message stringlengths 10 12.4k | message_type stringclasses 3 values | message_id int64 0 2 | conversation_id int64 28.7k 898k | cluster float64 90 90 | __index_level_0__ int64 86k 2.69M |
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Answer this question truthfully | instruction | 0 | 28,664 | 90 | 85,972 |
The MMR and varicella vaccines are first recommended to be administered at 1 year of age. | output | 1 | 28,664 | 90 | 85,973 |
At what age are the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and varicella (chickenpox) vaccines first recommended to be administered? | input | 2 | 28,664 | 90 | 85,974 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,206 | 90 | 231,208 |
COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy opinions from frontline health care and social care workers: Survey data from 37 countries | output | 1 | 77,206 | 90 | 231,209 |
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vaccine hesitancy is an ongoing major challenge. We aimed to assess the uptake and hesitancy of the COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: A short online survey was posted between April 12 to July 31, 2021 targeted at health and social care workers (HCWs) across the globe. RESULTS: 275 from 37 countries responded. Most were hospital or primary care physicians or nurses, 59% women, aged 18–60 years, and 21% had chronic conditions with most prevalent being diabetes, hypertension, and asthma. We found that most HCWs (93%) had taken or willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. While 7% were vaccine hesitant (mainly women aged 30–39 years), respondents main concerns was the safety or potential side effects. Vaccine willing respondents raised concerns of unequal access to the COVID-19 vaccination in some countries, and highlighted that the only solution to overcoming COVID-19 infections was the vaccine booster doses given annually and free mass vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the majority of the frontline HCWs are willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Further promotion of the COVID-19 vaccine would reassure and persuade HCWs to become vaccinated. | input | 2 | 77,206 | 90 | 231,210 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,388 | 90 | 231,754 |
Willingness to Vaccinate Children against Influenza after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic | output | 1 | 77,388 | 90 | 231,755 |
OBJECTIVES: To determine factors associated with parents who plan to vaccinate their children against influenza next year, especially those who did not vaccinate against influenza last year using a global survey. STUDY DESIGN: A survey of caregivers accompanying their children aged 1-19 years old in 17 pediatric emergency departments in 6 countries at the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Anonymous online survey included caregiver and child demographic information, vaccination history and future intentions, and concern about the child and caregiver having COVID-19 at the time of emergency department visit. RESULTS: Of 2422 surveys, 1314 (54.2%) caregivers stated they plan to vaccinate their child against influenza next year, an increase of 15.8% from the previous year. Of 1459 caregivers who did not vaccinate their children last year, 418 (28.6%) plan to do so next year. Factors predicting willingness to change and vaccinate included child's up-to-date vaccination status (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.29-3.32, P = .003); caregivers' influenza vaccine history (aOR 3.26, 95% CI 2.41-4.40, P < .010), and level of concern their child had COVID-19 (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, P = .022). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in risk perception due to COVID-19, and previous vaccination, may serve to influence decision-making among caregivers regarding influenza vaccination in the coming season. To promote influenza vaccination among children, public health programs can leverage this information. | input | 2 | 77,388 | 90 | 231,756 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,490 | 90 | 232,060 |
Adverse Events Following Immunization to Covid-19 Vaccines in A Tertiary Care Hospital - A Descriptive Study | output | 1 | 77,490 | 90 | 232,061 |
The pandemic due to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COV ID-19) is a major health issue resulting in mortality across the globe. Multiple newer medications are being tried in treatment but with minimal success. The development of vaccines is occurring with unprecedented speed using different platforms with collaborations of academia and the pharmaceutical industries globally. These vaccines are approved for emergency use authorization by health authorities based on limited data from clinical trials. Hence, there is a need for active surveillance of vaccine recipients to monitor for safety. Adverse drug reaction monitoring centre (AMC) of our institute is actively involved in surveillance of recipients for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) who received vaccines for COV ID-19 from the vaccination centre of the institute. As per the guidelines of National Coordinating Centre (NCC), Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), designated staff of AMC follows up vaccine recipients over their registered mobile number post-vaccination for AEFI if any. This is a descriptive study of all the AEFI reported to NCC, PvPI between 16th January 2021 and 31st March 2021. Of the 5793 doses of vaccination administered during the study period, 59.4% (3443) responded to follow up and 8.6% (299 of 3443) recipients reported 509 AEFI. The most common reported AEFI include fever, generalized body pains, and headache constituting 36.1%, 30.5%, and 18.5% respectively. 64.2% (327 of 509) of AEFI were reported from people younger than 45 years of age. Though females constituted 53.8% (161 of 299) of people who reported AEFI, total number of events reported from this group was 58% (295 of 509). More number of AEFI were observed after first dose of COV ISHIELD compared to second dose. COV ID-19 vaccination drive is rolled out in multiple phases for different age groups across the country. Many vaccinations are being approved for use in general public with limited data from clinical trials. Active surveillance of COV ID-19 vaccines for AEFI helps us in further understanding safety issues beyond the clinical trial environment. | input | 2 | 77,490 | 90 | 232,062 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,561 | 90 | 232,273 |
Motivation for COVID-19 Vaccination in Priority Occupational Groups: A Cross-Sectional Survey | output | 1 | 77,561 | 90 | 232,274 |
Due to the limited availability of COVID-19 vaccines, occupational groups with priority access were identified prior to vaccination. The study aimed to analyze motives for vaccination in these occupational groups. Methods: Members of occupational groups, who were vaccinated at the vaccination center of University Hospital Olomouc before 30 April 2021, were asked to fill in an online questionnaire. Results: A total of 3224 completed questionnaires were obtained from 1332 healthcare workers, 1257 school employees, 363 social service workers, 210 security force members, and 62 critical infrastructure workers. The most frequent motive for vaccination was the effort to protect family members (76.2%), the effort to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in one’s profession (72.3%), followed by concerns about COVID-19 itself (49.1%) and exemptions from anti-epidemic measures (36.8%). Only for social services, the motive focused on one’s profession was mentioned more often (75.2%) than the motive focused on the family (71.1%). At the level of detailed profession-oriented motives, a collegial effort of security force members to protect co-workers and not to endanger the workplace was dominant. Conclusions: The effort to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in the professional environment is a strong motive for vaccination, and strongest among social service workers. | input | 2 | 77,561 | 90 | 232,275 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,618 | 90 | 232,444 |
Understanding national trends in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Canada: results from five sequential cross-sectional representative surveys spanning April 2020–March 2021 | output | 1 | 77,618 | 90 | 232,445 |
OBJECTIVE: To examine rates of vaccine hesitancy and their correlates among Canadian adults between April 2020 and March 2021. DESIGN: Five sequential cross-sectional age, sex and province-weighted population-based samples who completed online surveys. SETTING: Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 15 019 Canadians aged 18 years and over were recruited through a recognised polling firm (Leger Opinion). Respondents were 51.5% female with a mean age of 48.1 (SD 17.2) years (range 18–95 years) and predominantly white (80.8%). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of vaccine hesitancy over the five surveys (time points) and their sociodemographic, clinical and psychological correlates. RESULTS: A total of 42.2% of respondents reported some degree of vaccine hesitancy, which was lowest during surveys 1 (April 2020) and 5 (March 2021) and highest during survey 3 (November 2020). Fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that women, those aged 50 and younger, non-white, those with high school education or less, and those with annual household incomes below the poverty line in Canada were significantly more likely to report vaccine hesitancy, as were essential and healthcare workers, parents of children under the age of 18 and those who do not get regular influenza vaccines. Endorsing prevention behaviours as important for reducing virus transmission and high COVID-19 health concerns were associated with 77% and 54% reduction in vaccine hesitancy, respectively. Having high personal financial concerns was associated with 1.33 times increased odds of vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the importance of targeting vaccine efforts to specific groups by emphasising the outsized health benefits compared with risks of vaccination. Future research should monitor changes in vaccine intentions and behaviour to better understand underlying factors. | input | 2 | 77,618 | 90 | 232,446 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,681 | 90 | 232,633 |
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination Policy and Consumption of Ammonium Chloride-Enriched Confectioneries May Be Factors Reducing COVID-19 Death Rates in Europe | output | 1 | 77,681 | 90 | 232,634 |
BACKGROUNDThe 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continued into 2020, and the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) associated death toll increased OBJECTIVESTo analyze COVID-19 death rates in European countries or regions to determine whether there was a significant association between bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower rates of COVID-19 related deaths METHODSCertain Northern European countries or regions had low death rates regardless of BCG policy The authors assumed the consumption of foods containing salmiak (NH4Cl) was a common and peculiar cause of the reduced COVID-19 related death rates in these countries, because NH4Cl is a known lysosomotropic agent, which has been indicated to inhibit or prevent SARS-CoV infection To check the possible effectiveness of salmiak consumption against COVID-19 related death, the authors used a linear regression model with the death rate as the dependent variable and BCG-policy and salmiak consumption score as independent variables RESULTSUsing least squares regression and a robust standard error algorithm, the authors found a significant effect exerted by the independent variables (P < 0 0005 for BCG and P = 0 001 for salmiak) Salmiak score alone was significant (P = 0 016) when using least squares regression with robust error algorithm CONCLUSIONSThe results seem to confirm an association between BCG-positive vaccination policy and salmiak consumption, and lower death rates from COVID-19 Implementing BCG vaccination policy and fortification of foods with salmiak (NH4Cl) may have a significant impact on the control of SARS-CoV epidemic | input | 2 | 77,681 | 90 | 232,635 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,705 | 90 | 232,705 |
Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Japan | output | 1 | 77,705 | 90 | 232,706 |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is recommended for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines has not been sufficiently evaluated in patients with IBD. We aimed to assess the acceptance and hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccination and related factors among these patients. A retrospective cohort study using a self-reported questionnaire was performed among patients with IBD between 22 June 2021 and 30 August 2021. Of the 187 participants, 10.2% (n = 19) were hesitant to be vaccinated. Patients in the vaccine-hesitant group were younger (p = 0.009) and had a shorter disease duration (p = 0.020). Vedolizumab was prescribed more frequently (p = 0.024) and immunomodulators were less frequently used (p = 0.027) in this group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92–1.00, p = 0.042) and the use of immunomodulators (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.66, p = 0.019) as independent significant factors for vaccine hesitancy. The COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate in patients with IBD in Japan was 10% in this study. The Japanese COVID-19 vaccination campaign appears to be successful. The risk of COVID-19 among patients with IBD requires adequate measures to ensure that vaccines are accepted by vaccine-hesitant patients. These findings may be helpful in achieving adequate vaccination rates. | input | 2 | 77,705 | 90 | 232,707 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,766 | 90 | 232,888 |
Immunization funding across 28 European countries | output | 1 | 77,766 | 90 | 232,889 |
INTRODUCTION: Disease prevention and improving vaccination coverage in Europe are key elements contributing to resilient health systems and ensuring better health outcomes for all. The aim of this study was to describe the immunization funding landscape across all European Union 28 countries (EU28). AREAS COVERED: Data collected in a targeted literature review supported descriptive analysis on the different indicators that were looked at: vaccines included in the EU28 national immunization programs (NIP), national immunization funding, immunization funding per capita (2015-2019) and percentage of health-care budget allocated to immunization. EXPERT OPINION: Immunization funding represents a small proportion of total healthcare spend in Europe (median 0.3%). In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, demographic changes, and the potential introduction of new vaccines; the need for adequate financing of immunization programs will be important, to establish resilient immunization systems and provide sustainable protection of the population against vaccine-preventable diseases. | input | 2 | 77,766 | 90 | 232,890 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,013 | 90 | 233,629 |
Safety of components and platforms of COVID-19 vaccines considered for use in pregnancy: A rapid review | output | 1 | 78,013 | 90 | 233,630 |
BACKGROUND: Rapid assessment of COVID-19 vaccine safety during pregnancy is urgently needed. METHODS: We conducted a rapid systematic review, to evaluate the safety of COVID-19 vaccines selected by the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access-Maternal Immunization Working Group in August 2020, including their components and their technological platforms used in other vaccines for pregnant persons. We searched literature databases, COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy registries, and explored reference lists from the inception date to February 2021 without language restriction. Pairs of reviewers independently selected studies through COVIDENCE, and performed the data extraction and the risk of bias assessment. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021234185). RESULTS: We retrieved 6757 records and 12 COVID-19 pregnancy registries from the search strategy; 38 clinical and non-clinical studies (involving 2,398,855 pregnant persons and 56 pregnant animals) were included. Most studies (89%) were conducted in high-income countries and were cohort studies (57%). Most studies (76%) compared vaccine exposures with no exposure during the three trimesters of pregnancy. The most frequent exposure was to AS03 adjuvant, in the context of A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccines, (n=24) and aluminum-based adjuvants (n=11). Only one study reported exposure to messenger RNA in lipid nanoparticles COVID-19 vaccines. Except for one preliminary report about A/H1N1 influenza vaccination (adjuvant AS03), corrected by the authors in a more thorough analysis, all studies concluded that there were no safety concerns. CONCLUSION: This rapid review found no evidence of pregnancy-associated safety concerns of COVID-19 vaccines or of their components or platforms when used in other vaccines. However, the need for further data on several vaccine platforms and components is warranted, given their novelty. Our findings support current WHO guidelines recommending that pregnant persons may consider receiving COVID-19 vaccines, particularly if they are at high risk of exposure or have comorbidities that enhance the risk of severe disease. | input | 2 | 78,013 | 90 | 233,631 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,063 | 90 | 233,779 |
Childhood Immunization and COVID-19: An Early Narrative Review | output | 1 | 78,063 | 90 | 233,780 |
The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved into arguably the largest global public health crisis in recent history-especially in the absence of a safe and effective vaccine or an effective anti-viral treatment. As reported, the virus seems to less commonly infect children and causing less severe symptoms among infected children. This narrative review provides an inclusive view of scientific hypotheses, logical derivation, and early analyses that substantiate or refute such conjectures. At the completion of a relatively less restrictive search of this evolving topic, 13 articles-all published in 2020, were included in this early narrative review. Directional themes arising from the identified literature imply the potential relationship between childhood vaccination and COVID-19-either based on the potential genomic and immunological protective effects of heterologous immunity, or based on observational associations of cross-immunity among vaccines and other prior endemic diseases. Our review suggests that immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in children is different than in adults, resulting in differences in the levels of severity of symptoms and outcomes of the disease in different age groups. Further clinical investigations are warranted of at least three childhood vaccines: BCG, MMR, and HEP-A for their potential protective role against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. | input | 2 | 78,063 | 90 | 233,781 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,078 | 90 | 233,824 |
Safety of COVID-19 vaccine: A meta-analysis | output | 1 | 78,078 | 90 | 233,825 |
Objective To systematically review the safety of different types of COVID-19 vaccines in the population. Methods Web of Science, PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Data and CBM databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which reported safety of COVID-19 vaccines in population. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed by using RevMan 5.4 software. Results A total of 5 RCTs involving 2 431 subjects were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that COVID-19 vaccines developed more fever symptoms than placebo (RR=2.21, 95%CI 1.38 to 3.54, P=0.000 9). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions (RR=1.28, 95%CI 0.96 to 1.70, P=0.10), injection site adverse reactions (RR=1.47, 95%CI 0.65 to 3.36, P=0.36) and systemic adverse reactions (RR=0.96, 95%CI 0.78 to 1.17, P=0.66) between two groups. Conclusions Current evidence shows that COVID-19 vaccines are sufficiently safe. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are required to verify the above conclusions. © 2021 West China University of Medical Science. All rights reserved. | input | 2 | 78,078 | 90 | 233,826 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,339 | 90 | 234,607 |
Optional Vaccines in Children—Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Romanian Parents | output | 1 | 78,339 | 90 | 234,608 |
Vaccination is one of the most useful medical interventions for controlling certain infectious diseases. The aim of current research is to identify some of the drivers of vaccine hesitancy or acceptance in a rather skeptical European population by addressing parental perception on optional vaccination (OV) perception. Novel tools, delivered by social media, were used in our research attempt. A validated questionnaire was distributed online among parents. Parental knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of OV were analyzed. The majority of parent respondents (55.1%) showed very good knowledge about vaccination and vaccine-preventable diseases, and 76.0% stated that they had given at least one optional vaccine to at least one of their children. The most common optional vaccine administered was the rotavirus vaccine. The level of knowledge appeared to be related to compliance with OV. Concurrently, the rate of vaccine acceptance in the NIP (National Immunization Program) was not correlated with the level of parental knowledge. In total, a high percentage of parents (77.6%) believed that OV can bring an additional health safety benefit to their children. This study shows the need to involve the medical community in a steady dialogue with parents about OV. Raising awareness by presenting clear and understandable information could be a game-changing intervention in mitigating the public health impact of OV-preventable diseases. | input | 2 | 78,339 | 90 | 234,609 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,391 | 90 | 234,763 |
A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Stage 3 COVID-19 Vaccines using Knowledge Representation | output | 1 | 78,391 | 90 | 234,764 |
The emergence of a novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus at the end of 2019 and its accelerated spread worldwide to become a pandemic has had, from the medical biotechnology point of view, an unprecedented global response, to the point that there are currently 176 vaccine candidates in preclinical stage, 66 in clinical stage, of which 19 are in phase 3, and 5 of these are massively applied worldwide. The purpose of the present work is to elaborate a hierarchical landscape of the current status of phase 3 vaccines, taking into account their attributes of technological platform, safety and efficacy. The methodology used was that of conceptual knowledge representation, resulting in, firstly, an appropriate classification of stage 3 vaccines, The Conceptual Lattice for COVID-19 vaccines, constructed according to how they relate to each other with respect to the set of their attributes. Secondly, the approach used allows proposing rational strategies for the design of heterologous vaccination schemes, which are urgently needed to control the pandemic. | input | 2 | 78,391 | 90 | 234,765 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,468 | 90 | 234,994 |
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among PLWH in South India: Implications for Vaccination Campaigns | output | 1 | 78,468 | 90 | 234,995 |
The global effort to end the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2 pandemic will depend on our ability to achieve a high uptake of the highly efficacious vaccines in all countries. India recently experienced an unprecedented transmission surge, likely fueled by a premature reopening, the highly transmissible delta variant, and low vaccination rates. Indian media have reported high degrees of vaccine hesitancy, which could interfere with efforts to prevent future surges, making it crucial to better understand the reasons for such reluctance in vulnerable populations, such as people living with HIV. METHODS: We conducted telephone interviews with 438 people living with HIV who were participants in a longitudinal cohort, designed to examine and validate novel antiretroviral therapy ART adherence measures. Interviews were conducted in January and February 2021 and covered COVID-19–related questions on confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy, worries of vaccine side effects, trust in COVID-19 information from specific sources, and intent to get vaccinated. RESULTS: Over one-third of participants (38.4%, n = 168) met our definition of “vaccine hesitant” by reporting being either unlikely to get vaccinated at all or wanting to wait. Vaccine hesitancy was associated with lack of confidence in vaccine safety, concerns about side effects and efficacy, and distrust in common sources of vaccine-related information. DISCUSSION: These results highlight several challenges for vaccination efforts. Campaigns may benefit from using trusted sources, including antiretroviral therapy center staff, providing clear information about safety and efficacy and emphasizing the role of vaccines in preventing severe disease, hospitalizations and death, and the reduction of forward transmission to unvaccinated household members. | input | 2 | 78,468 | 90 | 234,996 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,478 | 90 | 235,024 |
Evaluating COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: A qualitative study from Vietnam | output | 1 | 78,478 | 90 | 235,025 |
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vaccine hesitancy is a major threat to COVID-19 vaccination programs. This study aimed to examine the public attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines, the variance of these attitudes, and associated determinants within a large COVID-19 outbreak in Vietnam. METHODS: Two focus group discussions were conducted online with 20 people from different socio-economic and profession backgrounds. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. Discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Key themes were extracted using reflexive thematic analysis method. RESULTS: Four distinct, non-static attitudes including acceptance, conditional acceptance, hesitancy, and anti-vaccination were found. Themes identified as determinants of these attitudes were external factors, internal factors, and risk-benefit self-assessment regarding COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: We found mixed, non-static COVID-19 vaccination attitudes. People's vaccination risk-benefit self-assessment greatly determines the variance of their attitudes over time. Given high public trust in the authorities, the government should take the lead to counter COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. To increase acceptance, vaccine advertising campaigns should focus on providing information about the dangers of COVID-19, the ability to manage side-effects at the vaccination centers, and updated, precise information on both the outbreak and vaccines. Future research is needed to identify the public most common COVID-19 information channels to enable effective community education. | input | 2 | 78,478 | 90 | 235,026 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,482 | 90 | 235,036 |
Will Africans take COVID-19 vaccination? | output | 1 | 78,482 | 90 | 235,037 |
The economic and humanistic impact of COVID-19 pandemic is enormous globally. No definitive treatment exists, hence accelerated development and approval of COVID-19 vaccines, offers a unique opportunity for COVID-19 prevention and control. Vaccine hesitancy may limit the success of vaccine distribution in Africa, therefore we assessed the potentials for coronavirus vaccine hesitancy and its determinants among Africans. An online cross-sectional African-wide survey was administered in Arabic, English, and French languages. Questions on demographics, self-reported health status, vaccine literacy, knowledge and perception on vaccines, past experience, behavior, infection risk, willingness to receive and affordability of the SARS-COV-2 vaccine were asked. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 5,416 individuals completed the survey. Approximately, 94% were residents of 34 African countries while the other Africans live in the Diaspora. Only 63% of all participants surveyed were willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible and 79% were worried about its side effects. Thirty-nine percent expressed concerns of vaccine-associated infection. The odds of vaccine hesitancy was 0.28 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.30) among those who believed their risk of infection was very high, compared to those who believed otherwise. The odds of vaccine hesitancy was one-fifth (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.28) among those who believed their risk of falling sick was very high, compared to those who believed their risk of falling very sick was very low. The OR of vaccine hesitancy was 2.72 (95% CI: 2.24, 3.31) among those who have previously refused a vaccine for themselves or their child compared to counterparts with no self-reported history of vaccine hesitancy. Participants want the vaccines to be mandatory (40%), provided free of charge (78%) and distributed in homes and offices (44%). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is substantial among Africans based on perceived risk of coronavirus infection and past experiences. | input | 2 | 78,482 | 90 | 235,038 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,506 | 90 | 235,108 |
Inaction, under-reaction action and incapacity: communication breakdown in Italy's vaccination governance | output | 1 | 78,506 | 90 | 235,109 |
This article explores why governments do not respond to public compliance problems in a timely manner with appropriate instruments, and the consequences of their failure to do so. Utilising a case study of Italian vaccination policy, the article considers counterfactuals and the challenges of governing health policy in an age of disinformation. It counterposes two methods of governing vaccination compliance: discipline, which uses public institutions to inculcate the population with favourable attitudes and practices, and modulation, which uses access to public institutions as a form of control. The Italian government ineffectively employed discipline for a number of years. Epistemological and organisational constraints stymied its efforts to tackle a significant childhood vaccination compliance problem. With a loss of control over the information environment, vaccinations were not served well by exogenous crises, the sensationalism of the news cycle and online misinformation. Hampered by austerity, lack of capacity and epistemic shortcomings, the Italian government did not protect the public legitimacy of the vaccination programme. Instead of employing communications to reassure a hesitant population, they focused on systemic and delivery issues, until it was too late to do anything except make vaccinations mandatory (using modulation). The apparent short-term success of this measure in generating population compliance does not foreclose the need for ongoing governance of vaccine confidence through effective discipline. This is evident for the COVID-19 vaccination campaign, with many Italians still indicating that they would not accept a vaccine despite the devastation that the disease has wrought throughout their country. | input | 2 | 78,506 | 90 | 235,110 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,510 | 90 | 235,120 |
Immune response to vaccination in adults with mental disorders: A systematic review | output | 1 | 78,510 | 90 | 235,121 |
BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are associated with immune dysregulation as measured by serum levels of biological markers of immunity. Adults with mental disorders have also been reported to have attenuated post vaccine immune response. The COVID-19 pandemic has invited the need to determine whether individuals with mental disorders exhibit differential immune response following the administration of vaccines for other infections. METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and PsycInfo was conducted from inception to May 2021 investigating vaccine response in persons with mental disorders, as measured by biological markers of immunity (i.e., antibodies, cytokines). RESULTS: Thirteen articles were identified which evaluated vaccine efficacy in persons with mental disorders. Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) or schizophrenia revealed attenuated immune response to vaccination, or no statistical difference compared to control subjects. Individuals with anorexia nervosa or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) displayed no attenuated post-vaccination antibody level. Individuals with insomnia displayed lower levels of antibodies after vaccination, whereas individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) displayed no difference in vaccine response compared to control subjects. LIMITATIONS: The limitations of this review include the relatively few articles included (n = 13) and small sample sizes (less than thirty subjects) in the majority of articles. CONCLUSION: Vaccine response in adults with a mental disorder remains inconclusive. Notwithstanding the heterogeneity and relatively small number of studies, available evidence does suggest attenuated immune response across disparate vaccinations. Future research is required to confirm vaccine efficacy in persons with mental disorders, especially regarding immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination. | input | 2 | 78,510 | 90 | 235,122 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,558 | 90 | 235,264 |
Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Los Angeles County Adults After Vaccine Authorization | output | 1 | 78,558 | 90 | 235,265 |
An equitable COVID-19 vaccine rollout is a necessary piece of the public health strategy to end the current pandemic; however, vaccine hesitancy may present a major hurdle. This study examines racial/ethnic and income-based disparities in vaccine hesitancy in Los Angeles County, a recent epicenter of the pandemic in the US, immediately after the Food and Drug Administration issued its emergency use authorization of a COVID-19 vaccine. We conducted online, stratified cross-sectional surveys of 1,984 adults living in Los Angeles County between December 2020 and January 2021 to assess hesitancy towards getting a COVID-19 vaccine. We used multivariable logistic regression to predict vaccine hesitancy after adjusting for covariates and calculated weighted population level estimates of hesitancy and reasons for hesitancy. Blacks and Hispanics were significantly more likely to be hesitant than Whites (AOR=3.3, P<0.001; AOR=2.1, P=0.008) as were those in the lowest income group (annual income <$20,000 compared to >$100,000) (AOR=1.8, P=0.009). Additionally, those having no confidence in doing things online (AOR=3.3, P<0.001) were less likely to accept the vaccine than those who were confident. Compared to hesitant White respondents, Black respondents had higher mistrust of the government (36.1% vs 22.1%, P=0.03) and Black and Hispanic respondents were more likely to want to wait to see how the vaccine works (41.2% and 42.0% vs 27.3%, P=0.02 and P=0.006). Our study suggests that culturally appropriate messaging that addresses concerns for lower income and racial/ethnic minority communities, as well as alternatives to online vaccine appointments, are necessary for improving vaccine rollout. | input | 2 | 78,558 | 90 | 235,266 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,607 | 90 | 235,411 |
COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy and postpartum. | output | 1 | 78,607 | 90 | 235,412 |
AIM To identify whether COVID-19 vaccines should be administered in pregnant and breastfeeding women by reviewing the guidance and other evidence. METHODS We reviewed the COVID-19 vaccination guidance for pregnant and breastfeeding women published to date and evidence from preclinical experimental and observational clinical studies, and discuss their implications. RESULTS Pregnant women were excluded from the initial phase 3 clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines resulting in limited data on their efficacy and safety during pregnancy and postpartum. As a result, since December 2020, there has been conflicting advice from public health, governmental, and professional authorities on this matter. From the end of 2020 up to now, some consensus guidance has been published with a prevalent precautionary approach on the administration of vaccines in pregnant women, in breastfeeding ones, or for those who are planning a pregnancy (either spontaneously or with assisted technologies). After the first few months of vaccine administration in some countries, more permissiveness seems to prevail, although with inconsistencies. At the moment, the results obtained by preclinical experimental and observational clinical studies suggest that the risks of the maternal COVID-19 outweigh the undocumented and hypothetical risks of the COVID-19 vaccines in pregnancy. Also, until two viral vector COVID-19 vaccines were associated with very rare thromboembolic events, all guidance had agreed that all approved COVID-19 vaccines could be administered in pregnancy. Actually, some concern has been expressed. CONCLUSION COVID-19 vaccines administered in pregnancy can reduce the risk of severe COVID-19 and their serious consequences for mothers and their offspring. However, many aspects remain to be clarified. | input | 2 | 78,607 | 90 | 235,413 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,661 | 90 | 235,573 |
COVID-19: Knowledge, Perception of Risk, Preparedness and Vaccine Acceptability among Healthcare Workers in Kenya | output | 1 | 78,661 | 90 | 235,574 |
BackgroundCOVID-19 is highly contagious and healthcare workers are at a higher risk of contracting the disease since they are at the frontline in an effort to control and manage it. Inadequate knowledge on COVID-19 and poor practices and preventive measures among healthcare workers may lead to the rapid spread of the disease thereby limiting the ability to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, risk perception, preparedness for COVID-19 and vaccine acceptability among healthcare workers in Kenya. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021 to assess healthcare workers level of knowledge, perception of risk and preparedness to handle COVID-19 in Kenya. A link to an online self-administered questionnaire hosted on the Research Electronic Data Capture application (REDCap) was disseminated to health workers across the country via text messages, emails and social media. We collected data on demographics, knowledge, perception of risk and preparedness for COVID-19 and vaccine acceptance. Data collected in REDCap was then transferred to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate correlation analyses were used to determine associations between variables. P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsA total of 997 participants including doctors (34%), nurses (26%), clinical officers (21%) and lab technologists (12%) were enrolled in the study. About half (53%) of the participants were female. The mean age was 36.54 years (SD = 8.31) and 46% of the participants were aged between 31-40years. About half (55%) of participants worked in county facilities and 64% of the respondents had at least bachelors degree. The overall knowledge score of health workers for COVID-19 was 80%. Most of the health workers (89%) perceived that they were at high risk of infection. Seventy-two percent of the participants felt that they were either partially or fully prepared to handle patients with COVID-19. Overall, 71% of all health workers would take a vaccine if provided free by the government. ConclusionKnowledge of health workers on transmission, clinical manifestations and risk factors for development of severe COVID-19 was good. Majority of the health workers perceived the risk of infection with COVID-19 as high and a significant number felt that they were not fully prepared to handle the pandemic. Majority of health workers would take a COVID-19 vaccine. | input | 2 | 78,661 | 90 | 235,575 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,666 | 90 | 235,588 |
Analysis of clinical enquiries received by five COVID-19 vaccination centres in the UK | output | 1 | 78,666 | 90 | 235,589 |
The aim of this study was to explore the nature of clinical enquiries received by UK vaccination centres during the early stages in the roll-out of the COVID-19 vaccination programme. Four centres were situated in acute hospitals and one centre was in a designated public site. Data were collected for eight consecutive weeks between January and February 2021. The hospital centres administered a total of 28 995 doses of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine, receiving 806 enquiries (1 enquiry per 36 vaccinations, 2.7%). The public centre administered 29 167 doses of AstraZeneca vaccine, receiving 439 enquiries (1 enquiry per 66 vaccinations, 1.5%). Combined enquiry rate was 2.1%. The most common enquiries were related to allergies (44%), compatibility with other medicine (22%) and immunosuppression (16%). These were the topics of clinical guidance that were subject to regular change. Public health programmes implementing novel therapies should ensure the provision of sufficient enquiry answering capacity. | input | 2 | 78,666 | 90 | 235,590 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,805 | 90 | 236,005 |
Pharmacists' Readiness to Receive, Recommend and Administer COVID-19 Vaccines in an African Country: An Online Multiple-Practice Settings Survey in Nigeria | output | 1 | 78,805 | 90 | 236,006 |
Background Without a cure, vaccination is the most reliable means of combating COVID-19 pandemic, since non-pharmacological measures could not prevent its spread, as evidenced in the emergence of a second wave. This study assessed the readiness of pharmacists to receive, recommend and administer COVID-19 vaccines to clients in Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which responses were collected from pharmacists in Nigeria through Google Form link. A 21-item questionnaire was developed and validated for the study. The link was shared on the WhatsApp groups of eligible respondents. The response was downloaded into Microsoft Excel (2019) and cleared of errors. This was uploaded into KwikTables (Beta Version 2021) for data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data. Chi-squared test was used to determine the relationship between all the responses and the practice areas of the pharmacists. Results A total of 509 pharmacists responded to the study, but 507 indicated their areas of practice. The highest response of 247(48.7%) was obtained from hospital pharmacists, then community pharmacists;157(31.0%). Hospital and community pharmacists accounted for 96 and 66 of the 191(37.7%) pharmacists that would probably accept the vaccine (p=0.126). The Pfizer-bioNTech vaccine was the preferred brand for 275(54.2%) respondents. Healthcare Professionals>Elderly>General Populace>Children was the order of roll-out recommended by 317(62.5%). Adverse-effect-following-immunization was the concern of 330(65.1%) pharmacists. Age was a factor in their likelihood of recommending the COVID-19 vaccine to clients (p=0.001). Conclusion This study established that most pharmacists are willing to accept to be vaccinated against COVID-19, recommend and administer it to other citizens. They were impressed by the effectiveness and cost of some of the vaccines, but were concerned about their possible adverse effects. The pharmacists would want the authorities to consider strategies that will make the vaccines accessible to all citizens. | input | 2 | 78,805 | 90 | 236,007 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,054 | 90 | 236,752 |
Factors That Impact Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination in Different Community-Dwelling Populations in China | output | 1 | 79,054 | 90 | 236,753 |
(1) Background: It is important to improve vaccination strategies and immunization programs to achieve herd immunity to infectious diseases. (2) Methods: To assess the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination, we conducted face-to-face surveys and online surveys in Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Qinghai provinces. A fixed-effect model and a random effects model were used to analyze factors associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. (3) Findings: We initially recruited 3173 participants, 3172 participants completed the full questionnaire (the response rate was nearly 100%), of which 2169 were valid questionnaires, with an effective rate of 87.3%. The results indicated that 82.6% of participants were willing to receive vaccination when it was available in the community, and 57.2% of deliverymen, 43.3% of medical workers, 78.2% of parents of primary and secondary school children, and 72.2% of parents of preschool children were willing to receive vaccination. The models showed that participants who were male (female vs. male: OR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.12, 1.98)), 60 to 69 years-old (60–69 vs. <30: OR = 0.52, 95% CI (0.29, 0.92)), had less education (medium vs. low: OR = 1.50, 95% CI (1.05, 2.23)), had good health status (good vs. low: OR = 0.36, 95% CI (0.15, 0.88)), and had positive attitudes and trust (OR = 0.14, 95% CI (0.10, 0.20)) in vaccines approved by the National Health Commission were more likely to accept vaccination. Participants also had an increased vaccination acceptance if it was recommended by government sources, doctors, relatives, or friends. Most participants learned about COVID-19 vaccination from television, radio, and newspapers, followed by community or hospital campaigns and the internet. (4) Conclusions: Government sources and doctors could increase the acceptance of vaccination by promoting the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccination by the use of mass media and emphasizing the necessity of vaccination for everyone. | input | 2 | 79,054 | 90 | 236,754 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,103 | 90 | 236,899 |
COVID-19 vaccination and the power of rumors: Why we must "Tune in". | output | 1 | 79,103 | 90 | 236,900 |
Rumors have significantly affected immunization campaigns in the past. The ongoing COVID-19 vaccination program in India needs to frame public communication messages both to promote vaccine demand and update as well as counter COVID-related rumors. COVID-related rumors have had wide-ranging effects in the country, from stigmatization of health workers to a crash of prices in the poultry sector. Appropriate communication strategies are critical for tracking, negotiating, and shaping perceptions around the vaccines and the program. Issues that will shape perceptions around the vaccines include product development, prioritization strategies, program rollout activities, and adverse effects following immunization and adverse effects of special interest. | input | 2 | 79,103 | 90 | 236,901 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,226 | 90 | 237,268 |
Expected Rates of Select Adverse Events following Immunization for COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Monitoring | output | 1 | 79,226 | 90 | 237,269 |
Background: Knowledge of expected rates of potential adverse events of special interest (AESI) that may occur coincidentally following COVID-19 vaccination is essential for vaccine safety surveillance and assessment. We calculated the expected rates of 21 potential AESI following COVID-19 vaccination among vaccinated persons within 1 day, 7 days, and 42 days of vaccination. Methods: We used meta-analytic methods to estimate background rates of 21 medical conditions considered potential AESI and calculated expected rates of each potential AESI within 1 day, 7 days, and 42 days of vaccination. Results: Background rates of three commonly monitored AESI, Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), myopericarditis, and all-cause deaths were 2.0 GBS cases/100,000 person-years, 1.3 myopericarditis cases/100,000 person-years, and 863.8 all-cause deaths/100,000 person-years, respectively. Based on these background rates, if 10,000,000 persons are vaccinated, we would expect 0.5, 3.7, and 22.5 GBS cases; 0.3, 2.4, and 14.3 myopericarditis cases; and 236.5, 1655.5, and 9932.8 all-cause deaths to occur in coincident temporal association (i.e., as a result of background incidence) within 1 day, 7 days, and 42 days of vaccination, respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of expected rates of potential AESI can help contextualize adverse health events associated temporally with immunization, aid in safety signal detection, guide COVID-19 vaccine public health communication, and inform benefit-risk assessments of COVID-19 vaccines. | input | 2 | 79,226 | 90 | 237,270 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,479 | 90 | 238,027 |
Facing the challenge of eliminating hepatitis B | output | 1 | 79,479 | 90 | 238,028 |
Before COVID-19, we kept asking the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to do more on hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The group that works on hepatitis B could use more funding to expedite a cure. In the United States, we buy millions of HIV tests annually and distribute them for free or at low cost, paid for by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [...]with adult vaccination programmes and investment in testing, you could reduce the rate of community infection over 50 years, or maybe as long as 70 years, until nobody has hepatitis B. We can eradicate this infectious disease, as a planet, as we did with smallpox. | input | 2 | 79,479 | 90 | 238,029 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,495 | 90 | 238,075 |
Weighing up the risks - Vaccine decision-making in pregnancy and parenting | output | 1 | 79,495 | 90 | 238,076 |
BACKGROUND: Immunisation is universally accepted as one of the most significant health initiatives in recent times. However, vaccine hesitancy is increasing in Australia and other high- and middle-income countries. There is evidence to suggest that many parents, even those who elect to immunise, may have a degree of vaccine hesitancy. The recommendation of a healthcare professional is a predictor for vaccine uptake. AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore the values, beliefs and choices made by vaccine hesitant parents and pregnant women, regarding their decision not to vaccinate their child or children. The aim being to determine the factors that influence this decision making and to give a voice to vaccine hesitant parents. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory online survey of 106 vaccine hesitant parents and pregnant women was conducted in 2021. The survey utilised closed and open-ended questions. FINDINGS: Pregnant women and parents obtained most of their immunisation education from nurses, midwives, and general practitioners. Vaccine decision-making was however, influenced by multiple factors including vaccine safety concerns, the sources of information accessed, and a previous negative immunisation experience. Other influential factors included the use of alternative therapies, diet, and lifestyle factors. DISCUSSION: Along with general practitioners, nurses and midwives are a popular, respected and a vital source in the provision of accurate and timely immunisation education. However, further education is required at an undergraduate level to adequately prepare them for their role of listening to and educating vaccine hesitant pregnant women and parents. | input | 2 | 79,495 | 90 | 238,077 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,536 | 90 | 238,198 |
COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination: Cross-Protection, Co-Administration, Combination Vaccines, and Hesitancy | output | 1 | 79,536 | 90 | 238,199 |
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are the main respiratory viruses for which effective vaccines are currently available. Strategies in which COVID-19 and influenza vaccines are administered simultaneously or combined into a single preparation are advantageous and may increase vaccination uptake. Here, we comprehensively review the available evidence on COVID-19/influenza vaccine co-administration and combination vaccine candidates from the standpoints of safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, policy and public acceptance. While several observational studies have shown that the trained immunity induced by influenza vaccines can protect against some COVID-19-related endpoints, it is not yet understood whether co-administration or combination vaccines can exert additive effects on relevant outcomes. In randomized controlled trials, co-administration has proved safe, with a reactogenicity profile similar to that of either vaccine administered alone. From the immunogenicity standpoint, the immune response towards four influenza strains and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in co-administration groups is generally non-inferior to that seen in groups receiving either vaccine alone. Several public health authorities have advocated co-administration. Different combination vaccine candidates are in (pre)-clinical development. The hesitancy towards vaccine co-administration or combination vaccines is a multifaceted phenomenon and may be higher than the acceptance of either vaccine administered separately. Public health implications are discussed. | input | 2 | 79,536 | 90 | 238,200 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,708 | 90 | 238,714 |
Vaccine ethics: an ethical framework for global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines | output | 1 | 79,708 | 90 | 238,715 |
This paper addresses the just distribution of vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and sets forth an ethical framework that prioritises frontline and essential workers, people at high risk of severe disease or death, and people at high risk of infection. Section I makes the case that vaccine distribution should occur at a global level in order to accelerate development and fair, efficient vaccine allocation. Section II puts forth ethical values to guide vaccine distribution including helping people with the greatest need, reducing health disparity, saving the most lives and promoting narrow social utility. It also responds to objections which claim that earlier years have more value than later years. Section III puts forth a practical ethical framework to aid decision-makers and compares it with alternatives. | input | 2 | 79,708 | 90 | 238,716 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,797 | 90 | 238,981 |
Inoculation now or later? Lower efficacy and vaccine passport concerns | output | 1 | 79,797 | 90 | 238,982 |
This correspondence explores other reasons for vaccine hesitancy especially among the educated sector, as expressed in the decision to delay inoculation because of the lower efficacy of currently available vaccines and/or the lack of access to European Medicines Agency-approved jabs that are required for an European Union vaccine passport. The challenge to promote the common good is posed not only to individuals, but also to governments and international agencies. | input | 2 | 79,797 | 90 | 238,983 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,811 | 90 | 239,023 |
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Iranian patients with multiple sclerosis | output | 1 | 79,811 | 90 | 239,024 |
BACKGROUND: World Health Organization (WHO) mentioned COVID-19 vaccination as the safest way to eradicate this pandemic. In the meantime, vaccine hesitancy (a delay in accepting or rejecting the vaccine despite the availability of vaccination services) is a barrier. Hence, we studied this obstacle in the Iranian multiple sclerosis (MS) population. OBJECTIVE: MS patients eligible for vaccination were asked to complete a google form survey. Demographic information, MS disease-related factors, flu vaccination history, COVID-19 vaccination history, cause of vaccination refusal, past history of COVID-19 infection, and their compliance with public health guidelines after vaccination were recorded. RESULTS: 1479 patients participated in this study. 6.9% of participants have not received the vaccination. Sinopharm was the most commonly used vaccine (92.9%). Vaccine hesitancy was associated with young age, lower education, unemployment, negative flu vaccination history, no previous episode of COVID-19 infection, less concern about COVID-19, and the expectation of not getting infected with the virus after vaccination. Participants mentioned concerns about the side effects of the vaccines as the most prevalent cause of avoiding vaccination (58.0%). Patients’ concern of SARS-CoV-2 significantly decreased after vaccination (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings in this study elucidate that a minor group of patients with MS has vaccine hesitancy, which may expose them to more severe COVID 19. The treating physicians should ask the history of vaccination and try to persuade such patients with scientific knowledge transformation. The long-term consequences of not being vaccinated should be clarified to such patients especially those who are receiving immunosuppressive agents. | input | 2 | 79,811 | 90 | 239,025 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,951 | 90 | 239,443 |
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