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Envelope proteins of coronavirus include M, E, and S.
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| What are the envelope proteins of coronavirus? |
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Subgenomic RNA in coronaviruses can be used to make several proteins, including the S, M, E, and N proteins. These proteins are essential for the replication and assembly of the virus. The subgenomic RNA is transcribed from the viral genome and serves as a... | What is the role of subgenomic RNA in the production of proteins in coronaviruses? |
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The N protein of coronavirus is responsible for forming the nucleocapsid in the cytoplasm after associating with newly synthesized genomic RNA.
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| What is the role of the N protein of coronavirus and where does it form the nucleocapsid after associating with newly synthesized genomic RNA? |
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The S glycoprotein of coronavirus is heavily glycosylated.
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| What is the name of the glycoprotein of coronavirus that is heavily glycosylated? |
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The helical nucleocapsid of coronavirus is a protein called N protein, which is bound to the RNA genome.
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| What is the helical nucleocapsid of coronavirus and what is it bound to? |
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The newly synthesized coronavirus viral proteins, nucleocapsid, and positive-sense progeny RNA bud from the Golgi apparatus.
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| From which organelle do the newly synthesized coronavirus viral proteins, nucleocapsid, and positive-sense progeny RNA bud from? |
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The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) is considered to be the key member of the replication-transcription complex of coronavirus.
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| Which component of the replication-transcription complex of coronavirus is considered to be the most important? |
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After viral uncoating, the positive-sense genomic RNA of coronavirus can be translated into 2 long polyproteins.
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| What is the process that allows the positive-sense genomic RNA of coronavirus to be translated into polyproteins? |
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After translation, the S, M, and E proteins of coronavirus are transported to the Golgi apparatus.
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| Where are the S, M, and E proteins of coronavirus transported to after translation? |
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After the replication-transcription complex is assembled, the positive-sense genomic RNA of coronavirus can be transcribed into negative-sense RNA.
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| What can the positive-sense genomic RNA of coronavirus be transcribed into after the replication-transcription complex is assembled? |
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After cleavage of the coronavirus long polyprotein by viral protease, the proteins assemble into the replication-transcription complex.
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| What complex do the proteins assemble into after cleavage of the coronavirus long polyprotein by viral protease? |
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Changes in nucleolar morphology and proteins during infection with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus
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| The nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure involved in ribosome subunit biogenesis, cell cycle control and mediating responses to cell stress, among other functions. While many different viruses target proteins to the nucleolus and recruit nucleolar proteins to facilitate virus replication, the effect of infection... |
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Analysis of the receptor-binding site of murine coronavirus spike protein.
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| It has been found that a domain composed of 330 amino acids of the N terminus of murine coronavirus spike protein [S1N(330)] is involved in receptor-binding activity (H. Kubo, Y.K. Yamada, and F. Taguchi, J. Virol. 68:5403-5410, 1994). To delineate the amino acid sequences involved in receptor-binding activity, we have... |
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Cell Type-Specific Cleavage of Nucleocapsid Protein by Effector Caspases during SARS Coronavirus Infection
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| The epidemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 was caused by a novel coronavirus (CoV), designated SARS-CoV. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV is complexed by the nucleocapsid protein (N) to form a helical nucleocapsid. Besides this primary function, N seems to be involved in apoptotic scenarios. We... |
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ceRNA analysis of SARS-CoV-2
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| Viral RNAs can perturb the miRNA regulatory network, competing with host RNAs as part of their infective process. An in silico competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) analysis has been carried on SARS-CoV-2. The results suggest that, in humans, the decrease of microRNA activity caused by viral RNAs can lead to a perturbation ... |
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LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease
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| Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are substantial threats to global health, as exemplified by the emergence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome CoVs (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) within two decades1-3. Host immune responses to CoVs are complex and regulated in part throu... |
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Interaction between SARS-CoV helicase and a multifunctional cellular protein (Ddx5) revealed by yeast and mammalian cell two-hybrid systems
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| To reveal the putative cellular factors involved in SARS coronavirus replication, the helicase (Hel, nsp13) of SARS coronavirus was used to screen the cDNA library of rat pulmonary epithelial cells using the yeast two-hybrid system. Positively interacting proteins were further tested using a mammalian cell hybrid syste... |
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An in vitro system for the leader-primed transcription of coronavirus mRNAs.
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| We have developed an in vitro transcription system which can utilize exogenous leader RNA for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) 'leader-primed' mRNA transcription. Cytoplasmic extracts containing viral proteins and template RNA were prepared by lysolecithin permeabilization of MHV-infected cells. Synthetic leader RNA which d... |
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Phosphopeptide enrichment using Phos-tag technology reveals functional phosphorylation of the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2
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| Phosphorylation of viral proteins serves as a regulatory mechanism during the intracellular life cycle of infected viruses. There is therefore a pressing need to develop a method to efficiently purify and enrich phosphopeptides derived from viral particles in biological samples. In this study, we utilized Phos-tag tech... |
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Epigenetic Landscape during Coronavirus Infection
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| Coronaviruses (CoV) comprise a large group of emerging human and animal pathogens, including the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) strains. The molecular mechanisms regulating emerging coronavirus pathogenesis are compl... |
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SARS-CoV-2 ORF7b: is a bat virus protein homologue a major cause of COVID-19 symptoms?
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| ORF7b is an accessory protein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic. Using cell-free synthesized ORF7b, we experimentally show that ORF7b assembles into stable multimers. The ORF7b sequence shows a transmembrane segment, which multimerizes through a leucine zipper. We hypothesize that ORF7b has the pote... |
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Identifying Inhibitors of −1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting in a Broad Spectrum of Coronaviruses
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| Recurrent outbreaks of novel zoonotic coronavirus (CoV) diseases in recent years have highlighted the importance of developing therapeutics with broad-spectrum activity against CoVs. Because all CoVs use −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) to control expression of key viral proteins, the frameshift signal in... |
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The protein X4 of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus is expressed on both virus-infected cells and lung tissue of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients and inhibits growth of Balb/c 3T3 cell line.
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| BACKGROUND The genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) includes sequences encoding the putative protein X4 (ORF8, ORF7a), consisting of 122 amino acids. The deduced sequence contains a probable cleaved signal peptide sequence and a C-terminal transmembrane helix, indicating tha... |
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Properties of isonucleotide-incorporated oligodeoxynucleotides and inhibition of the expression of spike protein of SARS-CoV.
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| Antisense oligonucleotides are recognized to be very efficient tools for the inhibition of gene expression in a sequence specific way. For the discovery of a novel efficient way to modify oligonucleotides, a series of single isonucleotide-incorporated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides have been synthesized, in which an i... |
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SARS-CoV-2 proteins: Are they useful as targets for COVID-19 drugs and vaccines?
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| The proteins of coronavirus are classified to nonstructural, structural, and accessory. There are 16 nonstructural viral proteins beside their precursors (1a and 1ab polyproteins). The nonstructural proteins are named as nsp1 to nsp16 and they act as enzymes, coenzymes, and binding proteins to facilitate the replicatio... |
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SARS-CoV-2 diverges from other betacoronaviruses in only partially activating the IRE1α/XBP1 ER stress pathway in human lung-derived cells
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| Despite the efficacy of vaccines, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed over 5 million individuals worldwide and continues to spread in countries where the vaccines are not yet widely available or its citizens are hesitant to become vaccinated. Therefore, it is critical to unravel the ... |
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Mutational analysis of the active centre of coronavirus 3C-like proteases.
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| Formation of the coronavirus replication-transcription complex involves the synthesis of large polyprotein precursors that are extensively processed by virus-encoded cysteine proteases. In this study, the coding sequence of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) main protease, 3CL(pro), was determined. Comparat... |
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Coronavirus Pseudotypes for All Circulating Human Coronaviruses for Quantification of Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Responses
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| The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh identified human coronavirus. Understanding the extent of pre-existing immunity induced by seropositivity to endemic seasonal coronaviruses and the impact of cross-reactivity on COVID-19 disease progression remains a key research question in immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and the... |
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New concepts of antigenic shift and antigenic drift in influenza and corona - A review of literature
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| The study aims to review the recent concepts of Antigenic shift and drift in viral strains of Influenza and Corona The strains of Influenza and Corona are constantly under mutation These viral envelopes compose of surface antigens like haemagglutinin-HA, Neuraminidase NA-antigens respectively Hence, any minor changes i... |
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Expression and functional analysis of porcine aminopeptidase N produced in prokaryotic expression system
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| Porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) is a cellular membrane protein and a functional receptor for porcine coronaviruses. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of pAPN without signal peptide in BL21(DE3)pLysS host cells. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) harboring the recombinant construct was efficiently induced to exp... |
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Comprehensive Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome 3C-Like Protease and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 3C-Like Protease
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| Coronavirus 3C-like protease (3CL sup Pro /sup ) is a highly conserved cysteine protease employing a catalytic dyad for its functions 3CL sup Pro /sup is essential to the viral life cycle and, therefore, is an attractive target for developing antiviral agents However, the detailed catalytic mechanism of coronavirus 3CL... |
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Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity
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| The replication of coronavirus, a family of important animal and human pathogens, is closely associated with the cellular membrane compartments, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Coronavirus infection of cultured cells was previously shown to cause ER stress and induce the unfolded protein response (UPR), a pr... |
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Monoclonal antibodies to the S1 spike and membrane proteins of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strain Massachusetts M41.
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| We have established four murine hybridoma cell lines which secrete specific antibody to avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain Massachusetts M41. Two monoclonal antibodies reacted with the spike protein and two reacted with the membrane protein. The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies for the external stru... |
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Does form meet function in the coronavirus replicative organelle?
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| If we use the analogy of a virus as a living entity, then the replicative organelle is the part of the body where its metabolic and reproductive activities are concentrated. Recent studies have illuminated the intricately complex replicative organelles of coronaviruses, a group that includes the largest known RNA virus... |
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A putative new SARS-CoV protein, 3c, encoded in an ORF overlapping ORF3a
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| Identification of the full complement of genes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a crucial step towards gaining a fuller understanding of its molecular biology. However, short and/or overlapping genes can be difficult to detect using conventional computational approaches, whereas high-t... |
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Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and nonstructural proteins 2, 3, and 8 are incorporated into viral particles.
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| Coronavirus replication and transcription are processes mediated by a protein complex, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) as a main component. Proteomic analysis of highly purified transmissible gastroenteritis virus showed the RdRp to be a component of the viral particles. This finding was confirmed by Weste... |
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Characterization of the human coronavirus 229E (HCV 229E) gene 1.
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| The sequence of the HCV 229E gene 1 has been determined and compared with the homologous sequences of the murine hepatitis virus and the avian infectious bronchitis virus. The coding sequence of gene 1 is 20,273 nucleotides in length. Within this coding region are two large open reading frames, ORF 1a (4,086 codons) an... |
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The antiviral effect of interferon-beta against SARS-Coronavirus is not mediated by MxA protein
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus termed SARS-CoV. No antiviral treatment has been established so far. Interferons are cytokines which induce the synthesis of several antivirally active proteins in the cell. In this study, we demonstrated that multiplication of SARS-CoV in cell c... |
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NPC1-regulated dynamic of clathrin-coated pits is essential for viral entry
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| Viruses utilize cellular lipids and manipulate host lipid metabolism to ensure their replication and spread. Therefore, the identification of lipids and metabolic pathways that are suitable targets for antiviral development is crucial. Using a library of compounds targeting host lipid metabolic factors and testing them... |
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Effect of small interfering RNAs on in vitro replication and gene expression of feline coronavirus.
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| OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to inhibit in vitro viral replication and gene expression of feline coronavirus (FCoV). SAMPLE Cell cultures of Crandell-Rees feline kidney cells. PROCEDURES 5 synthetic siRNAs that each targeted a different region of the FCoV genome were tested indiv... |
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Single-amino-acid substitutions in open reading frame (ORF) 1b-nsp14 and ORF 2a proteins of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus are attenuating in mice.
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| A reverse genetic system was recently established for the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59), in which cDNA fragments of the RNA genome are assembled in vitro into a full-length genome cDNA, followed by electroporation of in vitro-transcribed genome RNA into cells with recovery of viable virus. The ... |
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[Protease-dependent cell entry mechanism of coronaviruses].
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| Previous studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV S protein requires proteolytic cleavage by elastase, cathepsin or TMPRSS2 for S-mediated cell-cell or virus-cell membrane fusion. Activation of viral glycoprotein (GP) by protease also has been reported for influenza virus. The most distinctive difference between inf... |
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Expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) nucleocapsid protein C-terminal domain
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| Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) belongs to the group II coronaviruses. The virus produces nine genes encoding 11 proteins that could be recognized as structural proteins and nonstructural proteins and are crucial for viral RNA synthesis. The nucleocapsid (N) protein, one of the structural proteins, interacts with the 30.4 ... |
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Annotation of miRNAs in COVID-19 Coronavirus
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| The COVID-19 coronavirus is a new strain of coronavirus that had not been previously detected in humans As its severe pathogenicity is concerned, it is important to study it thoroughly to aid in the discovery of a cure In this study, the microRNAs (miRNAs) of COVID-19 were annotated to provide a powerful tool for the s... |
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Characterization of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus S protein expression products in avirulent S. typhimurium Δcya Δcrp: persistence, stability and immune response in swine
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| Abstract The spike protein from transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was expressed in attenuated S. typhimurium Δcya Δcrp Δasd χ3987. Three partially overlapping fragments of TGEV S gene, encoding the amino-terminal, intermediate, and carboxy-terminal end of the protein, as well as the full length gene were inser... |
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ATG9A protects the plasma membrane from programmed and incidental permeabilization
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| The integral membrane protein ATG9A plays a key role in autophagy. It displays a broad intracellular distribution and is present in numerous compartments, including the plasma membrane (PM). The reasons for the distribution of ATG9A to the PM and its role at the PM are not understood. Here, we show that ATG9A organizes... |
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Peplomer bulb shape and coronavirus rotational diffusivity
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| Recently, the rotational diffusivity of the coronavirus particle in suspension was calculated, from first principles, using general rigid bead-rod theory [M. A. Kanso, Phys. Fluids 32, 113101 (2020)]. We did so by beading the capsid and then also by replacing each of its bulbous spikes with a single bead. However, each... |
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 protein suppresses host gene expression by promoting host mRNA degradation.
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SCoV) causes a recently emerged human disease associated with pneumonia. The 5' end two-thirds of the single-stranded positive-sense viral genomic RNA, gene 1, encodes 16 mature proteins. Expression of nsp1, the most N-terminal gene 1 protein, prevented Sendai virus... |
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Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus inhibits NF-κB activity via nonstructural protein 3 to evade host immune system
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| BACKGROUND: Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. Previous studies have revealed that the coronaviruses develop various strategies to evade the host innate immunity through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pa... |
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Using nucleocapsid proteins to investigate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and closely related bat and pangolin coronaviruses
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| An initial outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China has resulted in a massive global pandemic causing well over 16,500,000 cases and 650,000 deaths worldwide. The virus responsible, SARS-CoV-2, has been found to possess a very close association with Bat-CoV RaTG13 and Pangolin-CoV MP789. The nucleocapsi... |
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Pathogenesis of chimeric MHV4/MHV-A59 recombinant viruses: the murine coronavirus spike protein is a major determinant of neurovirulence.
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| The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) spike glycoprotein, S, has been implicated as a major determinant of viral pathogenesis. In the absence of a full-length molecular clone, however, it has been difficult to address the role of individual viral genes in pathogenesis. By using targeted RNA recombination to introduce the S g... |
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A Highly Unusual Palindromic Transmembrane Helical Hairpin Formed by SARS Coronavirus E Protein
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| The agent responsible for the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak is a previously unidentified coronavirus. While there is a wealth of epidemiological studies, little if any molecular characterization of SARS coronavirus (SCoV) proteins has been carried out. Here we describe the molecular character... |
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Why Are Viruses Spiked?
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| Many viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have a structure consisting of spikes protruding from an underlying spherical surface. Research in biological and colloidal sciences has revealed secrets of why spikes exist on virus surfaces. Spec... |
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The SARS-CoV-2 Envelope and Membrane proteins modulate maturation and retention of the Spike protein, allowing optimal formation of VLPs in presence of Nucleoprotein
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| The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a {beta}-coronavirus, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Like for other coronaviruses, its particles are composed of four structural proteins, namely Spike S, Envelope E, Membrane M and Nucleoprotein N proteins. The involvement of each of t... |
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Membrane Protein of Human Coronavirus NL63 Is Responsible for Interaction with the Adhesion Receptor
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| Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a common respiratory virus that causes moderately severe infections. We have previously shown that the virus uses heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as the initial attachment factors, facilitating viral entry into the cell. In the present study, we show that the membrane protein... |
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Functions of Coronavirus Accessory Proteins: Overview of the State of the Art
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| Coronavirus accessory proteins are a unique set of proteins whose genes are interspersed among or within the genes encoding structural proteins. Different coronavirus genera, or even different species within the same coronavirus genus, encode varying amounts of accessory proteins, leading to genus- or species-specifici... |
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Crystal Structure of Non-Structural Protein 10 from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2
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| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), emerged at the end of 2019 and quickly spread to cause a global pandemic with severe socio-economic consequences The early sequencing of its RNA genome revealed its high similarity to SARS, likely to have originated... |
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Structure-function relationships in coronavirus and norovirus polymerases explored through the structure and activity of chimeric enzymes
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| The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) has spurred an unprecedented response from the scientific community to contribute timely solutions to help manage an urgent public health emergency. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) plays a critical function in repli... |
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The current landscape of coronavirus-host protein–protein interactions
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| In less than 20 years, three deadly coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, have emerged in human population causing hundreds to hundreds of thousands of deaths. Other coronaviruses are causing epizootic representing a significant threat for both domestic and wild animals. Members of this viral family have th... |
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Antagonism of dsRNA-Induced Innate Immune Pathways by NS4a and NS4b Accessory Proteins during MERS Coronavirus Infection
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| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first identified in 2012 as a novel etiological agent of severe respiratory disease in humans. As during infection by other viruses, host sensing of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induces several antiviral pathways. These include interferon (IFN), oligoaden... |
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Deducing the Crystal Structure of MERS-CoV Helicase
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| RNA virus encodes a helicase essential for viral RNA transcription and replication when the genome size is larger than 7 kb. Coronavirus (CoV) has an exceptionally large RNA genome (~30 kb) and it encodes an essential replicase, the nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13), a member of superfamily 1 helicases. Nsp13 is among t... |
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Peroxisomes exhibit compromised structure and matrix protein content in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that has triggered global health and economic crises. Here we report the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on peroxisomes of human cell lines, Huh-7 and SK-N-SH. Peroxisomes undergo dramatic changes in morphology in SARS-CoV-2-infected ce... |
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Disruption of 3CLpro protease self-association by short peptides as a potential route to broad spectrum coronavirus.
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| Coronaviruses have posed a persistent threat to human health over the last two decades. Despite the accumulated knowledge about coronavirus-related pathogens, development of an effective treatment for its new variant COVID-19 is highly challenging. For the highly-conserved and main coronavirus protease 3CLpro, dimeriza... |
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SARS‐CoV‐2, SARS‐CoV, and MERS‐CoV encode circular RNAs of spliceosome‐independent origin
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| Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly recognized component of the transcriptome with critical roles in autoimmune diseases and viral pathogenesis. To address the importance of circRNA in RNA viral transcriptome, we systematically identified and characterized circRNAs encoded by the RNA genomes of betacoronaviruses using... |
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ORF3a mediated-incomplete autophagy facilitates SARS-CoV-2 replication
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| SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent for the COVID-19 pandemic and there is an urgent need to understand the cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Beclin-1 is an essential scaffold autophagy protein that forms two distinct subcomplexes with modulators Atg14 and UVRAG, responsible for autophagosome formation and matur... |
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The 3' untranslated region of coronavirus RNA is required for subgenomic mRNA transcription from a defective interfering RNA.
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| The 3'-end of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genomic RNA contains a recognition sequence (55 nucleotides [nt]) required for minus-strand RNA synthesis. To determine whether the 3'-end sequence is also involved in subgenomic mRNA transcription, we have constructed MHV defective interfering (DI) RNAs which contain a chloram... |
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Autoproteolytic Products of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein are Primed for Antibody Evasion and Virus Proliferation
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| The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most immunogenic of the structural proteins and plays essential roles in several stages of the virus lifecycle. It is comprised of two major structural domains: the RNA binding domain, which interacts with viral and host RNA, and the oligomerization domain which assembles ... |
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Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus non-structural protein 1
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| The coronavirus (CoV) responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS-CoV, encodes two large polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) that are processed by two viral proteases to yield mature non-structural proteins (nsps). Many of these nsps have essential roles in viral replication, but several have no assigned f... |
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(1)H, (15)N and (13)C resonance assignments of the N-terminal domain of the nucleocapsid protein from the endemic human coronavirus HKU1
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| Coronaviruses have become of great medical and scientific interest because of the Covid-19 pandemic. The hCoV-HKU1 is an endemic betacoronavirus that causes mild respiratory symptoms, although the infection can progress to severe lung disease and death. During viral replication, a discontinuous transcription of the gen... |
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Transcriptional and epi-transcriptional dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 during cellular infection
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| SARS-CoV-2 uses subgenomic (sg)RNA to produce viral proteins for replication and immune evasion. We applied long-read RNA and cDNA sequencing to in vitro human and primate infection models to study transcriptional dynamics. Transcription-regulating sequence (TRS)-dependent sgRNA was upregulated earlier in infection tha... |
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NMR assignment of the nonstructural protein nsp3(1066–1181) from SARS-CoV
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| Sequence-specific NMR assignments of the globular core comprising the residues 1066–1181 within the non-structural protein nsp3e from the SARS coronavirus have been obtained using triple-resonance NMR experiments with the uniformly [(13)C,(15)N]-labeled protein. The backbone and side chain assignments are nearly comple... |
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Association of host tropism of Middle East syndrome coronavirus with the amino acid structure of host cell receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4.
### Response:
| The Middle East syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a recently emerging betacoronavirus with high fatality. Recently, dipeptidyle peptidase (CD26, DPP4) was identified as the host cell receptor for MERS-CoV. Interestingly, despite of common presence of DPP4 receptors the binding and infection of various cells shows immi... |
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Core structure of S2 from the human coronavirus NL63 spike glycoprotein.
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| Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) has recently been identified as a causative agent of acute respiratory tract illnesses in infants and young children. The HCoV-NL63 spike (S) protein mediates virion attachment to cells and subsequent fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. This viral entry process is a primary ta... |
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Crystal Structure of the C-Terminal Cytoplasmic Domain of Non-Structural Protein 4 from Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59
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| BACKGROUND: The replication of coronaviruses takes place on cytoplasmic double membrane vesicles (DMVs) originating in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Three trans-membrane non-structural proteins, nsp3, nsp4 and nsp6, are understood to be membrane anchors of the coronavirus replication complex. Nsp4 is localized to the... |
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Cloning and expression of FECV spike gene in vaccinia virus. Immunization with FECV S causes early death after FIPV challenge.
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| The spike gene of the feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), strain FECV-1683, was PCR amplified from total RNA extracted from FECV-infected cells and its sequence determined. A primary translation product of 1454 amino acids is predicted from the nucleotide sequence, containing a N-terminal signal sequence, a C-terminal t... |
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Sequence analysis of the membrane protein gene of human coronavirus 229E
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| Abstract Human coronaviruses (HCV) are ubiquitous pathogens which cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and possibly neurological disorders. To better understand the molecular biology of the prototype HCV-229E strain, the complete nucleotide sequence of the membrane protein (M) gene was determined from cloned cDNA. The ... |
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Determination of host proteins composing the microenvironment of coronavirus replicase complexes by proximity-labeling
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| Positive-sense RNA viruses hijack intracellular membranes that provide niches for viral RNA synthesis and a platform for interactions with host proteins. However, little is known about host factors at the interface between replicase complexes and the host cytoplasm. We engineered a biotin ligase into a coronaviral repl... |
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Coronavirus Spike Protein Inhibits Host Cell Translation by Interaction with eIF3f
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| In response to viral infection, the expression of numerous host genes, including predominantly a number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, is usually up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. It was noted that in cells infected with coronavirus, transcription and translation of some of th... |
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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Is Not Activated Directly by Cellular Furin during Viral Entry into Target Cells.
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| Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) utilizes host cellular proteases to enter cells. A previous report shows that furin, which is distributed mainly in the Golgi apparatus and cycled to the cell surface and endosomes, proteolytically activates the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein following receptor bindin... |
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SARS-CoV-2 viroporin encoded by ORF3a triggers the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway
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| Heightened inflammatory response is a prominent feature of severe COVID-19 disease. We report that the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a viroporin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, the most promiscuous of known inflammasomes. Ectopically expressed ORF3a triggers IL-1β expression via NFκB, thus priming the inflammasome. ORF3a also activ... |
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MERS coronavirus nsp1 participates in an efficient propagation through a specific interaction with viral RNA
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| MERS-CoV is the only lethal human CoV still endemic in the Arabian Peninsula and neither vaccine nor therapeutics against MERS-CoV infection is available. The nsp1 of CoV is thought to be a major virulence factor because it suppresses protein synthesis through the degradation of host mRNA. In contrast, viral RNA circum... |
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Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor.
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| Human aminopeptidase N (hAPN or CD13) and porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) are functional receptors for human coronavirus (HCV) 229E and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), respectively. However, hAPN cannot function as a receptor for TGEV and pAPN cannot function as a receptor for HCV 229E. In this stud... |
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Structural and biochemical characterization of SADS-CoV papain-like protease 2
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| Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a novel coronavirus that is involved in severe diarrhea disease in piglets, causing considerable agricultural and economic loss in China. The emergence of this new coronavirus increases the importance of understanding SADS-CoV as well as antivirals. Coronaviral pr... |
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PWM2Vec: An Efficient Embedding Approach for Viral Host Specification from Coronavirus Spike Sequences
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| COVID-19 pandemic, is still unknown and is an important open question. There are speculations that bats are a possible origin. Likewise, there are many closely related (corona-) viruses, such as SARS, which was found to be transmitted through civets. The study of the different hosts which can be potential carriers and ... |
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The potential association between PARP14 and the SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)
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| Understanding the potential association between the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase member 14 (PARP14) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may aid in understanding the host immunopathological response to the virus. PARP14 has an emerging role in viral infections, and this article considers... |
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Attenuation of Mouse Hepatitis Virus by Deletion of the LLRKxGxKG Region of Nsp1
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| Coronaviruses are a family of large positive-sense RNA viruses that are responsible for a wide range of important veterinary and human diseases. Nsp1 has been shown to have an important role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of coronaviruses in vivo. To assess the function of a relatively conserved domain (LLRKxGxKG) of M... |
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Crystal structures of the X-domains of a Group-1 and a Group-3 coronavirus reveal that ADP-ribose-binding may not be a conserved property
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| The polyproteins of coronaviruses are cleaved by viral proteases into at least 15 nonstructural proteins (Nsps). Consisting of five domains, Nsp3 is the largest of these (180–210 kDa). Among these domains, the so-called X-domain is believed to act as ADP-ribose-1″-phosphate phosphatase or to bind poly(ADP-ribose). Howe... |
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Identification of encoding proteins related to SARS-CoV
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| By sampling 100 encoding proteins from SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV, NC 004718) and other six coronaviruses and selecting 23 variables through stepwise multiple regression (SMR) from 172 variables, the multiple linear regression (MLR) model was established with good results of the quantitative modelling correlation coeff... |
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Identification and characterization of the putative fusion peptide of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike protein.
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| Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a newly identified member of the family Coronaviridae and poses a serious public health threat. Recent studies indicated that the SARS-CoV viral spike glycoprotein is a class I viral fusion protein. A fusion peptide present at the N-terminal region ... |
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A path towards SARS-CoV-2 attenuation: metabolic pressure on CTP synthesis rules the virus evolution
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| In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we describe here the singular metabolic background that constrains enveloped RNA viruses to evolve towards likely attenuation in the long term, possibly after a step of increased pathogenicity. Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is at the crossroad of the processes allowing SARS-CoV-2 ... |
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COVID-2019: The role of the nsp2 and nsp3 in its pathogenesis
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| Last December 2019, a new virus, named novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) causing many cases of severe pneumonia was reported in Wuhan, China. The virus knowledge is limited and especially about COVID-2019 pathogenesis. The Open Reading Frame 1ab (ORF1ab) of COVID-2019 has been analyzed to evidence the presence of mutation... |
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Z-RNA and the flipside of the SARS Nsp13 helicase
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| We present evidence that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) non-structural protein 13 (Nsp13) modulates the Z-RNA dependent regulated cell death pathway of necroptosis (1). We show that Z-prone sequences (called flipons (2)) exist in coronavirus and provide a signature that enables identification ... |
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Coronavirus-Human protein-protein interaction network
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| Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is the novel coronavirus which caused the COVID-19 pandemic and infected more than 10 million victims and resulted in over 500,000 deaths in 213 countries around the world. Having no symptoms in the first week of infection increases the rate of spreading virus. This increasing rate and consequently ... |
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Delineation and Modelling of a Nucleolar Retention Signal in the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein
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| Unlike nuclear localization signals, there is no obvious consensus sequence for the targeting of proteins to the nucleolus. The nucleolus is a dynamic subnuclear structure which is crucial to the normal operation of the eukaryotic cell. Studying nucleolar trafficking signals is problematic as many nucleolar retention s... |
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Unique Fibrinogen-binding motifs in the Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein of SARS CoV-2: Potential Implications in Host-Pathogen Interactions
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| Novel Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2), the etiological agent for the highly contagious Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened global health and economy infecting around 5.8 million people and causing over 359,200 deaths (as of 28(th) May, 2020, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/). The clinical ma... |
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The role of mediator complex subunit 19 in human diseases.
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| Mediator is an evolutionarily conserved multi-protein complex that mediates the interaction between different proteins as a basic linker in the transcription mechanism of eukaryotes. It interacts with RNA polymerase II and participates in the process of gene expression. Mediator complex subunit 19 or regulation by oxyg... |
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Structural and functional insights into non-structural proteins of coronaviruses
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| Coronaviruses (CoVs) are causing a number of human and animal diseases because of their zoonotic nature such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These viruses can infect respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic and central nervous s... |
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In silico docking of endophytic fungi cytoglobolosins to bovine coronavirus 3 Cl4 receptor
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| Bovine coronavirus infects upper and lower intestine and respiratory tracts in cattle inducing diarrhea and respiratory infections One hundred secondary metabolites of marine endophytic fungi protein crystal structure were screened for In silico docking with bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase 3 Cl4 receptor We f... |
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Formation and Expansion of Memory B Cells against Coronavirus in Acutely Infected COVID-19 Individuals
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| Infection with the β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 typically generates strong virus-specific antibody production. Antibody responses against novel features of SARS-CoV-2 proteins require naïve B cell activation, but there is a growing appreciation that conserved regions are recognized by pre-existing memory B cells (MBCs) gen... |
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Proofreading-deficient coronaviruses adapt over long-term passage for increased fidelity and fitness without reversion of exoribonuclease-inactivating mutations
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| The coronavirus (CoV) RNA genome is the largest among single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses. CoVs encode a proofreading 3′→5′exoribonuclease within nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14-ExoN) that is responsible for CoV high-fidelity replication. Alanine substitution of ExoN catalytic residues [ExoN(-)] in SARS-CoV and ... |
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