78 | 5,230 |
Frozen shoulder Overview Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen over time and then resolve, usually within one to three years. Your risk of developing frozen shoulder increases if you're recovering from a medical condition or procedure that prevents you from moving your arm - such as a stroke or a mastectomy. Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises and, sometimes, corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint capsule. In a small percentage of cases, arthroscopic surgery may be indicated to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely. It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder, but some people can develop it in the opposite shoulder. Symptoms Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly, and in three stages. Each stage can last a number of months. - Freezing stage. Any movement of your shoulder causes pain, and your shoulder's range of motion starts to become limited. - Frozen stage. Pain may begin to diminish during this stage. However, your shoulder becomes stiffer, and using it becomes more difficult. - Thawing stage. The range of motion in your shoulder begins to improve. For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep. Causes The bones, ligaments and tendons that make up your shoulder joint are encased in a capsule of connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement. Doctors aren't sure why this happens to some people, although it's more likely to occur in people who have diabetes or those who recently had to immobilize their shoulder for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture. Risk factors Certain factors may increase your risk of developing frozen shoulder. Age and sex People 40 and older, particularly women, are more likely to have frozen shoulder. Immobility or reduced mobility People who've had prolonged immobility or reduced mobility of the shoulder are at higher risk of developing frozen shoulder. Immobility may be the result of many factors, including: - Rotator cuff injury - Broken arm - Stroke - Recovery from surgery Systemic diseases People who have certain diseases appear more likely to develop frozen shoulder. Diseases that might increase risk include: - Diabetes - Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) - Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) - Cardiovascular disease - Tuberculosis - Parkinson's disease Diagnosis During the physical exam, your doctor may ask you to move in certain ways to check for pain and evaluate your range of motion (active range of motion). Your doctor might then ask you to relax your muscles while he or she moves your arm (passive range of motion). Frozen shoulder affects both active and passive range of motion. In some cases, your doctor might inject your shoulder with a numbing medicine (anesthetic) to determine your passive and active range of motion. Frozen shoulder can usually be diagnosed from signs and symptoms alone. But your doctor may suggest imaging tests - such as X-rays or an MRI - to rule out other problems. Treatment Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as possible. Medications Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), can help reduce pain and inflammation associated with frozen shoulder. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe stronger pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapy A physical therapist can teach you range-of-motion exercises to help recover as much mobility in your shoulder as possible. Your commitment to doing these exercises is important to optimize recovery of your mobility. Surgical and other procedures Most frozen shoulders get better on their own within 12 to 18 months. For persistent symptoms, your doctor may suggest: - Steroid injections. Injecting corticosteroids into your shoulder joint may help decrease pain and improve shoulder mobility, especially in the early stages of the process. - Joint distension. Injecting sterile water into the joint capsule can help stretch the tissue and make it easier to move the joint. - Shoulder manipulation. In this procedure, you receive a general anesthetic, so you'll be unconscious and feel no pain. Then the doctor moves your shoulder joint in different directions, to help loosen the tightened tissue. - Surgery. Surgery for frozen shoulder is rare, but if nothing else has helped, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove scar tissue and adhesions from inside your shoulder joint. Doctors usually perform this surgery with lighted, tubular instruments inserted through small incisions around your joint (arthroscopically). Lifestyle and home remedies Continue to use the involved shoulder and extremity as much as possible given your pain and range-of-motion limits. Applying heat or cold to your shoulder can help relieve pain. Alternative medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture involves inserting extremely fine needles in your skin at specific points on your body. Typically, the needles remain in place for 15 to 40 minutes. During that time they may be moved or manipulated. Because the needles are hair thin and flexible and are generally inserted superficially, most acupuncture treatments are relatively painless. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) A TENS unit delivers a tiny electrical current to key points on a nerve pathway. The current, delivered through electrodes taped to your skin, isn't painful or harmful. It's not known exactly how TENS works, but it's thought that it might stimulate the release of pain-inhibiting molecules (endorphins) or block pain fibers that carry pain impulses. | input | 2 | 1,743 | 78 | 5,231 |
Subcutaneous retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund's deformity of the calcaneum. I have this problem. Can you please help to overcome this? | instruction | 0 | 1,897 | 78 | 5,691 |
Your provider may recommend that you do the following: - Avoid activities that cause pain. - Put ice on the heel several times a day. - Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. - Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. - Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Things you can do to prevent the problem include: - Use proper form when exercising. - Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. - Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. - Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. | output | 1 | 1,897 | 78 | 5,692 |
Bursitis of the heel Insertional heel pain Retrocalcaneal bursitis Summary Bursitis of the heel is swelling of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) at the back of the heel bone. Causes A bursa acts as a cushion and lubricant between tendons or muscles sliding over bone. There are bursas around most large joints in the body, including the ankle. The retrocalcaneal bursa is located in the back of the ankle by the heel. It is where the large Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. Repeated or too much use of the ankle can cause this bursa to become irritated and inflamed. It may be caused by too much walking, running, or jumping. This condition is very often linked to Achilles tendinitis. Sometimes retrocalcaneal bursitis may be mistaken for Achilles tendinitis. Risks for this condition include: Starting a very intense workout schedule Suddenly increasing activity level without the right conditioning Changes in activity level History of arthritis that is caused by inflammation Symptoms Symptoms include: Pain in the heel, especially with walking, running, or when the area is touched Pain may get worse when rising on the toes (standing on tiptoes) Red, warm skin over the back of the heel Exams and Tests Your health care provider will take a history to find out if you have symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis. An exam will be done to find the location of the pain. The provider will also look for tenderness and redness in the back of the heel. The pain may be worse when your ankle is bent upward (dorsiflex). Or, the pain may be worse when you rise on your toes. Most of the time, you will not need imaging studies such as x-ray and MRI at first. You may need these tests later if the first treatments DO NOT lead to improvement. Inflammation may show on a MRI. Treatment Your provider may recommend that you do the following: Avoid activities that cause pain. Put ice on the heel several times a day. Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. Try using over-the-counter or custom heel wedges in your shoe to help decrease stress on the heel. Try ultrasound treatment during physical therapy to reduce inflammation. Have physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength around the ankle. The focus will be on stretching your Achilles tendon. This can help the bursitis improve and prevent it from coming back. If these treatments DO NOT work, your provider may inject a small amount of steroid medicine into the bursa. After the injection, you should avoid overstretching the tendon because it can break open (rupture). If the condition is connected to Achilles tendinitis, you may need to wear a cast on the ankle for several weeks. Very rarely, surgery may be needed to remove the inflamed bursa. Outlook (Prognosis) This condition most often gets better in several weeks with the proper treatment. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if you have heel pain or symptoms of retrocalcaneal bursitis that DO NOT improve with rest. Prevention Things you can do to prevent the problem include: Use proper form when exercising. Maintain as good flexibility and strength around the ankle to help prevent this condition. Stretch the Achilles tendon to help prevent injury. Wear shoes with enough arch support to decrease the amount of stress on the tendon and inflammation in the bursa. Review Date 9/22/2016 Updated by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | input | 2 | 1,897 | 78 | 5,693 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 8,374 | 78 | 25,122 |
The Still technique is a specific non-repetitive articulatory technique that is used in osteopathic medicine to diagnose and treat musculoskeletal conditions. It is characterized by an indirect, then direct approach, meaning that the practitioner first engages the restrictive barrier of the affected joint or tissue in an indirect manner, and then applies a direct force to correct the dysfunction. The Still technique is named after its founder, Dr. Andrew Taylor Still, who developed it as part of his overall approach to osteopathic medicine. The technique is believed to be effective in promoting the body's natural healing processes and restoring proper function to the musculoskeletal system. | output | 1 | 8,374 | 78 | 25,123 |
What is the Still technique? | input | 2 | 8,374 | 78 | 25,124 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 10,590 | 78 | 31,770 |
The sensitivity of an X-ray taken at the time of injury for detecting scaphoid fracture is low. This is because scaphoid fractures may not be visible on X-ray immediately after the injury, and it may take several days or weeks for the fracture line to become visible. In some cases, a scaphoid fracture may not be visible on X-ray at all and may require further imaging, such as MRI or CT scan, for diagnosis. Therefore, if a scaphoid fracture is suspected based on symptoms and physical examination, but X-ray appears normal, the patient may need to be immobilized and re-evaluated with repeat imaging or clinical follow-up. | output | 1 | 10,590 | 78 | 31,771 |
What is the sensitivity of an X-ray taken at the time of injury for detecting scaphoid fracture? | input | 2 | 10,590 | 78 | 31,772 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 11,272 | 78 | 33,815 |
Stress fractures typically present with point tenderness upon palpation, whereas shin splints may present with diffuse tenderness along the tibia. | output | 1 | 11,272 | 78 | 33,816 |
Between shin splints and stress fractures, which tibial pathology presents with point tenderness upon palpation? | input | 2 | 11,272 | 78 | 33,817 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 11,275 | 78 | 33,824 |
Stress fractures are more commonly found in underweight individuals than shin splints. | output | 1 | 11,275 | 78 | 33,825 |
Between shin splints and stress fractures, which tibial pathology is more commonly found in underweight individuals? | input | 2 | 11,275 | 78 | 33,826 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 11,908 | 78 | 35,723 |
The second metatarsal bone is the most commonly injured bone by stress fractures. Stress fractures are tiny cracks in the bone that develop over time due to repetitive stress or overuse. They are a common injury among athletes and runners, especially those who engage in high-impact activities such as jumping and running. The second metatarsal bone is particularly vulnerable to stress fractures because it is the longest and thinnest of the metatarsals, and it bears the most weight during activities such as running and jumping. Other metatarsals can also be affected by stress fractures, but the second metatarsal is the most frequently involved. Symptoms of a stress fracture in the second metatarsal can include pain, swelling, and tenderness on the top of the foot, which can worsen with activity and improve with rest. | output | 1 | 11,908 | 78 | 35,724 |
Among the metatarsal bones, which one is most commonly affected by stress fractures? | input | 2 | 11,908 | 78 | 35,725 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 11,909 | 78 | 35,726 |
The fifth metatarsal bone has an increased risk of non-union following a stress fracture, which may require more aggressive treatment. A stress fracture is a common injury that can occur in any of the metatarsal bones, but the fifth metatarsal is particularly vulnerable due to its location and blood supply. The fifth metatarsal is divided into three zones, and stress fractures in the fifth metatarsal base (zone 2) have the highest risk of non-union. Non-union is a condition where the bone fails to heal properly, and it can result in chronic pain, deformity, and disability. Treatment for a stress fracture in the fifth metatarsal may include immobilization with a cast or walking boot, non-weight-bearing, or even surgery in severe cases. It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you suspect you have a stress fracture, as early treatment can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of non-union. | output | 1 | 11,909 | 78 | 35,727 |
Among the metatarsal bones, which one has an increased risk of non-union following a stress fracture, requiring more aggressive treatment? | input | 2 | 11,909 | 78 | 35,728 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 12,462 | 78 | 37,385 |
Osteoarthritis commonly affects the proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPs), distal interphalangeal joints (DIPs), and the first carpometacarpal joint (1st CMC) in the fingers and hands.
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that can affect any joint in the body, including those in the fingers and hands. In osteoarthritis, the cartilage that cushions the joints wears away, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion.
In the fingers and hands, osteoarthritis commonly affects the PIPs, which are the joints between the middle and proximal phalanges of the fingers, and the DIPs, which are the joints between the distal and middle phalanges. The 1st CMC, which is the joint at the base of the thumb where it meets the wrist, is also commonly affected in osteoarthritis.
Symptoms of osteoarthritis in the fingers and hands can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and a decreased range of motion. In severe cases, bone spurs or deformities of the fingers and hands can develop. Treatment for osteoarthritis may include pain relief medications, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery. | output | 1 | 12,462 | 78 | 37,386 |
What finger/hand joints are commonly affected in osteoarthritis? | input | 2 | 12,462 | 78 | 37,387 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 14,872 | 78 | 44,615 |
A meniscal tear is the knee injury that presents with acute onset of "catching/locking" sensation and reduced range of motion. | output | 1 | 14,872 | 78 | 44,616 |
Which knee injury is characterized by acute onset of "catching/locking" sensation and reduced range of motion? | input | 2 | 14,872 | 78 | 44,617 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 16,298 | 78 | 48,893 |
The femoral head is the most common site for osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis). Osteonecrosis is a condition in which bone tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply. It can occur in any bone in the body, but the femoral head is the most commonly affected site. The femoral head is the top part of the thigh bone that connects to the hip socket. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head can lead to pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the hip joint. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, excessive alcohol consumption, and long-term use of corticosteroid medications. Treatment may involve medications to relieve pain, physical therapy, and surgery in more severe cases. The prognosis for osteonecrosis depends on the extent of the damage and the underlying cause of the condition. | output | 1 | 16,298 | 78 | 48,894 |
In cases of osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis), which site is the most common location for occurrence? | input | 2 | 16,298 | 78 | 48,895 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 16,770 | 78 | 50,307 |
A common management approach for patients who are under 6 years old and have refractory Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is casting and bracing. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a condition that affects the hip joint and occurs when blood flow to the femoral head (the rounded top of the thigh bone that fits into the hip socket) is disrupted, leading to bone death and collapse. Refractory Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease refers to cases that do not respond to initial treatment and continue to progress. Casting and bracing involve the use of a special device to immobilize the affected hip joint and promote healing. This approach can help to reduce pain and inflammation, prevent further damage to the joint, and improve the patient's overall function and mobility. Other treatment options may include non-weight-bearing exercises, physical therapy, and pain management. The specific treatment plan will depend on the patient's age, the severity of the disease, and other individual factors, and should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider. | output | 1 | 16,770 | 78 | 50,308 |
What is a common management approach for patients who are under 6 years old and have refractory Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease? | input | 2 | 16,770 | 78 | 50,309 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 16,771 | 78 | 50,310 |
A common management approach for patellofemoral pain syndrome during the recovery phase is physical therapy and strength training, which may include cycling. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a condition that affects the knee joint and is characterized by pain and discomfort around the patella (kneecap). During the recovery phase, the focus of treatment is on restoring strength, flexibility, and range of motion to the affected knee. Physical therapy may involve a variety of exercises and techniques, such as stretching, strengthening, and balance training, to help improve muscle function and reduce pain. Cycling may be a useful form of exercise for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, as it is low-impact and can help to improve cardiovascular fitness without putting excessive stress on the knee joint. Other treatment options may include pain management, such as the use of ice or anti-inflammatory medications, and modifications to activity levels or footwear. The specific treatment plan will depend on the patient's individual needs and should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider. | output | 1 | 16,771 | 78 | 50,311 |
What is a common management approach for patellofemoral pain syndrome during the recovery phase? | input | 2 | 16,771 | 78 | 50,312 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 16,772 | 78 | 50,313 |
A common management approach for older and/or mildly symptomatic patients with meniscal tears is rest and activity modification. Meniscal tears are a common knee injury that can occur as a result of trauma or degenerative changes in the knee joint. In older patients or those with mild symptoms, conservative management may be appropriate. This can involve rest and modification of activities that may exacerbate symptoms, such as running or jumping. This approach can help to reduce pain and inflammation in the affected knee and allow the tear to heal on its own. Other treatment options may include physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility in the knee joint, as well as pain management, such as the use of ice or anti-inflammatory medications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged meniscus. The specific treatment plan will depend on the patient's individual needs and should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider. | output | 1 | 16,772 | 78 | 50,314 |
What is a common management approach for older and/or mildly symptomatic patients with meniscal tears? | input | 2 | 16,772 | 78 | 50,315 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 16,796 | 78 | 50,385 |
Musculoskeletal ultrasound is the recommended diagnostic test for a patient with a positive drop arm test. The drop arm test is a physical exam maneuver used to assess the integrity of the rotator cuff muscles in the shoulder. A positive test occurs when the patient is unable to maintain shoulder abduction after actively lifting the arm to 90 degrees. This can indicate a tear or other injury to the rotator cuff muscles. Musculoskeletal ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging test that can be used to evaluate the rotator cuff muscles and surrounding structures in real-time. It can provide detailed information about the size, location, and severity of any tears or other injuries. Other diagnostic tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans may also be used in some cases. The specific diagnostic approach will depend on various factors, such as the patient's age, overall health, and other medical conditions. It is important for patients with a positive drop arm test to receive appropriate medical evaluation and follow-up to prevent complications and improve their overall health outcomes. | output | 1 | 16,796 | 78 | 50,386 |
What diagnostic test is recommended for a patient with a positive drop arm test? | input | 2 | 16,796 | 78 | 50,387 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 18,396 | 78 | 55,185 |
The recommended course of action is to monitor the patient with serial X-rays to rule out osteonecrosis of the proximal segment and non-union of the fracture. | output | 1 | 18,396 | 78 | 55,186 |
What is the recommended course of action after immobilization with a cast for a non-displaced scaphoid fracture? | input | 2 | 18,396 | 78 | 55,187 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 18,596 | 78 | 55,785 |
An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is considered the best imaging modality for confirming a meniscal tear. | output | 1 | 18,596 | 78 | 55,786 |
Which imaging modality is considered the best for confirming the presence of a meniscal tear? | input | 2 | 18,596 | 78 | 55,787 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 20,200 | 78 | 60,590 |
The Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament (AITFL) is the most commonly sprained ligament in a high ankle sprain. A high ankle sprain is a type of ankle sprain that involves injury to the ligaments that connect the tibia and fibula bones in the lower leg. Unlike a traditional ankle sprain, which typically involves injury to the ligaments on the outside of the ankle, a high ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments between the tibia and fibula are stretched or torn. The AITFL is the ligament that is most commonly injured in a high ankle sprain, although other ligaments in the area can also be affected. Symptoms of a high ankle sprain can include pain, swelling, and difficulty bearing weight on the affected leg. Treatment may involve rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), as well as physical therapy and in some cases, surgery. | output | 1 | 20,200 | 78 | 60,591 |
Which specific ligament is commonly sprained in the most common type of high ankle sprain? | input | 2 | 20,200 | 78 | 60,592 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 21,416 | 78 | 64,238 |
The different grades used to assess the motor response in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) are: 6 - Obeys commands, 5 - Localizes pain stimulus, 4 - Withdraws from pain, 3 - Decorticate posture, 2 - Decerebrate posture, and 1 - No response. | output | 1 | 21,416 | 78 | 64,239 |
What are the different grades used to assess the motor response in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)? | input | 2 | 21,416 | 78 | 64,240 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 21,618 | 78 | 64,844 |
The posterior drawer test is performed to test for PCL injury, and the knee is typically positioned at a 90 degree angle during the test. | output | 1 | 21,618 | 78 | 64,845 |
What is the purpose of performing the posterior drawer test, and at what angle is the knee typically positioned during the test? | input | 2 | 21,618 | 78 | 64,846 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 21,733 | 78 | 65,189 |
The anterior drawer test is performed with the knee at a 90 degree angle to test for ACL injury. | output | 1 | 21,733 | 78 | 65,190 |
What is the anterior drawer test and at what degree angle is the knee positioned during the test? | input | 2 | 21,733 | 78 | 65,191 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 21,771 | 78 | 65,303 |
The Varus test is performed with the knee at a 30 degree angle while a medial (varus) force is applied. | output | 1 | 21,771 | 78 | 65,304 |
What is the procedure for performing the Varus test and what force is applied during the test? | input | 2 | 21,771 | 78 | 65,305 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 21,772 | 78 | 65,306 |
The Valgus test is performed with the knee at a 30 degree angle while a lateral (valgus) force is applied. | output | 1 | 21,772 | 78 | 65,307 |
What is the procedure for performing the Valgus test and what force is applied during the test? | input | 2 | 21,772 | 78 | 65,308 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 21,773 | 78 | 65,309 |
The Valgus test is most commonly used to identify MCL injury. | output | 1 | 21,773 | 78 | 65,310 |
What is the most common use of the Valgus test and what type of injury does it identify? | input | 2 | 21,773 | 78 | 65,311 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 22,113 | 78 | 66,329 |
The anterior drawer test and lachman test are both orthopedic tests that are used to evaluate the stability of the knee joint. These tests are commonly used to assess for injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is a key stabilizing ligament in the knee. The anterior drawer test involves the examiner pulling the tibia forward while stabilizing the femur, while the lachman test involves the examiner pulling the tibia forward while stabilizing the femur with one hand and applying a slight upward pressure on the tibia with the other hand. These tests are useful in diagnosing ACL injuries, which can cause pain, swelling, and instability in the knee joint. | output | 1 | 22,113 | 78 | 66,330 |
What are the anterior drawer test and lachman test, and what type of injury are they used to test for? | input | 2 | 22,113 | 78 | 66,331 |
Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 22,313 | 78 | 66,929 |
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