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S0001457519316926 | Provisional drivers do not always comply with graduated driver licensing restrictions and road laws . The aim of this study was to explore the effect of parenting style on young driver compliance with licensing restrictions . Two surveys the first a sample of parents of provisionally licensed drivers from Queensland an... | Surveys with parents and young drivers indicates that parenting styles affect young driver compliance with provisional driving laws. Parents with higher levels of control are more likely to have children that comply with provisional driving laws. Parents with higher levels of support are more likely to offer practical ... | Parenting style may influence young driver compliance with licensing restrictions. Young drivers who reported higher levels of control and support were more likely to comply. Young drivers who reported higher levels of control and support were more likely to comply. Young drivers who reported higher levels of control a... | [{"ent":"Two","start":226,"end":229,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"first","start":242,"end":247,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"Queensland","start":307,"end":317,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Queensland"},{"ent":"the Australian Capital Territory","start":322,"end":354,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Australian Ca... | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519317026 | Many road authorities in Canada have been contemplating the use of wider longitudinal pavement markings to enhance road safety and driver comfort . However conclusive evidence on the safety impacts of wider LPMs has not been available . To address this gap in the literature this study was conducted to investigate the s... | This study adopted the FB approach to evaluate the safety impacts of wider longitudinal pavement markings using data from BC AB and QC. An overall reduction in total and run off road collisions by 12.3 and 19.0 respectively after implementing the wider markings was observed. As well the total and run off road collision... | The Full Bayes approach was used to evaluate the safety impacts of wider LPMs. Wider LPMs reduce collisions and run off the road accidents. The study highlights the importance of LPMs in reducing road accidents. | [{"ent":"Canada","start":25,"end":31,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Canada"},{"ent":"Bayes","start":377,"end":382,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Bayes"},{"ent":"38","start":466,"end":468,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"38"},{"ent":"three","start":490,"end":495,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"Canadian","start":496,"end":504,"type":... | [{"ent":"FB","start":23,"end":25,"type":"ORG","lemma":"FB"},{"ent":"BC AB","start":122,"end":127,"type":"ORG","lemma":"BC AB"},{"ent":"12.3","start":197,"end":201,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"12.3"},{"ent":"19.0","start":206,"end":210,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19.0"},{"ent":"three","start":364,"end":369,"type":"CARDINAL... | [{"ent":"Bayes","start":9,"end":14,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Bayes"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317099 | With only 20 of bicycling crashes captured in official databases studies on bicycling safety can be limited . New datasets on bicycling incidents are available via crowdsourcing applications with opportunity for analyses that characterize reporting patterns . Our goal was to characterize patterns of injury in crowdsour... | Characterized patterns of injuries in crowdsourced bicycling safety data. Type of object the bicycle collided with was most important reporting pattern. Non motor vehicle crashes can lead to injury yet are typically underreported. Crowdsourced data have potential to fill gaps in official data. | Crowdsourced bicycle incident reports were analyzed. Risk factors for bicycling injuries were identified. Risk factors for bicycle injuries were identified. Risk factors for bicycle injuries were identified. | [{"ent":"only 20","start":5,"end":12,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"only 20"},{"ent":"281","start":382,"end":385,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"281"},{"ent":"21","start":462,"end":464,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"21"},{"ent":"three","start":604,"end":609,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"Victoria","start":1527,"end":153... | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519317166 | The crash prediction model is a useful tool for traffic administrators to identify significant risk factors estimate crash frequency and screen hazardous locations but some jurisdictions interested in traffic safety analysis can collect only limited or low quality data . Existing crash prediction models can be transfer... | Decision Tree is preferred to Support Vector Machine when applying TrAdaBoost.R2. TrAdaBoost.R2 extracts knowledge efficiently from spatially outdated source data. TrAdaBoost.R2 is adaptable for small samples. TrAdaBoost.R2 has better prediction accuracy than conventional calibration methods. A discrepancy of transfera... | Transfer learning technique TrAdaBoost.R2 was adopted in this study. The transfer learning technique was compared with the conventional calibration method. The TrAdaBoost.R2 is recommended due to its predictive performance and adaptability to small sample size. Crash prediction models are proposed to construct for peak... | [{"ent":"AdaBoost","start":797,"end":805,"type":"ORG","lemma":"AdaBoost"},{"ent":"Two","start":1265,"end":1268,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"China","start":1279,"end":1284,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"Shanghai","start":1285,"end":1293,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Shanghai"},{"ent":"Guangzhou","start":1298,... | [{"ent":"Support Vector Machine","start":30,"end":52,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Support Vector Machine"},{"ent":"R2","start":221,"end":223,"type":"LOC","lemma":"R2"}] | [{"ent":"hours","start":334,"end":339,"type":"TIME","lemma":"hour"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317294 | This paper introduces a framework for modelling the cyclists comfort zone . Unlike the drivers comfort zone little is known about the cyclists . The framework draws on existing literature in cognitive science about driver behaviour to explain experimental results from cycling field trials and the modelling of these res... | We modelled cyclist comfortable braking and steering using field experimental data. Cyclists braked with constant deceleration and steered at constant distance. The higher the speed the more steering came after braking. We exemplify how the models can inform active safety and infrastructure design. | Cyclists avoid obstacles by braking or steering. Braking and steering are temporally delayed. Braking is more effective than steering at high speeds. | [] | [] | [] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519317300 | Road user behaviour and personality traits are important determinants of driver crash risk . While a great deal of research has been undertaken to understand the relationships between crash involvement behaviours and personality traits for motor vehicle drivers comparatively few studies have considered these factors fo... | Cyclists infrequently engaged in aberrant behaviours. Aberrant behaviours decreased with age and cycling frequency. Extroversion was associated with errors and violations. Errors were related to self reported crashes. | This study investigated the relationship between cycling and personality traits. The results indicate that cyclists who are more aggressive and assertive are more likely to be involved in cycling accidents. This is consistent with the theory of aggressive driver behavior. | [{"ent":"six hundred and fifteen","start":412,"end":435,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"six hundred and fifteen"},{"ent":"Australian","start":436,"end":446,"type":"NORP","lemma":"australian"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519317348 | Nowadays intelligent transportation system planning has been often integrated into transportation planning stage . As a component of ITS traffic enforcement cameras have been found to reduce dangerous behaviors such as red light running and speeding . However with limited resource it is important to understand the effe... | With limited resource it is important to understand the effects of enforcement cameras on macro level safety so that traffic policy makers can better allocate those resources to improve traffic safety from the planning stage. In this paper we examined the effects of various traffic enforcement cameras on regional traff... | Interaction effects of traffic enforcement cameras on regional traffic crash risk were found. Traffic enforcement cameras were found to be associated with the reduction of injury PDO crash frequency. Interaction effects between traffic enforcement cameras and roadway land use factors were found. Traffic enforcement cam... | [{"ent":"Kunshan","start":674,"end":681,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Kunshan"},{"ent":"Suzhou","start":690,"end":696,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Suzhou"},{"ent":"China","start":697,"end":702,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"1","start":843,"end":844,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"1"},{"ent":"2","start":977,"end":978,"type":"CARDINA... | [] | [{"ent":"PDO","start":179,"end":182,"type":"ORG","lemma":"PDO"},{"ent":"PDO","start":382,"end":385,"type":"ORG","lemma":"PDO"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317403 | Anger is a common behaviour exhibited by road users when ones goals are perceived to have been blocked by another . Recent research has demonstrated that generally cyclists tend to deal with anger in constructive ways . However when anger does manifest it can result in behaviours that increase their crash risk . Amongs... | The relationships between trait mindfulness anger and aggression while cycling were examined. Cyclists with higher mindfulness reported less anger while cycling. Cyclists with higher mindfulness engaged in less aggression. | This study examined the relationship between mindfulness and anger and aggression in cyclists. The results suggest that more mindful cyclists tend to report less anger. The relationship between mindfulness and aggression was found to be indirect. The results suggest that mindfulness may be a promising strategy to reduc... | [{"ent":"583","start":603,"end":606,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"583"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519317415 | To make safe road crossing decisions the pedestrians need to estimate the distance and speed of oncoming vehicles in order to make conclusions about the available time gap they need for their road crossing . Since the speed represents combination of distance and time we focused on pedestrians ability to estimate the sp... | The participants had tendencies to speed underestimation. There were different speed mis estimation rules depending on the number of vehicles. One vehicle more severe underestimation of higher speeds over 50km h . Two vehicles more severe underestimation of lower speeds under 50km h . Driving experience age and gender ... | We investigated pedestrian speed estimation tendencies. Speed underestimation was more common when pedestrians estimated the speed of one vehicle. Speed underestimation was more common when pedestrians estimated the speed of two vehicles. An increase in task complexity with the introduction of a larger number of vehicl... | [{"ent":"Seventy","start":484,"end":491,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"seventy"},{"ent":"3920","start":521,"end":525,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"3920"},{"ent":"three","start":561,"end":566,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"One","start":581,"end":584,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"first","start":613,"end":... | [{"ent":"One","start":143,"end":146,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"50km","start":205,"end":209,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"50km"},{"ent":"Two","start":214,"end":217,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"50km","start":277,"end":281,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"50km"}] | [{"ent":"one","start":134,"end":137,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"two","start":225,"end":228,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | 1 | 1 | 0.666667 | 0.8 |
S0001457519317427 | Overtaking cyclists is challenging for drivers because it requires a well timed safe interaction between the driver the cyclist and the oncoming traffic . Previous research has investigated this manoeuvre in different experimental environments including naturalistic driving naturalistic cycling and simulator studies . ... | 18 drivers overtook a robot cyclist on a test track with an oncoming robot vehicle. We varied time gap to the oncoming traffic and position of cyclist within the lane. Safety margins to the cyclist decreased as the situation became more critical. Drivers risk compensation may explain safety margins during the whole man... | The influence of the cyclist position within the lane on overtaking is not explored. The influence of the cyclist position on the driver's ability to overtake is not explored. The influence of the cyclist position on the driver's ability to overtake is not explored. The influence of the cyclist position on the driver's... | [] | [{"ent":"18","start":0,"end":2,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"18"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":339,"end":347,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"}] | [] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317439 | One of the more hazardous situations for a bicyclist is to go straight on in an intersection where a motor vehicle is turning right and especially so when heavy vehicles are involved . The aim of this study was to investigate truck drivers speed choice gaze behaviour and interaction strategies in relation to vulnerable... | Two truck driver groups with different urban driving experience drove an urban route. Level of experience had little effect on interaction strategies speed and attention. Lower urban driving experience tended to lead to more cautious behaviour. Intersection design affected interaction type and gaze behaviour. Maximisin... | The most hazardous situations for a bicyclist is to go straight on in an intersection when a motor vehicle is turning right. The specific experience of driving a truck in the city has little effect on the strategies employed when interacting with cyclists in a right turn scenario. Glance and driving behaviour are more ... | [{"ent":"One","start":0,"end":3,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"15 km","start":470,"end":475,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"15 km"},{"ent":"three","start":624,"end":629,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"}] | [{"ent":"Two","start":0,"end":3,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S000145751931752X | Bicycling at night is dangerous with vehicle passing distances being a key concern given that the main cause of night time bicycling fatalities is from motorists hitting bicyclists from behind . However little is known about vehicle passing distances at night or how they are affected by bicyclist visibility . This stud... | Poor visibility of bicyclists to drivers is a key contributor to collisions at night time. Vehicle passing distance is a key concern for bicyclists yet little is known about passing distances at night. This experimental study explored the impact of bicycle visibility aids on vehicle passing distances on a closed road c... | Bicyclists should incorporate additional visibility aids to encourage safer passing distances of vehicles at night time. The Control visibility configuration resulted in wider vehicle passing distances. The Handlebars visibility configuration resulted in wider vehicle passing distances than the Helmet and Leg Retro ref... | [{"ent":"night","start":13,"end":18,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"night","start":112,"end":117,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"night","start":254,"end":259,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"night","start":423,"end":428,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"Fourteen","start":436,"end":444,"type":"C... | [{"ent":"night","start":79,"end":84,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"night","start":195,"end":200,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"night","start":556,"end":561,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"}] | [{"ent":"night","start":109,"end":114,"type":"TIME","lemma":"night"},{"ent":"The Helmet Handlebars and Leg Retro","start":329,"end":364,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Helmet Handlebars and Leg Retro"},{"ent":"Control","start":416,"end":423,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Control"}] | 0.666667 | 0.333333 | 1 | 0.5 |
S0001457519317713 | Traffic crash detection is a major component of intelligent transportation systems . It can explore inner relationships between traffic conditions and crash risk prevent potential crashes and improve road safety . However there exist some limitations in current studies on crash detection The commonly used machine learn... | A deep learning based framework is proposed for crash detection. Traffic data of different temporal resolutions are used to improve performance. The framework obtains desirable performance on crash detection and transferability. The framework performs better than machine learning methods and LSTM models. The effect of ... | A Long short term memory based framework is proposed for crash detection. The proposed model is trained on datasets of I880 N and I805 N in California America. The model is tested on datasets of I880 N and I805 N in California America. The model is validated to perform better on crash detection and transferability. The... | [{"ent":"only one","start":462,"end":470,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"only one"},{"ent":"LSTM","start":718,"end":722,"type":"ORG","lemma":"LSTM"},{"ent":"Three","start":846,"end":851,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"LSTM","start":852,"end":856,"type":"ORG","lemma":"LSTM"},{"ent":"three","start":1083,"end":1088,... | [{"ent":"LSTM","start":293,"end":297,"type":"ORG","lemma":"LSTM"}] | [{"ent":"I880","start":119,"end":123,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"I880"},{"ent":"I805","start":130,"end":134,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"I805"},{"ent":"California America","start":140,"end":158,"type":"GPE","lemma":"California America"},{"ent":"I880","start":195,"end":199,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"I880"},{"ent":"I805","s... | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317749 | This paper proposes a machine learning approach the random survival forest for competing risks to investigate highway rail grade crossing crash severity during a 29 year analysis period . The benefits of the RSF approach are that it is a special type of survival analysis able to accommodate the competing nature of mult... | Random survival forest method in highway rail grade crossing safety analysis is introduced. Long term time effects on cumulative probability of crash severity and occurrence over 29 years is evaluated. Contributors long term and instantaneous effects on crash severity and occurrence behave very different. Adding stop s... | Random Survival Forest RSF is proposed for competing risks HRGC safety analysis. RSF is able to accommodate complex HRGC safety analysis. Variable importance technique is adopted in RSF for selecting the most predictive contributors. Marginal effect analysis results real several HRGC countermeasures effectiveness. | [{"ent":"29 year","start":162,"end":169,"type":"DATE","lemma":"29 year"},{"ent":"RSF","start":208,"end":211,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RSF"},{"ent":"RSF","start":638,"end":641,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RSF"},{"ent":"HRGC","start":687,"end":691,"type":"ORG","lemma":"HRGC"},{"ent":"HRGCs","start":747,"end":752,"type":"ORG","lemma... | [{"ent":"29 years","start":179,"end":187,"type":"DATE","lemma":"29 year"},{"ent":"up to 7 years","start":378,"end":391,"type":"DATE","lemma":"up to 7 year"},{"ent":"49","start":478,"end":480,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"49"},{"ent":"46","start":484,"end":486,"type":"DATE","lemma":"46"},{"ent":"50","start":491,"end":493,"... | [{"ent":"HRGC","start":59,"end":63,"type":"ORG","lemma":"hrgc"},{"ent":"RSF","start":81,"end":84,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RSF"},{"ent":"HRGC","start":116,"end":120,"type":"ORG","lemma":"HRGC"},{"ent":"RSF","start":182,"end":185,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RSF"},{"ent":"HRGC","start":280,"end":284,"type":"ORG","lemma":"HRGC"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317762 | Transportation agencies utilize Active traffic management systems to dynamically manage recurrent and non recurrent congestion based on real time conditions . While these systems have been shown to have some safety benefits their impact on injury severity outcomes is currently uncertain . This paper used full Bayesian ... | Crash Severity effects of Active Traffic Management ATM systems were assessed. A Bayesian modeling framework for mixed logit models with random parameters was proposed. Model results revealed a reduction of 12.4 and 15.9 for ATM with and without hard shoulder running. The models were observed to be temporally transfera... | ATM deployment was found to have lower crash severities. Marginal effects for ATM deployments with HSR were found to be lower than those without. The likelihoods of severe and moderate injury crashes were lower than those of minor injury crashes. The likelihoods of severe and moderate injury crashes were lower than tho... | [{"ent":"Transportation","start":0,"end":14,"type":"ORG","lemma":"transportation"},{"ent":"Active","start":32,"end":38,"type":"ORG","lemma":"active"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":311,"end":319,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"ATM","start":367,"end":370,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATM"},{"ent":"ATM","start":462,"end":46... | [{"ent":"Active Traffic Management","start":26,"end":51,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Active Traffic Management"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":81,"end":89,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"12.4","start":207,"end":211,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"12.4"},{"ent":"15.9","start":216,"end":220,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"15.9"},{"... | [{"ent":"ATM","start":0,"end":3,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATM"},{"ent":"ATM","start":78,"end":81,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATM"},{"ent":"HSR","start":99,"end":102,"type":"ORG","lemma":"HSR"}] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.285714 |
S0001457519317798 | The fastest growing demographic in the United States is people aged 65 and over . Because elderly drivers may experience decline in the physical and mental faculties required for driving it is critical to determine whether elderly drivers are more likely than younger drivers to be at fault in a crash . This study uses ... | Quasi induced exposure technique is used to estimate drivers crash exposure. Elderly drivers are more likely to be at fault in a crash than younger drivers. Hospital linked data CODES better predict injury crash propensity. Research findings can be used to design safety programs. | Aging drivers are more likely than younger drivers to be at fault in a crash. The quasi induced exposure method is used to determine crash exposure. Factors such as age gender and crash location influence the risk of a driver being at fault in an injury crash. | [{"ent":"the United States","start":35,"end":52,"type":"GPE","lemma":"the United States"},{"ent":"65","start":68,"end":70,"type":"DATE","lemma":"65"},{"ent":"Kentucky","start":320,"end":328,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Kentucky"},{"ent":"Kentucky","start":533,"end":541,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Kentucky"},{"ent":"the General Use ... | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519317889 | Worldwide efforts have been made to deploy connected vehicle technologies in practice . The Korean government has also conducted various projects to fully exploit the benefits of CVs . This study attempted to estimate the safety benefits achievable of CVs based on crash risk analyses which is a part of a pre deployment... | Safety benefits obtainable by providing in vehicle warnings are evaluated using the connected vehicle data. Both the probe vehicle data PVD and advanced driving assistance systems ADAS data are used for crash risk analyses. Inter vehicle crash risks are analyzed based on the crash potential index CPI . The achievable r... | The average speed decreased by 10.2 and the time to collision increased by 5.3 when warning information was provided. The average speed decreased by 10.2 and the time to collision increased by 5.3 when warning information was not provided. The average speed decreased by 10.2 and the time to collision increased by 5.3 w... | [{"ent":"Korean","start":92,"end":98,"type":"NORP","lemma":"korean"},{"ent":"10.2","start":1026,"end":1030,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"10.2"},{"ent":"5.3","start":1070,"end":1073,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"5.3"},{"ent":"approximately 20.7","start":1166,"end":1184,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"approximately 20.7"},{"ent":"C... | [{"ent":"PVD","start":136,"end":139,"type":"ORG","lemma":"PVD"},{"ent":"ADAS","start":180,"end":184,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ADAS"},{"ent":"approximately 20.7","start":343,"end":361,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"approximately 20.7"}] | [{"ent":"10.2","start":31,"end":35,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"10.2"},{"ent":"5.3","start":75,"end":78,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"5.3"},{"ent":"10.2","start":149,"end":153,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"10.2"},{"ent":"5.3","start":193,"end":196,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"5.3"},{"ent":"10.2","start":271,"end":275,"type":"CAR... | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519317968 | Reducing nonmotorized crashes requires a profound understanding of the causes and consequences of the crashes at the facility level . Generally existing literature on bicyclists and pedestrian crash models suffers from two distinct problems lack of exposure volume data and inadequacy in capturing potential correlations... | Explored pedestrian crash severities at intersections through a Bayesian multivariate spatial Poisson lognormal model. Developed a direct demand model to estimate annual average daily pedestrian volume which was used as an exposure measure. Reported superior performance of the multivariate model over the univariate mod... | A multivariate model of pedestrian crashes at signalized intersections was developed. The model captured pedestrian crashes across multiple crash severities. Pedestrian exposure volume was an important factor in the crashes. The model revealed the significant positive influence of speed limit on fatal crashes. The mode... | [{"ent":"two","start":219,"end":222,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Poisson","start":590,"end":597,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Poisson"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":619,"end":627,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"409","start":783,"end":786,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"409"},{"ent":"Austin","start":819,"end":825,... | [{"ent":"Bayesian","start":64,"end":72,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"Poisson","start":94,"end":101,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Poisson"},{"ent":"annual","start":163,"end":169,"type":"DATE","lemma":"annual"},{"ent":"daily","start":178,"end":183,"type":"DATE","lemma":"daily"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519318160 | Rear end crashes are closely related to car following situation of vehicles . Speeding and insufficient headway are the major reasons as the drivers have not enough time to react to a sudden brake from the leading vehicle . Perceptual countermeasures like speed reduction markings are widely used in practice for acciden... | A series of peripheral transverse line markings PTLMs were installed on a freeway. The effects of PTLMs on driving behaviors were analyzed considering visual perception. PTLMs could impact drivers speed and headway distance choice. General and sectional relative differences of vehicle flow parameters were introduced. W... | This study explored the effects of a certain type of perceptual treatment i.e. the peripheral transverse line markings on drivers choice of speed and headway in car following. The intersection angle. was the most important factor influencing the headway choice. The effects of a certain type of perceptual treatment on d... | [{"ent":"China","start":1005,"end":1010,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519318184 | The Family Climate for Road Safety Scale was developed to measure parenting behaviors specific to the driving context . The original validation study found a scale structure composed of seven factors . However this structure has not been consistently replicated . Two and six factor structures have also been identified ... | Evidence of a Five factor solution for the FCRSS in emerging adults in the U.S. Factors include Noncommitment Monitoring Feedback Communication and Modeling. The five factor model fit equally well with males and females. Noncommitment and Modeling predicted driving behavior in emerging adults. | The Family Climate for Road Safety Scale was developed to measure parenting behaviors specific to the driving context. A five factor model of the FCRSS was identified in a sample of emerging adults in the U.S. | [{"ent":"The Family Climate for Road Safety Scale","start":0,"end":40,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Family Climate for Road Safety Scale"},{"ent":"seven","start":186,"end":191,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"seven"},{"ent":"Two","start":264,"end":267,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"six","start":272,"end":275,"type":"CA... | [{"ent":"Five","start":14,"end":18,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"five"},{"ent":"FCRSS","start":43,"end":48,"type":"PERSON","lemma":"FCRSS"},{"ent":"U.S.","start":75,"end":79,"type":"GPE","lemma":"U.S."},{"ent":"Noncommitment Monitoring Feedback Communication","start":96,"end":143,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Noncommitment Monito... | [{"ent":"The Family Climate for Road Safety Scale","start":0,"end":40,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Family Climate for Road Safety Scale"},{"ent":"five","start":121,"end":125,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"five"},{"ent":"FCRSS","start":146,"end":151,"type":"PERSON","lemma":"FCRSS"},{"ent":"U.S.","start":205,"end":209,"type":"G... | 1 | 0.75 | 0.6 | 0.666667 |
S0001457519318391 | Both crash count and severity are thought to quantify crash risk at defined transport network locations . Crash count is a measure of the likelihood of occurring a potential harmful event whereas crash severity is a measure of the societal impact and harm to the society . As the majority of safety improvement programs ... | Incorporation of crash severity into crash count improves the accuracy of crash count prediction. Correlation between crash counts of different severities captures unobserved heterogeneity by extra variation in crash counts. A new weighted risk score metric is proposed to aggregate crash counts by severity levels at a ... | The identification of high risk sites is an important safety improvement program. Multivariate crash count models and two stage mixed models have been used to identify high risk sites. Crash severity is an important safety metric. Multivariate crash severity models have been proposed to account for the ordinal nature o... | [{"ent":"two","start":671,"end":674,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [] | [{"ent":"two","start":118,"end":121,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519318408 | The current guiding philosophies in road safety have stated aims of zero deaths and serious injuries . Speed has previously been highlighted as a key factor in the outcome of a crash but the literature to date has yet to provide a robust relationship between impact speed and the risk of serious injury for crashes other... | Impact speed taken from Event Data Recorders for high accuracy. Risk curves produced for risk of serious injury vs impact speed by impact type. Head on impacts have the lowest impact speed for a given level of risk. Measures to reduce impact speeds are important to reduce serious injuries. Head on crashes need to be pr... | A comprehensive literature review of the relationship between impact speed and the risk of serious injury in light vehicle crashes. The relationship between impact speed and the risk of serious injury was explored. The relationship between impact speed and the risk of serious injury was explored. The relationship betwe... | [{"ent":"zero","start":68,"end":72,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"zero"}] | [{"ent":"Event Data Recorders","start":24,"end":44,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Event Data Recorders"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519318512 | Alcohol involved riders tend to engage in other risk taking behaviours such as un helmeted riding which could further increases injury severity . The combined effect of alcohol involved and un helmeted riding on fatal injuries is rarely investigated . This study investigated the interaction effect between blood alcohol... | National Taiwan Traffic Crash Dataset for the period from 2011 to 2015 were used in this study. Alcohol involved and un helmeted riders were approximately 18 times more likely to sustain fatal injuries than sober and helmeted riders. The other risk factors of motorcyclist fatalities include head on crashes and approach... | The combined effect of alcohol involved and un helmeted riding on fatal injuries was investigated. Alcohol involved riders were 9.47 times more likely to sustain fatal injuries. Alcohol involved and un helmeted riders were approximately 18 times more likely to sustain fatal injuries. Riders involved in head on crashes ... | [{"ent":"un","start":79,"end":81,"type":"ORG","lemma":"un"},{"ent":"un","start":190,"end":192,"type":"ORG","lemma":"un"},{"ent":"the National Taiwan Traffic Crash Dataset","start":386,"end":427,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the National Taiwan Traffic Crash Dataset"},{"ent":"2011 to 2015","start":448,"end":460,"type":"DATE","l... | [{"ent":"National Taiwan Traffic Crash Dataset","start":0,"end":37,"type":"ORG","lemma":"National Taiwan Traffic Crash Dataset"},{"ent":"2011 to 2015","start":58,"end":70,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2011 to 2015"},{"ent":"un","start":117,"end":119,"type":"ORG","lemma":"un"},{"ent":"approximately 18","start":141,"end":157,"t... | [{"ent":"un","start":44,"end":46,"type":"ORG","lemma":"un"},{"ent":"9.47","start":128,"end":132,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"9.47"},{"ent":"un","start":199,"end":201,"type":"ORG","lemma":"un"},{"ent":"approximately 18","start":223,"end":239,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"approximately 18"}] | 1 | 0.666667 | 0.5 | 0.571429 |
S0001457519318561 | More than 1500 U.S. law enforcement personnel fatalities occurred from 2007 to 2016 with 39 of these related to automobile crashes . This study looked at various types of lighting on police vehicles to determine if changes made to the visibility of a police vehicle can impact the surrounding traffic behavior and increa... | Observational data indicates that 95 of drivers observe the Move Over law in Virginia. The lighting configuration of a police vehicle impacts when drivers merge and how they adjust their speed. Red plus blue was shown to be beneficial for merge behavior and speed over an all blue light bar. Speed behavior is difficult ... | The effects of different lighting on traffic behavior and safety for police vehicles are examined. More lighting and the use of red in a light bar impact traffic behavior. Traffic behavior is more likely to merge and speed up when a police vehicle is in the approach zone. | [{"ent":"More than 1500","start":0,"end":14,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"More than 1500"},{"ent":"U.S.","start":15,"end":19,"type":"GPE","lemma":"U.S."},{"ent":"2007","start":71,"end":75,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2007"},{"ent":"2016","start":79,"end":83,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2016"},{"ent":"39","start":89,"end":91,"type":"C... | [{"ent":"95","start":34,"end":36,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"95"},{"ent":"Virginia","start":77,"end":85,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Virginia"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519318615 | Pedestrian road crossing strategy is one of the most important pedestrian road crossing behaviors . The safety of the pedestrians often depends on it . Among the road crossing strategies rolling gap crossing strategy is the riskiest one . The objective of this research was to explore the factors that influenced pedestr... | This study focused on pedestrians decision making process regarding pedestrian road crossing strategy. This study identified factors that pushed pedestrians to cross the road by risky rolling gap crossing strategy at intersection. A binary logistic regression model was developed to identify significant contributing fac... | Pedestrians decision to cross the road by rolling gap crossing at intersection was analyzed. Seven statistically significant factors strongly influenced pedestrians decision to cross the road by rolling gap crossing at intersections. The results of the developed model could be used to develop a model to predict the ped... | [{"ent":"six","start":655,"end":658,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"six"},{"ent":"Dhaka Bangladesh","start":676,"end":692,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"ent":"seven","start":831,"end":836,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"seven"}] | [] | [{"ent":"Seven","start":93,"end":98,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"seven"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519318627 | Raised pavement markers are among the common safety features of roads playing an important role in preventing and reducing traffic crashes . RPMs are regarded as an effective measure for reducing the high crash rate and mortality in freeway tunnels in China . In this study a driving simulator experiment was conducted t... | Conduct a driving simulator experiment to study driving behavior subjected to RPMs in tunnels. Various layouts of RPMs were studied and compared to a control with no RPMs. RPMs could help reduce driver anxiety boredom and fatigue caused by the dark and monotonous tunnel driving environment and improve driver alertness ... | Driving simulator experiments were conducted to investigate the safety of RPMs in a freeway tunnel. A 1.2m diameter tunnel with 2.4m length and 2.4m zone was designed. 32 drivers participated in the experiments. Speed relative speed difference lateral position accelerator power and pupil area were used as indicators of... | [{"ent":"China","start":252,"end":257,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"Two","start":375,"end":378,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"32","start":458,"end":460,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"32"}] | [] | [{"ent":"1.2m","start":102,"end":106,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"1.2m"},{"ent":"2.4","start":128,"end":131,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"2.4"},{"ent":"2.4","start":144,"end":147,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"2.4"},{"ent":"32","start":168,"end":170,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"32"}] | 0.333333 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519318718 | Highway horizontal curves provide a smooth transition between two tangent sections of roadways . They allow vehicles to adjust their travel directions gradually . However the geometry changes of the highway sections with H curves often raise safety concerns . In order to deploy effective safety countermeasures a critic... | Developed a H curve extraction tool for large scale data collection. Used random parameter logistic regression models for H curve crash analysis. Enhanced H curve crash analysis with detailed elevation and roadway geometry data. Compared crash risks of H curves on different types of highways. | The developed tool for H curve extraction can be applied to large scale highway data collection. The developed tool can be used to analyze the safety impacts of H curve geometric properties elevation change traffic exposure among others. The crash risk models for H curve can be applied to quantify the safety impacts. | [{"ent":"two","start":62,"end":65,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"two","start":951,"end":954,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457519318895 | Mobile phone use while driving presents significant risks potentially leading to injury or death through distracted driving . Using a case study of Vietnam this research aimed to understand the effect of problematic mobile phone use attitudes and beliefs and perceived risk on the frequency of mobile phone use among mot... | This study explore the effect of problematic mobile phone use attitudes and beliefs and perceived risk on mobile phone use. A self administered questionnaire was distributed to motorcyclists n 529 and car drivers n 328 in Vietnam. Attitudes and beliefs had the strongest effect on mobile phone use among motorcyclists. P... | Mobile phone use while driving is a significant risk for motorcyclists and car drivers. The most common mobile phone use while driving behaviors are texting and talking. Motorcyclists are more likely to engage in risky mobile phone use behaviors than car drivers. Motorcyclists are more likely to use their mobile phones... | [{"ent":"Mobile","start":0,"end":6,"type":"ORG","lemma":"mobile"},{"ent":"Vietnam","start":148,"end":155,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"}] | [{"ent":"n 328","start":213,"end":218,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"n 328"},{"ent":"Vietnam","start":222,"end":229,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"}] | [{"ent":"Mobile","start":0,"end":6,"type":"ORG","lemma":"mobile"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457519319062 | Traditional methods for identifying crash prone roadways are mainly based on historical crash data . It usually requires more than three years to collect a sufficient amount of dataset for road safety assessment . However the emerging connected vehicles technology generates rich instantaneous information which can be u... | Identify and mitigate the risk of crash prone intersections with connected vehicles and deep learning. CVs achieved rapid data collection even under a low market penetration rate of CVs. Deep learning models trained with preprocessed dataset and optimized with Bayesian algorithm. CNN outperformed MLP to predict the ris... | A deep learning based method is proposed to predict the risk level at intersections. A multi layer perceptron and convolutional neural network are trained using CVs data. The CNN model achieves slightly higher accuracy than the decision tree model. The CNN model is recommended as the classifier to predict the risk leve... | [{"ent":"more than three years","start":121,"end":142,"type":"DATE","lemma":"more than three year"},{"ent":"the Michigan Safety Pilot","start":779,"end":804,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Michigan Safety Pilot"},{"ent":"Ann Arbor Michigan USA","start":880,"end":902,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"ent":"One ... | [{"ent":"Bayesian","start":261,"end":269,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"CNN","start":281,"end":284,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CNN"},{"ent":"MLP","start":298,"end":301,"type":"ORG","lemma":"MLP"}] | [{"ent":"CNN","start":175,"end":178,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CNN"},{"ent":"CNN","start":253,"end":256,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CNN"}] | 1 | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.5 |
S0001457520300208 | The use of an appropriate driving exposure measure is essential to calculate traffic crash rates and risks . Commonly used exposure measures include driving distance and the number of licensed drivers . These measures have some limitations including the unavailability of disaggregated estimates for consecutive years lo... | Comparison of driving time based and population based fatal crash risk ratios was conducted. Time based fatal crash risk ratios are consistent with distance based ones. Using the length of driving time as a driving exposure measure can curtail the discontinuity limitation with driving distance. | The length of driving time can be an alternative to driving distance as a measure of driving exposure. The distributions of driving distance and length of driving time by driver age category gender time of day and day of week are similar. Driving distance and the length of driving time provide similar fatal crash risk ... | [{"ent":"years","start":312,"end":317,"type":"DATE","lemma":"year"},{"ent":"annually","start":458,"end":466,"type":"DATE","lemma":"annually"},{"ent":"the American Time Use Survey","start":472,"end":500,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the American Time Use Survey"},{"ent":"United States","start":643,"end":656,"type":"GPE","lemma"... | [{"ent":"Time","start":93,"end":97,"type":"ORG","lemma":"time"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520300233 | Previous studies related to bus crash frequencies modeling are limited and the statistical models are usually developed at the road segment or zonal level . This study focuses on modeling crash frequencies specifically at the bus service route level which is useful and important to policymakers and bus operation compan... | Bus involved crashes were aggregated for each bus service route each year. A spatiotemporal random effect zero inflated negative binomial model was proposed. Two bus routes are treated as neighbors as long as they have overlapped sections. Bus service route level factors related to bus operation and planning were inves... | A spatiotemporal random effect zero inflated negative binomial model is proposed to investigate bus crash occurrence and identity key influential factors at the bus service route level. The proposed model is statistically superior to the others according to comprehensive judgment based on the EAIC EBIC and RMSE criteri... | [{"ent":"one","start":510,"end":513,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"Beijing China","start":548,"end":561,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Beijing China"},{"ent":"zero","start":605,"end":609,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"zero"},{"ent":"zeros","start":845,"end":850,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"zero"},{"ent":"Three","start":928,... | [{"ent":"each year","start":64,"end":73,"type":"DATE","lemma":"each year"},{"ent":"zero","start":106,"end":110,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"zero"},{"ent":"Two","start":158,"end":161,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [{"ent":"zero","start":31,"end":35,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"zero"},{"ent":"the EAIC EBIC","start":290,"end":303,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the EAIC EBIC"},{"ent":"RMSE","start":308,"end":312,"type":"ORG","lemma":"rmse"}] | 1 | 0.333333 | 0.333333 | 0.333333 |
S0001457520300348 | Exposure measures are always among the explanatory variables of any crash model . Regardless of the technique used to model crash the mean crash frequency will increase with an increase in exposure since more crashes are likely to occur at higher exposure . For cyclist vehicle crash models bike and vehicle exposure mea... | Full Bayesian Poisson Lognormal crash models are proposed to account for measurement error in traffic exposure. Two models are proposed to account for the measurement error. Measurement error models offered a better fit for the modeled cyclist vehicle crash data. The coefficients of the bike and vehicle exposure increa... | The Poisson Lognormal model that accounts for measurement error is developed. The model is used to estimate cyclist vehicle crash risk in Vancouver Canada. The Poisson Lognormal model that accounts for measurement error is better than the traditional Poisson Lognormal model. The estimates of the Poisson Lognormal model... | [{"ent":"three","start":555,"end":560,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"2","start":631,"end":632,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"2"},{"ent":"3","start":669,"end":670,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"3"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":736,"end":744,"type":"NORP","lemma":"Bayesian"},{"ent":"Poisson Lognormal","start":745,"end":... | [{"ent":"Poisson Lognormal","start":14,"end":31,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Poisson Lognormal"},{"ent":"Two","start":112,"end":115,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [{"ent":"Poisson Lognormal","start":4,"end":21,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Poisson Lognormal"},{"ent":"Vancouver","start":138,"end":147,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vancouver"},{"ent":"Canada","start":148,"end":154,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Canada"},{"ent":"Poisson Lognormal","start":160,"end":177,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Poisson Lognorma... | 1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.285714 |
S0001457520300488 | Urban planners frequently neglect the role of subjective risk perception during urban cycling . Several findings suggest a complex relationship between the risk of being involved in a crash and the subjective anticipation of this risk . We investigate the relation of objective risks and subjective risk perception in a ... | The relation of accident risk and risk perception during cycling is understudied. We compared accident statistics with crowd sourced information on risk perception. GIS methods are used to link both datasets to various infrastructure elements. In general we found a high alignment of objective and subjective risk. Some ... | Objective and subjective risk perception in cycling are not well correlated. The subjective perception of high risk is not matched by a high level of objective risk. The subjective perception of high risk is matched by a high level of subjective risk in some situations. The subjective perception of high risk is matched... | [{"ent":"German","start":333,"end":339,"type":"NORP","lemma":"german"},{"ent":"one","start":747,"end":750,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520300506 | This interdisciplinary study explores factors that contribute to the perseverance of participants in an organizational no phone use while driving road safety intervention . The study sample comprised 200 employees 96 males from 8 organizations in Israel . Subjects completed a 4 month organizational intervention using a... | An organizational intervention reduced smartphone use while driving. Men persevered in the intervention to a greater degree than women. Organizational safety climate perceptions predicted perseverance in an organizational health intervention. | The effectiveness of an organizational no phone use while driving road safety intervention was examined. The intervention was found to be effective in reducing smartphone use while driving. The intervention was most effective for male employees with high safety climate perceptions. | [{"ent":"200","start":200,"end":203,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"200"},{"ent":"96","start":214,"end":216,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"96"},{"ent":"8","start":228,"end":229,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"8"},{"ent":"Israel","start":247,"end":253,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Israel"},{"ent":"4 month","start":277,"end":284,"type":"DATE"... | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520300610 | The study of aggressive driving is an important step in the reduction of crashes due to this behavior . However even though various measures of aggressive driver behavior have been proposed a more thorough examination of what the driving public perceives as aggressive driving behavior can be performed . A nationally re... | Short videos of driving behaviors can be used to quantify aggressive driving. The observers perspective first second third influences aggressive ratings. Close car following is perceived to be more aggressive than speeding. Those high in trait anger are predisposed to judge close following as aggressive. | Aggressive driving is not just a matter of the driver. Many drivers view aggressive driving as intentional. Aggressive driving is not just about speed or following. Aggressive driving is about the driver. Aggressive driving is not just about the driver. Aggressive driving is about the driver. | [{"ent":"198","start":343,"end":346,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"198"},{"ent":"American","start":347,"end":355,"type":"NORP","lemma":"american"},{"ent":"a first second","start":464,"end":478,"type":"TIME","lemma":"a first second"},{"ent":"third","start":482,"end":487,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"third"},{"ent":"third","star... | [{"ent":"first","start":104,"end":109,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"second","start":110,"end":116,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"second"},{"ent":"third","start":117,"end":122,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"third"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520300713 | Cervical spine injury is a common result of traffic crashes and such injuries range in severity from minor Nationwide Emergency Department Sample and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample . It is estimated that there are approximately 869 000 traffic crash related cervical spine injuries seen in hospitals in the US annually ... | There are no reliable estimates of the number of neck injuries occurring in the US traffic crashes. Data from the NASS CDS were analyzed and compared with national hospital data in order to estimate injury frequencies. There are approximately 869 000 traffic crash related cervical spine injuries seen in hospitals in th... | The NASS CDS underestimates the number of crash related cervical spine injuries in US hospital emergency departments. The injury type with the largest degree of underestimation in the NASS CDS was cervical disk injuries. National insurance claim data indicate that the NEDS likely undercounts cervical disk injuries by 9... | [{"ent":"Nationwide Emergency Department Sample","start":107,"end":145,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Nationwide Emergency Department Sample"},{"ent":"the Nationwide Inpatient Sample","start":150,"end":181,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Nationwide Inpatient Sample"},{"ent":"approximately 869 000","start":215,"end":236,"type":"CARDIN... | [{"ent":"US","start":80,"end":82,"type":"GPE","lemma":"US"},{"ent":"NASS","start":114,"end":118,"type":"ORG","lemma":"NASS"},{"ent":"national hospital","start":155,"end":172,"type":"ORG","lemma":"national hospital"},{"ent":"approximately 869 000","start":229,"end":250,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"approximately 869 000"},... | [{"ent":"NASS","start":4,"end":8,"type":"ORG","lemma":"NASS"},{"ent":"US","start":83,"end":85,"type":"GPE","lemma":"US"},{"ent":"NASS","start":184,"end":188,"type":"ORG","lemma":"NASS"},{"ent":"NEDS","start":269,"end":273,"type":"ORG","lemma":"NEDS"},{"ent":"92","start":319,"end":321,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"92"},{"e... | 1 | 0.5 | 0.222222 | 0.307692 |
S0001457520300816 | Speeding behaviour has been shown to account for a large number of deaths and serious injuries on Australian roads . Vehicle impoundment is one countermeasure which has been implemented to discourage drivers from engaging in high range speeding . Despite this countermeasure being used as a sanction in all Australian ju... | Examined impact of vehicle impoundment on recidivism and subsequent crash rates among speeding offenders in Victoria Australia. Drivers who had a vehicle impounded were more likely to be male younger and hold a probationary licence compared to drivers who did not. Lower offence rates were identified during the impoundm... | Vehicle impoundment is a countermeasure to high range speeding. Drivers who have their vehicles impounded are more likely to be male and hold a probationary licence. Impoundment has a positive effect on reducing speeding re offence rates. Impoundment may assist in the reduction of on road risk taking behaviours. | [{"ent":"Australian","start":98,"end":108,"type":"NORP","lemma":"australian"},{"ent":"one","start":140,"end":143,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"Australian","start":307,"end":317,"type":"NORP","lemma":"australian"},{"ent":"Australia","start":446,"end":455,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Australia"},{"ent":"Victoria Aust... | [{"ent":"Victoria Australia","start":108,"end":126,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Victoria Australia"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520300828 | Risk perception plays an important role in driver behaviour particularly for speed choice . Risk perception studies use a range of techniques from on road data collection to ratings of still photos however participants ratings differ depending on the study methodology possibly due to their perception of control . To ex... | Risk perception is important in driver behaviour and is influenced by perceived control. Drivers Passengers and Observers rated the risk at 13 locations on rural roads. Observers gave the highest risk ratings and Drivers the lowest. Risk ratings from video based tasks do not reflect on road ratings. | Drivers perceive risk on rural roads differently than drivers driving. Drivers perceive risk on rural roads as less than drivers driving. Drivers perceive risk on rural roads as more than drivers driving. Drivers perceive risk on rural roads as more than drivers driving. | [{"ent":"One","start":429,"end":432,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"180km","start":463,"end":468,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"180km"},{"ent":"thirteen","start":529,"end":537,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"thirteen"},{"ent":"second","start":564,"end":570,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"second"},{"ent":"third","start":663,"... | [{"ent":"13","start":140,"end":142,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"13"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S000145752030083X | The illegal use of a smartphone while driving increases the risk of crashes . As such road authorities rely on countermeasures to reduce illegal smartphone use . Deterrence based methods dominate road safety however perceptions and impact of formal and informal methods to deter illegal smartphone use in Australia have ... | Survey of 2774 Victorian drivers reveals 37.1 use smartphone illegally. Age gender and informal deterrent mechanisms predictors of illegal smartphone use. No formal deterrent mechanisms are significant predictors of illegal use. Countermeasures should focus on leveraging informal sanctions to reduce illegal use. | The illegal use of a smartphone while driving is increasing in Victoria Australia. Drivers that break the law perceive deterrent mechanisms significantly different from drivers that abide by the law. Drivers tend to underestimate the consequences of illegal use. A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that infor... | [{"ent":"Australia","start":305,"end":314,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Australia"},{"ent":"2774","start":385,"end":389,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"2774"},{"ent":"Victoria Australia","start":748,"end":766,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Victoria Australia"}] | [{"ent":"2774","start":10,"end":14,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"2774"},{"ent":"37.1","start":41,"end":45,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"37.1"}] | [{"ent":"Victoria Australia","start":63,"end":81,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Victoria Australia"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520300877 | Work zone traffic safety under adverse weather conditions has been a serious concern for drivers and transportation agencies . Existing studies on work zone traffic safety with statistical approaches are limited by the availability of data from historical crashes . To date there is no comprehensive simulation framework... | We present an integrated framework to evaluate traffic safety in work zone. Simultaneous consideration of specific work zone configuration weather and road surface conditions. Introduction of a new risk index by integrating the risks of multi vehicle crashes and single vehicle crashes. | A framework to evaluate traffic safety in work zones under adverse weather conditions is proposed. The framework considers the specific weather conditions road surface conditions and the proportion of trucks in the work zone. | [] | [] | [] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520300944 | Managed lanes have been implemented as a vital strategy for traffic safety and management improvements . Previous studies involving MLs didnt examine the impact of connected vehicles lane configuration on freeway facilities with managed toll lanes . CVs are quickly expanding in the transportation industry and are among... | Conduct extensive simulation studies to explore safety and operational performance of connected vehicles. Apply statistical models to explore the significant scenarios related to facility designs traffic conditions and market penetration rate of connected vehicles. Recommend the optimal connected vehicle lane configura... | A negative binomial model was developed to investigate the factors affecting safety measures. A Tobit model was used to evaluate traffic operation. The optimal MPR between 10 and 30 was recommended when the CVs were only allowed in MLs. By converting one of the general purpose lanes to a managed lane the MPR could reac... | [{"ent":"CV","start":502,"end":504,"type":"ORG","lemma":"cv"},{"ent":"Negative Binomial","start":710,"end":727,"type":"ORG","lemma":"negative Binomial"},{"ent":"Tobit","start":812,"end":817,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"tobit"},{"ent":"MPR","start":936,"end":939,"type":"ORG","lemma":"MPR"},{"ent":"MLs","start":1008,"end":1... | [] | [{"ent":"Tobit","start":96,"end":101,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Tobit"},{"ent":"MPR","start":160,"end":163,"type":"ORG","lemma":"MPR"},{"ent":"MLs","start":232,"end":235,"type":"GPE","lemma":"MLs"},{"ent":"one","start":251,"end":254,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"MPR","start":306,"end":309,"type":"ORG","lemma"... | 0.833333 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520301020 | Connected and Automated Vehicle technology although in the development stage is quickly expanding throughout the vehicle market . However full market penetration will most likely require considerable planning as key stakeholders manufacturers consumers and governing agencies work together to determine optimal deploymen... | The distribution of speed suggests speed. with increasing CAV penetration. Robustness of the driving behaviour increases with increased CAV penetration. Increased CAV penetration leads to. of critical crash events conflicts but a. in crash severity. The. of CAVs can only be achieved at. CAV penetration. Pareto optimali... | A microsimulation study of the impact of Connected Vehicle technology on traffic safety. The study investigates the effects of CAVs on crash severity and frequency at different penetration rates. The study identifies that the introduction of CAVs does not achieve the expected decrease in crash severity and rates involv... | [{"ent":"Connected and Automated Vehicle","start":0,"end":31,"type":"ORG","lemma":"connect and Automated Vehicle"},{"ent":"the M1 Geelong Ring Road","start":963,"end":987,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the M1 Geelong Ring Road"},{"ent":"Victoria Australia","start":999,"end":1017,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Victoria Australia"},{"ent"... | [{"ent":"CAV","start":58,"end":61,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CAV"},{"ent":"CAV","start":136,"end":139,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CAV"}] | [{"ent":"Connected Vehicle","start":41,"end":58,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Connected Vehicle"},{"ent":"100","start":491,"end":494,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"100"},{"ent":"CAV","start":495,"end":498,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CAV"}] | 0.666667 | 0.333333 | 1 | 0.5 |
S0001457520301044 | Even with automated vehicles driving situations with short time headways and extreme vehicle dynamics may arise when unpredictable events occur . If drivers take back control under such conditions it is uncertain how they behave and how well they can cope with the situation . This issue has not been investigated yet an... | Time headway and traction usage were varied to create brake situations of different objective criticality. With increasing objective criticality criticality ratings increased decelerations were higher and more lane changes occurred. Participants overreacted and increased accident risk when taking over in critical brake... | Driving in a high risk environment with a short time headway. Participants were asked to take back control of the vehicle. Participants were asked to take back control of the vehicle. Participants were asked to take back control of the vehicle. Participants were asked to take back control of the vehicle. Participants w... | [] | [{"ent":"Time","start":0,"end":4,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Time"}] | [] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520301135 | Dockless electric scooters have emerged as a popular micro mobility mode for urban transportation . This new form of mobility offers riders a flexible option for massive first last mile trips . Despite the popularity the limited regulations of E Scooters raise numerous safety concerns among the public and agencies . Du... | One of the first studies to quantitatively analyze E Scooter crash characteristics. Leveraged massive news reports to collect nationwide E Scooter crash data. Analyzed key attributes and their interactions related to E Scooter crash outcome. Discussed critical issues related to E Scooter crash risk and needed efforts. | A set of E Scooter crashes were analyzed for the first time. The most common crash elements and their distribution were described. The crash rates are increasing over time. The crash distribution is unevenly distributed among the States. | [{"ent":"first","start":170,"end":175,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"2017 to 2019","start":841,"end":853,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2017 to 2019"},{"ent":"169","start":865,"end":868,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"169"},{"ent":"States","start":1196,"end":1202,"type":"GPE","lemma":"States"},{"ent":"E Scooters","start"... | [{"ent":"One","start":0,"end":3,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"first","start":11,"end":16,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"E Scooter","start":137,"end":146,"type":"ORG","lemma":"E Scooter"}] | [{"ent":"first","start":49,"end":54,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"States","start":230,"end":236,"type":"GPE","lemma":"States"}] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.333333 | 0.4 |
S0001457520301159 | The effect of ambient light level on road traffic collisions involving a motorcycle was investigated . Data were drawn from the STATS19 database of UK reported RTCs for the period 20052015 . To isolate the effect of ambient light an odds ratio was used to compare RTCs at specific times of day in the weeks either side o... | The effect of ambient light level on motorcycle collisions was investigated. A more precise method for distinguishing between RTCs in daylight or dark was used than past studies. This suggests darkness is of greater detriment than suggested in past studies. There is increased risk at T junctions and at give way control... | Ambient light level significantly influences motorcycle RTCs. Risk of an RTC occurring is higher after dark. Risk is higher for motorcycles compared to FWMVs. Risk is higher for motorcycles with two vehicles on roads with low speed limits at T junctions and junctions controlled by a give way sign. | [{"ent":"UK","start":148,"end":150,"type":"GPE","lemma":"UK"},{"ent":"weeks","start":301,"end":306,"type":"DATE","lemma":"week"},{"ent":"Spring","start":326,"end":332,"type":"EVENT","lemma":"Spring"},{"ent":"Autumn","start":337,"end":343,"type":"DATE","lemma":"Autumn"},{"ent":"four","start":537,"end":541,"type":"CARDIN... | [] | [{"ent":"RTC","start":73,"end":76,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RTC"},{"ent":"FWMVs","start":152,"end":157,"type":"PERSON","lemma":"FWMVs"},{"ent":"two","start":195,"end":198,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520301354 | Driving is a complex task that consists of several physical and physiological processes occurring simultaneously . The complexity of the task depends on several factors but this research focuses on work zone configurations and their effect on driver performance and gaze behavior . The increase in work zone fatalities i... | Work zone crashes are inherently higher in male drivers. A simulator study captured mental workload from various work zone configurations. Crash statistics were compared with clustered participant demographics. Longitudinal and lateral control along with gaze distributions were modeled. | The interaction between driver characteristics mental workload and situation awareness with longitudinal control and lateral control was investigated. The results showed a significant interaction between the longitudinal control and the standard deviation of horizontal gaze position in predicting lateral control. Femal... | [{"ent":"the United States","start":322,"end":339,"type":"GPE","lemma":"the United States"},{"ent":"between 2015 and 2018","start":340,"end":361,"type":"DATE","lemma":"between 2015 and 2018"},{"ent":"90","start":866,"end":868,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"90"},{"ent":"up to","start":1591,"end":1596,"type":"QUANTITY","lemm... | [] | [{"ent":"up to","start":453,"end":458,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"up to"},{"ent":"one meter","start":459,"end":468,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"one meter"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520301482 | Driving anger increases risk taking in traffic and road traffic accident involvement . Herein we examine the links between self reported and observed driving anger self reported and observed aggressive driving and personality traits . Specifically sixty drivers drove in an anger inducing simulated driving scenario . A ... | Driving anger was successfully induced in a driving simulator scenario. Verbal expression in the simulator was negatively related to self reported constructive expression. Gestural expression was positively related to self reported aggressive expression. Gestural expression may be useful for automated in vehicle road a... | Driving anger increases risk taking in traffic and road traffic accident involvement. Aggressive driving is linked to increased anger self reported and observed. Verbal expression is related to driving anger and aggression. Gestural expression is related to driving anger and aggression. Personality traits Emotionality ... | [{"ent":"sixty","start":248,"end":253,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"sixty"},{"ent":"Two weeks","start":408,"end":417,"type":"DATE","lemma":"two week"},{"ent":"four","start":701,"end":705,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520301494 | Safety performance function has been a vital tool in traffic safety evaluation including finding contributing factors to crashes identifying hotspots and assessing safety effects of countermeasures . In the United States the Highway Safety Manual provides a number of SPFs for a variety of road facilities . Due to the l... | The transferability of freeway SPFs between the U.S. and China was investigated. The capability of transferred SPFs for hotspot identification was further analyzed. SPFs were transferable between Texas New York and Shanghai Suzhou but not between Florida and Shanghai Suzhou. The poor transferability was attributable to... | Transferability of freeway safety performance function (SPFs) between Chinese and U.S. regions is investigated. SPFs are transferred from Shanghai to Suzhou and from Texas to New York and Florida. The transferability of SPFs is satisfactory when calibrated and unsatisfactory when not calibrated. | [{"ent":"the United States","start":203,"end":220,"type":"GPE","lemma":"the United States"},{"ent":"the Highway Safety Manual","start":221,"end":246,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Highway Safety Manual"},{"ent":"two","start":680,"end":683,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Chinese","start":684,"end":691,"type":"NORP",... | [{"ent":"U.S.","start":48,"end":52,"type":"GPE","lemma":"U.S."},{"ent":"China","start":57,"end":62,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"Texas","start":196,"end":201,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Texas"},{"ent":"New York","start":202,"end":210,"type":"GPE","lemma":"New York"},{"ent":"Shanghai Suzhou","start":215,"end":230,"typ... | [{"ent":"Chinese","start":70,"end":77,"type":"NORP","lemma":"chinese"},{"ent":"U.S.","start":82,"end":86,"type":"GPE","lemma":"U.S."},{"ent":"Shanghai","start":138,"end":146,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Shanghai"},{"ent":"Suzhou","start":150,"end":156,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Suzhou"},{"ent":"Texas","start":166,"end":171,"type":... | 1 | 0.857143 | 0.75 | 0.8 |
S0001457520301640 | Crash data from the state of Kentucky for the 2015 2016 period show that per capita crash rates and increases in crash related fatalities were higher than the national average . In an effort to explain why the U.S. Southeast experiences higher crash rates than other regions of the country previous research has argued t... | Sociodemographic factors of CMV drivers residence affect crash occurrence. Quasi induced exposure technique is used to estimate drivers crash exposure. Research findings can be used to identify at risk CMV driver groups. | Highway safety and socioeconomic factors are related. High crash rates and fatalities in the Southeast are not due to lack of safety programs. Factors influencing the likelihood of a driver being at fault in a crash are similar across different types of crashes. Socioeconomic factors exert a similar influence on CMV an... | [{"ent":"Kentucky","start":29,"end":37,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Kentucky"},{"ent":"2016","start":51,"end":55,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2016"},{"ent":"U.S.","start":210,"end":214,"type":"GPE","lemma":"U.S."},{"ent":"Kentucky","start":590,"end":598,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Kentucky"},{"ent":"two","start":625,"end":628,"type":"CAR... | [{"ent":"CMV","start":202,"end":205,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CMV"}] | [{"ent":"Southeast","start":93,"end":102,"type":"LOC","lemma":"Southeast"},{"ent":"CMV","start":314,"end":317,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CMV"}] | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.666667 |
S0001457520301664 | A penalty mechanism is usually considered as a powerful means to reduce the probability of traffic violations and accidents by encouraging drivers to comply with traffic regulations . Penalty point and fine strategies are often used in parallel . Different degrees of penalty points and or fines are imposed according to... | Investigating the deterrent effects of penalty points and fines with empirical data. Quantifying the effects of penalty mechanism on violations and accidents. Modeling violation recurrence and accident occurrence with a joint frailty model. Considering personal characteristics and unobserved heterogeneity. | A penalty point strategy exhibits deterrent and binding effects however a penalty fine strategy does not show the expected effects. The number of years of driving is also a significant factor that influences violation recurrence and accident occurrence. Personal characteristics and penalty status are also incorporated ... | [{"ent":"China","start":1089,"end":1094,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"years","start":1298,"end":1303,"type":"DATE","lemma":"year"}] | [] | [{"ent":"years","start":146,"end":151,"type":"DATE","lemma":"year"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S000145752030169X | The overtaking maneuver performed by motorcyclists is one of the primary causes of motorcycle accidents . However few studies in the literature deal with this topic and there are no studies modeling the total overtaking duration i.e . the time during which extreme hazards are manifest . The present paper aims to analyz... | A field experiment using instrumented motorcycles was performed. Data on motorcyclists behavior during overtaking maneuver were collected. A survival analysis was carried out to model the total overtaking duration. The log logistic distribution provided the best fit to the total overtaking duration. The model identifie... | A method to model the total overtaking duration was developed. A survival analysis model was applied to the data. The model identified covariates affecting the overtaking duration. | [{"ent":"Twenty","start":573,"end":579,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"twenty"},{"ent":"two","start":712,"end":715,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Rome","start":738,"end":742,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Rome"},{"ent":"101","start":756,"end":759,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"101"},{"ent":"31","start":1740,"end":1742,"type":"... | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520301792 | Mountainous highways suffer from high crash rates and fatality rates in many countries and single vehicle crashes are overrepresented along mountainous highways . Route familiarity has been found greatly associated with driver behaviour and traffic safety . This study aimed to investigate and compare the contributory f... | Differences in injuries of familiar and unfamiliar drivers in single vehicle crashes on mountainous highways are studied. Using data from Yunnan Province of China random effects generalized ordered probit models are applied. Model estimations show that determinants of injury severity vary considerably between familiar ... | This study investigates the contributory factors of injury severities of familiar and unfamiliar drivers involved in mountainous highways. The results show that 8 of the studied factors are significantly associated with the injury severities of familiar drivers and 10 of the studied factors are significantly associated... | [{"ent":"3037","start":491,"end":495,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"3037"},{"ent":"2015","start":553,"end":557,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2015"},{"ent":"2017","start":561,"end":565,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2017"},{"ent":"REGOP","start":925,"end":930,"type":"ORG","lemma":"REGOP"},{"ent":"8","start":950,"end":951,"type":"CARDINAL"... | [{"ent":"Yunnan Province","start":138,"end":153,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Yunnan Province"},{"ent":"China","start":157,"end":162,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"}] | [{"ent":"8","start":161,"end":162,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"8"},{"ent":"10","start":266,"end":268,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"10"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520302475 | China is the world s largest automotive market and is ambitious for autonomous vehicles development . As one of the key goals of AVs pedestrian safety is an important issue in China . Despite the rapid development of driverless technologies in recent years there is a lack of researches on the adaptability of AVs to ped... | Three bad behaviors of Chinese pedestrians are summarized through abundant data. The key technical demands of pedestrians for autonomous vehicles are analyzed. Driverless technologies to protect pedestrians are carefully reviewed. The adaptability of driverless technologies to Chinese pedestrians is analyzed. | China is the world s largest automotive market and is ambitious for autonomous vehicles development. The adaptability of current driverless technologies to China urban pedestrians was discussed. The adaptability of current driverless technologies to China urban pedestrians was discussed. The adaptability of current dri... | [{"ent":"China","start":0,"end":5,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"one","start":105,"end":108,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"AVs","start":129,"end":132,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"av"},{"ent":"China","start":176,"end":181,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"recent years","start":244,"end":256,"type":"DAT... | [{"ent":"Three","start":0,"end":5,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"Chinese","start":23,"end":30,"type":"NORP","lemma":"chinese"},{"ent":"Chinese","start":278,"end":285,"type":"NORP","lemma":"chinese"}] | [{"ent":"China","start":0,"end":5,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"China","start":156,"end":161,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"China","start":250,"end":255,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"China","start":344,"end":349,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520302487 | Human necks are vulnerable in train collision accidents . To design a safer cab workspace the driver neck injury mechanism should be investigated first . In this study this issue is addressed by investigating how neck injuries are influenced by the cab workspace dimensions . The driver console seat dynamic models are d... | A three pivot head neck upper torso model is used to evaluate the neck dynamics. Four injury mechanisms are identified by different driver dynamic responses. Injury mechanisms with large head rotation angles cause severe neck injuries. Chest first impact mechanism is more dangerous than knee first impact mechanism. Dis... | The three pivot head neck upper torso model is used to evaluate the relative rotation angle between head and upper torso. The relative rotation angle between head and upper torso is 10.6. The neck injuries are influenced by the cab workspace dimensions. The cab workspace dimensions have a significant effect on the neck... | [{"ent":"first","start":146,"end":151,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"three","start":365,"end":370,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"}] | [{"ent":"three","start":2,"end":7,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"Four","start":81,"end":85,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"first","start":242,"end":247,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"first","start":293,"end":298,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"}] | [{"ent":"three","start":4,"end":9,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"10.6","start":182,"end":186,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"10.6"}] | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.333333 | 0.4 |
S0001457520302621 | Among the three major safety assessment methods for highly automated driving systems test tracks provide high fidelity and a safe and controllable testing environment . However due to the lack of realistic background traffic scenarios that can be tested in test tracks are usually static and limited . To address this li... | This paper presents a new safety assessment framework for highly automated driving systems in test tracks. The framework integrates an augmented reality testing platform and a testing scenario library generation method together. The framework has been implemented in Mcity test facility with a SAE Level 4 ADS vehicle. T... | A new safety assessment framework is proposed to evaluate the safety performance of highly automated driving systems. The AR testing platform generates realistic traffic scenarios. The TSLG method can systematically generate a set of critical scenarios under each operational design domain. The proposed framework can be... | [{"ent":"three","start":10,"end":15,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"TSLG","start":664,"end":668,"type":"ORG","lemma":"TSLG"},{"ent":"TSLG","start":815,"end":819,"type":"ORG","lemma":"TSLG"},{"ent":"the University of Michigan","start":945,"end":971,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the University of Michigan"},{"ent":"Le... | [{"ent":"4","start":304,"end":305,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"4"}] | [{"ent":"TSLG","start":185,"end":189,"type":"ORG","lemma":"TSLG"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520302633 | Since motorcycle taxi drivers often work long hours fatigue would affect their riding abilities impacting crash risks . However there is limited understanding about motorcycle taxi drivers fatigue related crashes . This study investigates self reported fatigue related crashes among motorcycle taxi drivers in Hanoi Viet... | This paper investigated fatigue related crashes among motorcycle taxi drivers. Approx. 16 of motorcycle taxi drivers reported fatigue related crash involvement. Logistic regression with heterogeneity in means random parameters was adopted. Delivery trips and overweight conditions increased the risk of fatigue related c... | This study investigates self reported fatigue related crashes among motorcycle taxi drivers in Hanoi Vietnam. The results show that fatigue related crashes are more likely to occur among ride hailing taxi drivers. Fatigue related crashes are more likely to occur among ride hailing taxi drivers who work more delivery tr... | [{"ent":"Hanoi","start":310,"end":315,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Hanoi"},{"ent":"Vietnam","start":316,"end":323,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"},{"ent":"approximately 16","start":360,"end":376,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"approximately 16"},{"ent":"nearly 37","start":476,"end":485,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"nearly 37"},{"ent":... | [{"ent":"Approx.","start":79,"end":86,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"Approx."},{"ent":"16","start":87,"end":89,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"16"}] | [{"ent":"Hanoi","start":95,"end":100,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Hanoi"},{"ent":"Vietnam","start":101,"end":108,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520302827 | Turn signal neglect is considered to be a key contributor to crashes at intersections yet relatively little research has been undertaken on this topic particularly in developing countries . Using a case study of Vietnam this research aimed to explore the role of environmental characteristics perceived risk beliefs and ... | Turn signal neglect is considered to be a key contributor to crashes at intersections. This research investigates factors affecting the frequency of turn signal use at intersections. A self administered questionnaire was distributed to motorcyclists n 527 and car drivers n 326 . Perceived risk beliefs and environmental... | Turn signal use is studied in Vietnam. Motorcyclists and car drivers were surveyed. Turn signal use was predicted by perceived risk beliefs and environmental characteristics. Lifestyle behaviours were found to be a mediator of turn signal use among motorcycle riders. | [{"ent":"Vietnam","start":212,"end":219,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"}] | [{"ent":"326","start":274,"end":277,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"326"}] | [{"ent":"Vietnam","start":30,"end":37,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S000145752030289X | Although the fatal rate of passenger vehicle involved crashes has decreased in the United States the fatal rate of truck involved crashes has increased . This has in recent years become a more severe problem than that caused by passenger vehicle involved crashes . More studies need to be conducted in order to investiga... | Truck involved severities at cross and T intersections in North Carolina are modeled. Latent class clustering is applied to reduce the heterogeneity of the crash dataset. Partial proportional odds models are developed considering the ordinal nature and heterogeneity. Factors that affect the crash severity are identifie... | Latent class clustering for crossroad crashes in North Carolina. Four partial proportional odds models with fixed and unfixed parameters. Marginal effects for different classes and severities. Top five behaviors contributing to the severity of crashes. | [{"ent":"the United States","start":79,"end":96,"type":"GPE","lemma":"the United States"},{"ent":"recent years","start":166,"end":178,"type":"DATE","lemma":"recent year"},{"ent":"North Carolina","start":545,"end":559,"type":"GPE","lemma":"North Carolina"},{"ent":"2005","start":565,"end":569,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2005"... | [{"ent":"North Carolina","start":58,"end":72,"type":"GPE","lemma":"North Carolina"}] | [{"ent":"North Carolina","start":49,"end":63,"type":"GPE","lemma":"North Carolina"},{"ent":"Four","start":65,"end":69,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"five","start":197,"end":201,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"five"}] | 1 | 0.333333 | 1 | 0.5 |
S0001457520303006 | This study estimates the effects of lane and shoulder widths on occurrence of head on and single vehicle accidents on rural two lane undivided roads in Norway while considering the differences between winter and non winter accidents and their severity levels . A matched case control method was applied to calculate the ... | Sample of 71 999 roadway segments of rural two lane roads was identified with GIS. Models calculated separately for winter non winter and severe slight accidents. A non monotonous link between risk and shoulder width categories. An increased risk corresponds with increasing lane width categories. | The study estimates the effects of lane and shoulder widths on head on and single vehicle accidents. The study suggests that lane widths 1.5.5m and shoulder widths 0.5.75m are relatively safer than other categories on rural roads. | [{"ent":"two","start":124,"end":127,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Norway","start":152,"end":158,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Norway"},{"ent":"between winter","start":193,"end":207,"type":"DATE","lemma":"between winter"},{"ent":"AADT","start":408,"end":412,"type":"ORG","lemma":"AADT"},{"ent":"AADT","start":506,"end"... | [{"ent":"71 999","start":10,"end":16,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"71 999"},{"ent":"two","start":43,"end":46,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"winter non winter","start":116,"end":133,"type":"DATE","lemma":"winter non winter"}] | [{"ent":"1.5.5","start":137,"end":142,"type":"DATE","lemma":"1.5.5"},{"ent":"0.5.75","start":164,"end":170,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"0.5.75"}] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520303092 | The connected environment provides surrounding traffic information to drivers via different driving aids that are expected to improve driving behavior and assist in avoiding safety critical events . These driving aids include speed advisory car following assistance lane changing support and advanced information about p... | An innovative and comprehensive driving simulator experiment for examining driving behaviors in the connected environment. Drivers maintain higher safety margins during car following and lane changing maneuvers in the connected environment. Driver interactions with pedestrians and traffic lights in the connected enviro... | The connected environment is found to have a positive effect on driving behavior. Drivers in the connected environment are found to make informed decisions towards safe driving. | [{"ent":"Two","start":916,"end":919,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Seventy eight","start":1030,"end":1043,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"seventy eight"},{"ent":"four","start":1105,"end":1109,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520303298 | Road crashes impose an important burden on health and the economy . Numerous efforts have been undertaken to understand the factors that affect road collisions in general and the severity of crashes in particular . In this literature several strategies have been proposed to model interactions between parties in a crash... | Strategies to model opponent effects in the analysis of severity of crashes involving two parties. A data workflow is presented for preparing data for modelling party interactions. Single level and hierarchical models are compared. Full sample and sub sample models are compared. The results provide information useful t... | Three levels of crash severity are analyzed using ordered probit models. The models are assessed using predicted shares and classes of outcomes. The results highlight the importance of considering opponent effects in crash severity analysis. The study suggests that hierarchical specifications and subsetting do not nece... | [{"ent":"two","start":741,"end":744,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Canada","start":816,"end":822,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Canada"},{"ent":"Three","start":855,"end":860,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"}] | [{"ent":"two","start":86,"end":89,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [{"ent":"Three","start":0,"end":5,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520303511 | Hotspot identification is one of the most important components in the highway safety management process . Previous research has found that hazardous sites identified with different methods are not consistent . It is therefore necessary to evaluate the performance of various HSID methods . The existing evaluation criter... | Three HSID method evaluation tests are generalized and enhanced HCCT CSCT and ARDT. HCCT evaluates a HSID methods reliability in identifying sites with high crash counts. CSCT measures a HSID methods consistency in identifying common hazardous sites. ARDT assesses a HSID methods consistency in measuring the absolute di... | HSID methods are evaluated to improve consistency in identifying crashes. HSID methods are evaluated to improve consistency in identifying common sites. HSID methods are evaluated to improve consistency in identifying absolute differences in rankings. | [{"ent":"two","start":338,"end":341,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"one","start":432,"end":435,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"HSID","start":483,"end":487,"type":"ORG","lemma":"HSID"},{"ent":"three","start":543,"end":548,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"Absolute Rank Differences Test","start... | [{"ent":"Three","start":0,"end":5,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"ARDT","start":78,"end":82,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ARDT"},{"ent":"HCCT","start":84,"end":88,"type":"ORG","lemma":"HCCT"},{"ent":"CSCT","start":171,"end":175,"type":"ORG","lemma":"csct"},{"ent":"ARDT","start":251,"end":255,"type":"ORG","lemma":"AR... | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520303614 | In Vietnam motorcycle riders comprise about three quarters of road traffic fatalities the most common cause of which is head injuries that can be prevented by wearing a helmet . This study aims to assess helmet wearing behaviors in Ho Chi Minh City the largest city in Vietnam . Eight rounds of observational studies wer... | Eight rounds of observational studies were conducted on city level representative samples in HCMC. A total of 479 892 motorcycle riders were observed over 90 of whom were wearing helmets. The prevalence of correct helmet use gradually declined from 80.8 in round 1 July 2015 to 55.6 in round 8 April 2019 . The prevalenc... | Helmet wearing behaviors in Ho Chi Minh City motorcycle riders were studied. Helmets were worn by 83.2 of motorcycle riders in Ho Chi Minh City. Helmet wearing behaviors declined from 80.8 in round 155.6 in round 8. The prevalence of correct helmet use increased by 11.3 percentage points during the same period. | [{"ent":"Vietnam","start":3,"end":10,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vietnam"},{"ent":"about three quarters","start":38,"end":58,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"about three quarter"},{"ent":"Ho Chi Minh City","start":232,"end":248,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Ho Chi Minh City"},{"ent":"Vietnam","start":269,"end":276,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Vi... | [{"ent":"Eight","start":0,"end":5,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"eight"},{"ent":"HCMC","start":93,"end":97,"type":"GPE","lemma":"HCMC"},{"ent":"479","start":110,"end":113,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"479"},{"ent":"892","start":114,"end":117,"type":"MONEY","lemma":"892"},{"ent":"over 90","start":150,"end":157,"type":"CARDINAL... | [{"ent":"Ho Chi Minh City","start":28,"end":44,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Ho Chi Minh City"},{"ent":"83.2","start":98,"end":102,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"83.2"},{"ent":"Ho Chi Minh City","start":127,"end":143,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Ho Chi Minh City"},{"ent":"80.8","start":184,"end":188,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"80.8"},{"en... | 0.833333 | 0.333333 | 0.2 | 0.25 |
S0001457520303791 | Numerous studies have developed intersection crash prediction models to identify crash hotspots and evaluate safety countermeasures . These studies largely considered only micro level crash contributing factors such as traffic volume traffic signals etc . Some recent studies however have attempted to include macro leve... | This paper developed the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model MMMM to estimate intersection crashes with both micro and macrolevel input factors. The proposed MMMM can let researchers properly estimate crash frequencies along the boundary of study zones reduced boundary problem . This paper demonstrated that the Multip... | Multiple membership multiple level model for intersection crash prediction was introduced. Multiple membership multiple level model was compared with traditional single model and conventional multilevel model. The MMMM outperformed the SM and CMM in terms of fitting capability. The MMMM avoided both the underestimation... | [{"ent":"five years","start":905,"end":915,"type":"DATE","lemma":"five year"},{"ent":"the City of Regina","start":947,"end":965,"type":"GPE","lemma":"the City of Regina"},{"ent":"Canada","start":979,"end":985,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Canada"},{"ent":"two","start":1134,"end":1137,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"MM... | [{"ent":"the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model","start":21,"end":61,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model"},{"ent":"the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model","start":310,"end":350,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Multiple Membership Multilevel Model"}] | [{"ent":"MMMM","start":214,"end":218,"type":"NORP","lemma":"MMMM"},{"ent":"SM","start":236,"end":238,"type":"ORG","lemma":"SM"},{"ent":"CMM","start":243,"end":246,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CMM"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520303936 | Extreme Weather Events are currently not well understood by the maritime community even though the shipping industry is not immune to their potential disastrous consequences . This is critical for the Arctic supply chains considering the serious lack of experience data communication facilities and that rules and regula... | A novel effective risk assessment model for maritime supply chain is developed. The model is used for quantifying risks associated with extreme weather events in the Arctic. A new index based on a weighted combination of the likelihood visibility and consequence of risk factors is presented. The model is developed base... | A Bayesian Belief Network for risk assessment of extreme weather events in the Arctic. Quantifies the risks associated with EWEs in the Arctic. The risk assessment model is developed based on a weighted combination of the likelihood visibility and consequence of risk factors. | [{"ent":"Arctic","start":201,"end":207,"type":"LOC","lemma":"Arctic"},{"ent":"Arctic","start":546,"end":552,"type":"LOC","lemma":"Arctic"},{"ent":"Bayesian Belief Network","start":589,"end":612,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Bayesian Belief Network"},{"ent":"51","start":872,"end":874,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"51"},{"ent":"the ... | [{"ent":"Arctic","start":166,"end":172,"type":"LOC","lemma":"Arctic"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":327,"end":335,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"}] | [{"ent":"Bayesian Belief Network","start":2,"end":25,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Bayesian Belief Network"},{"ent":"Arctic","start":79,"end":85,"type":"LOC","lemma":"Arctic"},{"ent":"Arctic","start":136,"end":142,"type":"LOC","lemma":"Arctic"}] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
S0001457520303948 | Adaptive traffic signal control systems improve traffic efficiency but their impacts on traffic safety vary among different implementations . To improve the traffic safety pro actively this study proposes a safety oriented ATSC algorithm to optimize traffic efficiency and safety simultaneously . A multi objective deep ... | A safety oriented adaptive traffic signal control ATSC algorithm optimizing traffic efficiency and safety was proposed. The algorithm was evaluated in simulation and it outperforms the field benchmark in terms of both safety and efficiency. The control rules abstracted from the ATSC could also help the traditional sign... | A safety oriented adaptive traffic signal control system was proposed. The proposed algorithm was trained and evaluated on a simulated isolated intersection built based on real world traffic data. A real time crash prediction model was calibrated to provide the safety measure. The results showed that the algorithm impr... | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":223,"end":227,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":871,"end":875,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"ATSCs","start":1061,"end":1066,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"},{"ent":"first","start":1234,"end":1239,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"}] | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":50,"end":54,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":279,"end":283,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"first","start":409,"end":414,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":451,"end":455,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"}] | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":431,"end":435,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"ATSCs","start":621,"end":626,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"}] | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
S0001457520303973 | Time to collision index has been extensively utilized to evaluate rear end collision risks but few studies have focused on the special transition process that vehicles change from a safe to a dangerous situation . This study conducts an in depth analysis of the transition condition of rear end collisions . Realistic ve... | Transition conditions are analyzed for rear end collisions using time to collision index. Three types of transition conditions dominate among all 13 types in practice. Time to collision derivative index is proposed to evaluate the risk change rate. Time to collision value has the quickest reduction at the transition st... | A novel indicator the derivative of TTC is proposed to evaluate changing rate of TTCs. Three types of TTCDs corresponding to different time point or interval were further analyzed based on developed regression models. The results indicate that although theoretically there are a total of 13 types of transition condition... | [{"ent":"the Federal Highway Administrations","start":362,"end":397,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Federal Highway Administrations"},{"ent":"13","start":524,"end":526,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"13"},{"ent":"Three","start":667,"end":672,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"13","start":869,"end":871,"type":"CARDINAL","l... | [{"ent":"Three","start":90,"end":95,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"13","start":146,"end":148,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"13"}] | [{"ent":"Three","start":87,"end":92,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"13","start":288,"end":290,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"13"},{"ent":"three","start":322,"end":327,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"}] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520304206 | In the geometric design of roundabouts safety oriented approaches are required rather than specification design ones that simply determine the dimensions of the geometric structural elements . We herein propose a risk index that combines the invisibility probability and the crash impact as a performance measure for eva... | Risk index as a safety performance measure for roundabout designing was proposed. Risk index combines the invisibility probability and the crash impact. Model formula of risk index was presented through the numerical simulation. Evaluation with risk index is expected to help improvement of roundabout designing. | A risk index RI is proposed for evaluating the safety of geometric designs of roundabouts. The invisibility probability represents the probability that an entering vehicle can not view a vehicle coming from the upstream in a circulatory roadway. The crash impact represents the amount of lost kinetic energy at the time ... | [{"ent":"RI","start":753,"end":755,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RI"}] | [] | [{"ent":"RI","start":13,"end":15,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RI"},{"ent":"RI","start":370,"end":372,"type":"ORG","lemma":"RI"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520304231 | This paper investigates factors that significantly contribute to the injury severity of different drivers of different nationality backgrounds . Using the data from Riyadh Saudi Arabia a random parameters multinomial logit model of driver injury severity was estimated to explore the effects of a wide range of variables... | Differences in crash injuries of Saudi and non Saudi drivers are studied. Using data from Riyadh random parameters logit models are estimated. Model estimations show that determinants of injury severity vary considerably between Saudi and non Saudi drivers. Findings show different nationalities may affect risk taking b... | Model estimation results show that a wide range factors significantly affect the injury severity outcomes in single vehicle crashes. Model estimation results show that a wide range factors significantly affect the injury severity outcomes in single vehicle crashes. Model estimation results show that a wide range factor... | [{"ent":"Riyadh Saudi Arabia","start":165,"end":184,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"ent":"three","start":363,"end":368,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"three"},{"ent":"Saudi","start":838,"end":843,"type":"NORP","lemma":"saudi"},{"ent":"Saudi","start":852,"end":857,"type":"NORP","lemma":"saudi"},{"ent":"Saudi Ar... | [{"ent":"Saudi","start":33,"end":38,"type":"NORP","lemma":"saudi"},{"ent":"Saudi","start":47,"end":52,"type":"NORP","lemma":"saudi"},{"ent":"Riyadh","start":90,"end":96,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Riyadh"},{"ent":"Saudi","start":229,"end":234,"type":"NORP","lemma":"saudi"},{"ent":"Saudi","start":243,"end":248,"type":"NORP","... | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520304309 | Scenario based testing is crucial for considering the intended functional safety of automated driving vehicles . For the first time pre crash scenario mining research was conducted using worldwide accident data obtained from the Initiative for the Global Harmonization of Accident Data . First data from the IGLAD databa... | Countries in 3 G are an ideal data source for the international scenario research. Scenarios mined in this paper highly consistent with Euro NCAP 2025 Roadmap. Some critical scenario elements are missing in Euro NCAP 2025 Roadmap. Some critical information is missing in IGLAD database. | Pre crash scenarios are extracted from accident databases. 21 typical pre crash scenarios are obtained using clustering and analysis. Typical scenarios are compared in detail. Typical scenarios are categorized into four traffic environments. Typical scenarios are categorized into four traffic environments. | [{"ent":"first","start":121,"end":126,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"First","start":288,"end":293,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"IGLAD","start":308,"end":313,"type":"ORG","lemma":"IGLAD"},{"ent":"four","start":354,"end":358,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"Second","start":445,"end":451,"t... | [{"ent":"3","start":13,"end":14,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"3"},{"ent":"Euro","start":136,"end":140,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Euro"},{"ent":"2025","start":146,"end":150,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"2025"},{"ent":"Roadmap","start":151,"end":158,"type":"PERSON","lemma":"Roadmap"},{"ent":"Euro NCAP","start":207,"end":216,"type":... | [{"ent":"21","start":59,"end":61,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"21"},{"ent":"four","start":215,"end":219,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"four","start":281,"end":285,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520305200 | The 402 mile of Interstate 80 in Wyoming was selected by the U.S. Department of Transportation to develop test and deploy a suite of Connected Vehicle applications . It is expected that after full deployment of CV technology the pilot will improve safety and mobility under adverse weather conditions by creating new way... | This study assessed the safety performance of the Wyoming Connected Vehicle pilot deployment program under adverse weather conditions. An integrated field data and driving simulator experiment method for investigating the impacts of CV on truck driver behavior. Microsimulation modeling was employed for assessing the sa... | A 23 mile representative I 80 corridor was selected for testing the WYDOT CV Pilot. The safety effectiveness of the WYDOT CV Pilot was assessed for various demand levels and CV penetration rates. The safety effectiveness of the WYDOT CV Pilot were assessed for various demand levels and CV penetration rates. The safety ... | [{"ent":"402 mile","start":4,"end":12,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"402 mile"},{"ent":"Interstate 80","start":16,"end":29,"type":"FAC","lemma":"Interstate 80"},{"ent":"Wyoming","start":33,"end":40,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Wyoming"},{"ent":"the U.S. Department of Transportation","start":57,"end":94,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the U... | [{"ent":"the Wyoming Connected Vehicle","start":46,"end":75,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the Wyoming Connected Vehicle"},{"ent":"CV","start":233,"end":235,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"CV","start":340,"end":342,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"CV","start":375,"end":377,"type":"ORG","lemma":"cv"},{"ent":"CV","start":475... | [{"ent":"23 mile","start":2,"end":9,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"23 mile"},{"ent":"80","start":27,"end":29,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"80"},{"ent":"WYDOT","start":68,"end":73,"type":"ORG","lemma":"WYDOT"},{"ent":"WYDOT","start":116,"end":121,"type":"ORG","lemma":"WYDOT"},{"ent":"CV","start":174,"end":176,"type":"ORG","lem... | 1 | 0.25 | 0.333333 | 0.285714 |
S0001457520305297 | Traffic accident statistics have shown the necessity of risk assessment when driving in the dynamic traffic environment . If the risk associated with different traffic elements | Combines data from naturalistic driving study and driver attitude questionnaire. Evaluates driving risks of different influence factors in dynamic environments. Establishes the internal and external field to describe the risk influence. Develops a driving risk coupling model to output dynamic risk assessment | Risk assessment is a crucial task when driving in the dynamic traffic environment. The traffic accident statistics have shown the necessity of risk assessment when driving in the dynamic traffic environment. The risk assessment is a crucial task when driving in the dynamic traffic environment. The risk assessment is a ... | [] | [] | [] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520305315 | Increasing automation calls for evaluating the effectiveness and intelligence of automated vehicles . This paper proposes a framework for quantitatively evaluating the intelligence of automated vehicles . Firstly we establish the evaluation environment for automated vehicles including test field test task and evaluatio... | Proposes a framework for quantitatively evaluating the intelligence of automated vehicles. Develops the symmetric intelligence evaluation index based on principle of least action. Completes evaluation process by testing different scenarios including normal driving and high risk scenarios. | The proposed framework for quantitatively evaluating the intelligence of automated vehicles. The proposed framework can effectively quantify the intelligence of automated vehicles. The proposed framework can effectively evaluate the performance of automated vehicles under various scenarios. | [{"ent":"Firstly","start":205,"end":212,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"firstly"},{"ent":"two","start":961,"end":964,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"40 416","start":1120,"end":1126,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"40 416"},{"ent":"179","start":1138,"end":1141,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"179"},{"ent":"253","start":1395,"end... | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520305339 | Real time crash potential prediction could provide valuable information for Active Traffic Management Systems . Fixed infrastructure based vehicle detection devices were widely used in the previous studies to obtain different types of data for crash potential prediction . However it was difficult to obtain data in larg... | This paper utilizes novel connected vehicle CV emulated data to predict real time crash potential for arterials. The CV emulated data are flexible to obtain. Different speed related variables are estimated based on the CV emulated data to depict continuous traffic conditions. The results proved the feasibility of using... | CV emulated data were obtained through the data collection API with a high frequency. Different data cleaning and preparation techniques were implemented. A Long Short term Memory neural network was trained to predict the crash potential. The results from the model illustrated the feasibility of using a novel CV emulat... | [{"ent":"Active Traffic Management Systems","start":76,"end":109,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Active Traffic Management Systems"},{"ent":"CV","start":544,"end":546,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"CV","start":653,"end":655,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"two","start":690,"end":693,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":... | [{"ent":"CV","start":44,"end":46,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"CV","start":117,"end":119,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"CV","start":219,"end":221,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"CV","start":321,"end":323,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"}] | [{"ent":"CV","start":0,"end":2,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"API","start":59,"end":62,"type":"ORG","lemma":"api"},{"ent":"CV","start":311,"end":313,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CV"},{"ent":"50th","start":382,"end":386,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"50th"},{"ent":"two","start":413,"end":416,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.4 |
S0001457520305388 | Adaptive traffic signal control is a promising technique to improve the efficiency of signalized intersections especially in the era of connected vehicles when real time information on vehicle positions and trajectories is available . Numerous ATSC algorithms have been proposed to accommodate real time traffic conditio... | A novel self learning ATSC algorithm is developed to optimize safety in real time. The developed algorithm adapts traffic signals using real time CVs data. The algorithm is validated using real traffic data of two existing intersections. Various market penetration rates of CVs are investigated. The results show a consi... | A novel self learning ATSC algorithm was developed for real time safety optimization. The algorithm was trained using the VISSIM simulation platform. The algorithm was tested using real world traffic data obtained from two signalized intersections in the city of Surrey British Columbia. The algorithm was tested under v... | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":244,"end":248,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":544,"end":548,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":997,"end":1001,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":1096,"end":1100,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"the Reinforcement Learning","start":1198,"end":1... | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":22,"end":26,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"two","start":210,"end":213,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":22,"end":26,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"VISSIM","start":122,"end":128,"type":"ORG","lemma":"VISSIM"},{"ent":"two","start":219,"end":222,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Surrey","start":263,"end":269,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Surrey"},{"ent":"British Columbia","start":270,"end":286,"t... | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.4 |
S0001457520305522 | In this study two novel fuzzy decision approaches where the fuzzy logic model was revised with the C4.5 decision tree algorithm were applied to the classification of cyclist injury severity in bicycle vehicle accidents . The study aims to evaluate two main research topics . The first one is investigation of the effect ... | Handling the classification of accident injury severity with a fuzzy approach can significantly improve model performance. A Hybrid model is created by combining different machine learning models can give better results than classical algorithms. As an alternative to ANN FLs DT RFL model can be used to reduce or elimin... | A hybrid fuzzy decision mechanism was applied to the classification of cyclist injury severity. The C4.5 algorithm was applied to the classification of cyclist injury severity. The model performances were compared according to their accuracy precision recall and F measure values. The DT RFL model was more effective tha... | [{"ent":"two","start":14,"end":17,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"two","start":248,"end":251,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"first","start":279,"end":284,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"second","start":516,"end":522,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"second"},{"ent":"20132017","start":754,"end":762,"... | [{"ent":"ANN","start":268,"end":271,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ANN"},{"ent":"DT","start":276,"end":278,"type":"ORG","lemma":"DT"},{"ent":"RFL","start":279,"end":282,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"RFL"}] | [{"ent":"F","start":263,"end":264,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"F"},{"ent":"DT","start":285,"end":287,"type":"ORG","lemma":"DT"},{"ent":"RFL","start":288,"end":291,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"RFL"}] | 1 | 0.666667 | 0.666667 | 0.666667 |
S0001457520305558 | One of the main aims of introducing automation in transport is to improve safety by reducing or eliminating human errors it is often argued however that this may induce new types of errors . There is different level of maturity with automation in different transport modes however no systematic research has been conduct... | Research on automation and safety is in silos for each transport mode. There are several opportunities for transfer of knowledge between transport modes. Lessons from aviation on automation trust SA and the role of training are transferable. The quantitative approach of the road sector to SA and takeover performance ca... | The safety of automated transport systems is not yet fully understood. We conducted a systematic literature review on the human factors in automation in different sectors. We identified several areas where experiences from the aviation and road domain can be transferable. Experiences from maritime and rail transport ar... | [{"ent":"One","start":0,"end":3,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"}] | [{"ent":"SA","start":196,"end":198,"type":"ORG","lemma":"SA"},{"ent":"SA","start":290,"end":292,"type":"ORG","lemma":"SA"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520305807 | Traffic accident management is a critical issue for advanced intelligent traffic management . The increasingly abundant crowdsourcing data and floating car data provide new support for improving traffic accident management . This paper investigates the methods to predict the complicated behavior of traffic flow evoluti... | Traffic accident and flow data obtained simultaneously from crowdsourcing approach. Entire traffic accidents post impact from occurrence to recovery can be predicted. Machine learning models were applied and good performance was achieved. Results improved when updated information added into the model sequentially. | A hierarchical scheme is designed for identifying the most congested level and sequentially predicting duration of each level. The proposed model is validated using traffic accident data in 2017 from an anonymous source in Beijing China. The results show NN outperforms the other two models when the assessment is conduc... | [{"ent":"four","start":447,"end":451,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"Four","start":544,"end":548,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"2017","start":824,"end":828,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2017"},{"ent":"Beijing","start":857,"end":864,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Beijing"},{"ent":"China","start":865,"end":870,"type... | [] | [{"ent":"2017","start":190,"end":194,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2017"},{"ent":"Beijing","start":223,"end":230,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Beijing"},{"ent":"China","start":231,"end":236,"type":"GPE","lemma":"China"},{"ent":"two","start":280,"end":283,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"SVM","start":401,"end":404,"type":"ORG"... | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520305819 | The novel semi autonomous vehicles are becoming a reality in our roads being a very important technological advance with promising operational and safety improvements . However road infrastructure must be ready to host them . The technologies of these driving automation systems require certain road conditions that are ... | AV disengagements are highly related to road horizontal geometry. Automated speed is defined as the maximum speed that an AV can attain at a curve. A framework is proposed to analyse how AVs perform in function of road geometry. AV consistency is defined as the difference between automated and operating speeds. A new L... | The semi autonomous vehicles are a very important technological advance with promising operational and safety improvements. The technologies of these driving automation systems require certain road conditions that are not always fulfilled causing the systems to fail. The failures generally transfer negotiation control ... | [] | [{"ent":"AV","start":0,"end":2,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"AV"},{"ent":"AV","start":122,"end":124,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"av"},{"ent":"AVs","start":187,"end":190,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"av"},{"ent":"AV","start":229,"end":231,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"av"},{"ent":"Level of Service","start":319,"end":335,"type":"ORG","... | [] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520305844 | Approximately one third of car trips involve one or more passengers and yet we know little about how the presence of a passenger helps or hinders safety and efficiency . To date research in this area has focused on the possible distractive effects of passengers . Although we know that drivers conversing on a mobile pho... | Passengers often viewed as distracting but safety data suggests they are protective. We conducted a mixed methods study to understand the ways passengers help drivers. On line survey indicated some things drivers wished their passengers would do more. On road sample found gender differences in the support offered by pa... | Studies were conducted to understand how passengers can contribute to safer journeys. Drivers reported that passengers can be helpful but also rarely assist. Gender differences were noted in who offers and who requests driving support. | [{"ent":"Approximately one third","start":0,"end":23,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"approximately one third"},{"ent":"one","start":45,"end":48,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"one"},{"ent":"two","start":476,"end":479,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S000145752030587X | Adaptive traffic signal control is a novel traffic management system that is often deployed at high volume intersections in order to mitigate traffic congestion and improve travel time reliability . While past studies have demonstrated its operational effectiveness relatively few have focused on safety performance . Th... | CMFs for adaptive traffic signal control ATSC systems developed using Empirical Bayes before after study. CMFs for ATSC system impacts at individual intersections and along entire adaptive corridors are estimated. Temporal trends in safety performance of ATSC system also studied. Results reveal minor increase in total ... | ATSC is associated with a nominal increase in total and angle crashes. The safety effect estimates are similar when considering intersection locations and configurations. The magnitude of the corridor level CMFs are slightly lower than the intersection level CMFs except for rear end crashes. | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":500,"end":504,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":663,"end":667,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"Empirical Bayes","start":742,"end":757,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Empirical Bayes"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":811,"end":815,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"Pennsylvania","start":842,"en... | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":41,"end":45,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"},{"ent":"Empirical Bayes","start":70,"end":85,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Empirical Bayes"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":115,"end":119,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"},{"ent":"ATSC","start":255,"end":259,"type":"ORG","lemma":"atsc"}] | [{"ent":"ATSC","start":0,"end":4,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ATSC"}] | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.666667 |
S000145752030590X | Guardrails were designed to deter vehicle access to off road areas and consequently prevent hitting rigid fixed objects alongside the road . However guardrails cause 10 of deaths in vehicle to fixed object crashes which recently attracted attention in the highway safety community on the vehicle based injury criteria us... | The car to end terminal crash finite element FE simulations involving a dummy model were performed for the first time in this study. Injuries assessed by vehicle based crash severity metrics showed to be more conservative than the ones determined by dummy based injury criteria. The current vehicle based injury predicti... | Full body and body region driver injury probabilities were quantified using finite element simulations. The vehicle based crash severity metrics used in regulations were compared with the dummy based injury criteria. The relationship between the two was analyzed. | [{"ent":"10","start":166,"end":168,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"10"}] | [{"ent":"FE","start":45,"end":47,"type":"ORG","lemma":"fe"},{"ent":"first","start":107,"end":112,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"},{"ent":"U.S","start":353,"end":356,"type":"GPE","lemma":"U.S"},{"ent":"European","start":361,"end":369,"type":"NORP","lemma":"european"},{"ent":"NCHRP","start":492,"end":497,"type":"ORG","l... | [{"ent":"two","start":246,"end":249,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S000145752030600X | In Germany every year 66 000 road crashes lead to death or injury of young novice drivers . This makes them twice as likely to be involved in or cause vehicle crashes compared to their older and more experienced counterparts . This study aims to address this societal issue by developing a better understanding of the Ge... | The inclusion of sixteen new items creates a timely commensurate BYNDS. In particular a broader picture of smartphone use is introduced. The paper presents an innovative translation process easy to adopt. Pitfalls for response errors are addressed and semantics are improved. The questionnaire was applied to a represent... | The BYNDS is updated and validated in a robust sample of 700 novice drivers. The BYNDS is semantically and conceptually different from the original. The BYNDS is an updated and extended version of the BYNDS that allows practitioners but also researchers to broaden their understanding of young driver risk. | [{"ent":"Germany","start":3,"end":10,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Germany"},{"ent":"66 000","start":22,"end":28,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"66 000"},{"ent":"German","start":318,"end":324,"type":"NORP","lemma":"german"},{"ent":"55","start":387,"end":389,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"55"},{"ent":"the Behaviour of Young Novice Drive... | [{"ent":"sixteen","start":17,"end":24,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"sixteen"},{"ent":"German","start":326,"end":332,"type":"NORP","lemma":"german"}] | [{"ent":"700","start":57,"end":60,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"700"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520306618 | Health economic evaluation studies can provide insight into which injury prevention interventions maximize available resources to improve health outcomes . A previous systematic review summarized 48 unintentional injury prevention economic evaluations published during 19982009 providing a valuable overview of that evid... | Two decades of unintentional injury prevention economic evaluations are summarized. Falls and motor vehicle traffic injuries were the most common study subjects. Only half of recent economic evaluations reported on key methods elements. Standardized and complete reporting can improve comparisons across studies. | Recent unintentional injury prevention economic evaluations were reviewed. 68 studies were identified. 32 studies were excluded. Most recent studies reported all key methods elements. Better adherence to health economic evaluation reporting standards may enhance comparability. | [{"ent":"48","start":196,"end":198,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"48"},{"ent":"19982009","start":269,"end":277,"type":"DATE","lemma":"19982009"},{"ent":"English","start":568,"end":575,"type":"LANGUAGE","lemma":"English"},{"ent":"January 1 2010 to December 31 2019","start":690,"end":724,"type":"DATE","lemma":"January 1 2010... | [{"ent":"Two decades","start":0,"end":11,"type":"DATE","lemma":"two decade"},{"ent":"Only half","start":162,"end":171,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"only half"}] | [{"ent":"68","start":75,"end":77,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"68"},{"ent":"32","start":103,"end":105,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"32"}] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520306680 | The identification of accident hot spots is a central task of road safety management . Bayesian count data models have emerged as the workhorse method for producing probabilistic rankings of hazardous sites in road networks . Typically these methods assume simple linear link function specifications which however limit ... | New spatial count data model with flexible link function specification. Additive regression trees enable endogenous partitioning of predictor space. MCMC algorithm for fully Bayesian inference. New method offers excellent goodness of fit and site ranking ability. | The proposed model identifies accident hot spots in road networks. The model uses Bayesian additive regression trees to select the link function. The model performs well on a crash count data set. The model provides a good fit to the crash count data. | [{"ent":"Bayesian","start":859,"end":867,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"Plya Gamma","start":1038,"end":1048,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Plya Gamma"}] | [{"ent":"MCMC","start":149,"end":153,"type":"ORG","lemma":"mcmc"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":174,"end":182,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"}] | [{"ent":"Bayesian","start":82,"end":90,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"}] | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.666667 |
S0001457520306692 | A significant portion of pedestrian accidents occurs in the outskirts areas due to the high vehicle speed and lack of safety facilities for pedestrians . Behavioral study on drivers and pedestrians is the key to better understand the causes of pedestrian accidents in order to develop safety models . | The present study focuses on evaluating the safety of pedestrian crossing in urban and outskirt areas based on fixed videography FV and in motion videography IMV to determine the differences of drivers and pedestrians behaviors in these areas. The logistic and linear regression models based on both approaches showed th... | The study focuses on the pedestrian accidents in the outskirts areas. The study focuses on the pedestrians speed and safety facilities. The study finds that pedestrians speed is the main factor in the pedestrian accidents. The study identifies the need for pedestrian safety facilities in the outskirts areas. | [] | [{"ent":"FV","start":129,"end":131,"type":"ORG","lemma":"fv"}] | [] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520306709 | Earlier research on injury severity of truck involved crashes focused primarily on single truck and multi vehicle crashes with truck involvement or investigated truck involved injury severity based on rural and urban locations time of day variations lighting conditions roadway classification and weather conditions . Ho... | Truck involved crashes result in more severe injuries. Different factors contribute to injury severity of occupants in truck involved crashes. Separate models needed for each occupant of each vehicle type. There is a correlation of occupant injury severity in the same crash and the same vehicle. Actions of car and SUV ... | A comprehensive analysis of the impact of different vehicle types on occupant injury severity. Injury severity models were developed using 10 years of crash data. A series of log likelihood ratio tests were conducted to justify separate model by vehicle and occupant types. The age and gender of occupants truck driver o... | [{"ent":"10 years","start":861,"end":869,"type":"DATE","lemma":"10 year"},{"ent":"80","start":889,"end":891,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"80"},{"ent":"Wyoming","start":895,"end":902,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Wyoming"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":943,"end":951,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"}] | [] | [{"ent":"10 years","start":139,"end":147,"type":"DATE","lemma":"10 year"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520306746 | Current automated driving technology can not cope in numerous conditions that are basic daily driving situations for human drivers . Previous studies show that profound understanding of human drivers capability to interpret and anticipate traffic situations is required in order to provide similar capacities for automat... | The prospective thinking aloud method is introduced. With the method expert drivers anticipations can be analyzed. Anticipations revealed uncertainties and related adaptive and social behaviors. The method can show prototypical traffic events and their information requirements. The results indicate automated vehicles l... | Expert drivers anticipations and related uncertainties were studied on public roads. Expert drivers anticipations were validated with a hazard prediction test. The results indicate sources of uncertainty and related adaptive and social behaviors in specific traffic situations and environments. The applicability of thes... | [{"ent":"daily","start":88,"end":93,"type":"DATE","lemma":"daily"},{"ent":"First","start":680,"end":685,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"first"}] | [] | [] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
S0001457520306837 | A novel automatic incident detection method for freeways based on the use of data provided by Bluetooth sensors and an unsupervised anomaly detection approach is presented . The two main advantages of the proposed AID system are the use of Bluetooth sensors offers several practical advantages over inductive loop detect... | Developing an automatic incident detection AID method for freeways based on Bluetooth data and an unsupervised anomaly detection approach. Demonstrating the developed AID method using real traffic data collected by a network of Bluetooth sensors installed in Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv. Special emphasis is made in using da... | A novel automatic incident detection method for freeways based on the use of Bluetooth sensors and an unsupervised anomaly detection approach is presented. The two main advantages of the proposed AID system are the use of Bluetooth sensors and the unsupervised anomaly detection approach. The proposed method has a high ... | [{"ent":"two","start":178,"end":181,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv","start":1187,"end":1210,"type":"FAC","lemma":"Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv"}] | [{"ent":"Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv","start":259,"end":282,"type":"FAC","lemma":"Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv"}] | [{"ent":"two","start":160,"end":163,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv","start":490,"end":513,"type":"FAC","lemma":"Ayalon Highway Tel Aviv"}] | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.666667 |
S0001457520307442 | The era of Big Data has arrived . Recently under the environment of intelligent transportation systems and connected automated vehicles Big Data has been applied in various fields in transportation including traffic safety . In this study we review recent research studies that employed Big Data to analyze traffic safet... | This paper reviews Big Data safety analytics for intelligent transportation systems and connected automated vehicles. The data models techniques and applications of 57 safety studies are discussed. Types of analytics including descriptive predictive and perspective analysis are summarized. Challenges and future researc... | Recent studies employed advanced analytics for Big Data to analyze traffic safety. Advanced analytics can break through the limitations of traditional data analytics. Advanced analytics can discover and solve problems that cannot be solved by traditional safety analytics. Advanced analytics can enhance traffic safety. | [{"ent":"Big Data","start":11,"end":19,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Big Data"},{"ent":"Big Data","start":136,"end":144,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Big Data"},{"ent":"Big Data","start":287,"end":295,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Big Data"},{"ent":"CAV","start":355,"end":358,"type":"ORG","lemma":"CAV"},{"ent":"Big Data","start":586,"end":594... | [{"ent":"Big Data","start":19,"end":27,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Big Data"},{"ent":"57","start":165,"end":167,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"57"}] | [{"ent":"Big Data","start":47,"end":55,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Big Data"}] | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.666667 |
S0001457520307521 | This study presents an effort to investigate the determinants of driver injury severity in run off road crashes . In order to account for unobserved heterogeneity a random parameter ordered probit with heterogeneity in the means approach is applied . The police reported ROR crash data that occurred from 2014 to 2017 in... | Injury severity of run off road crashes was studied and affecting factors on the driver crash severity were investigated. Random parameters ordered probit with heterogeneity in the means approach was used. Unobserved heterogeneity was accounted for and temporal stability of factors was examined. Significant temporal in... | Random parameter ordered probit is applied to estimate the determinants of driver injury severity in ROR crashes. Four injury severity levels are defined. The indicators including male driver alcohol and curved roadways increase the possibility of fatal and incapacitating injuries in ROR crashes. The indicators includi... | [{"ent":"ROR","start":271,"end":274,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ROR"},{"ent":"2014 to 2017","start":305,"end":317,"type":"DATE","lemma":"2014 to 2017"},{"ent":"North Carolina","start":334,"end":348,"type":"GPE","lemma":"North Carolina"},{"ent":"Four","start":359,"end":363,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"four","star... | [] | [{"ent":"ROR","start":101,"end":104,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ROR"},{"ent":"Four","start":114,"end":118,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"ROR","start":285,"end":288,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ROR"},{"ent":"ROR","start":428,"end":431,"type":"ORG","lemma":"ROR"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520307934 | The present study has investigated the relationship between traffic volume and crash numbers by means of meta analysis based on 521 crash prediction models from 118 studies . The weighted pooled volume coefficient for all crashes and all levels of crash severity is 0.875 . The most important moderator variable is crash... | Meta analysis of the relationship between traffic volume and crash numbers. Crashes increase with increasing volumes but mostly at a lower rate. The relationship is strongest for multi vehicle crashes at high volumes and on freeways. The relationship is weaker for fatal than for less serious crashes. Crash prediction m... | The relationship between traffic volume and crash numbers is investigated. Volume coefficients for multi vehicle crashes are greater than for single vehicle crashes. Volume coefficients are smaller for more fatal crashes than for injury crashes. Volume coefficients are greater on divided roads than on undivided roads. ... | [{"ent":"521","start":128,"end":131,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"521"},{"ent":"118","start":161,"end":164,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"118"},{"ent":"0.875","start":266,"end":271,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"0.875"},{"ent":"two","start":958,"end":961,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | [{"ent":"Meta","start":0,"end":4,"type":"ORG","lemma":"meta"}] | [{"ent":"two","start":386,"end":389,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520308149 | The safety of signalized intersections has traditionally been evaluated at an aggregate level by relating historical collision records for several years to the annual trac volume and the geometric characteristics of the intersection . This is a reactive and macroscopic approach that gives little insight into how import... | Conflict based real time safety performance functions are developed for signalized intersections. Several Tobit models including GRP Tobit RI Tobit and GRP Tobit models are compared. Traffic volume queue length shock wave speed and area and the platoon ratio are used as covariates. Higher conflict rates were associated... | A real time safety model for signalized intersections is proposed. Four candidate Tobit models are developed and compared. The GRP Tobit model performs best with lowest Deviance Information Criteria. The developed models can have potential applications in real time safety evaluation real time optimization of signal con... | [{"ent":"several years","start":139,"end":152,"type":"DATE","lemma":"several year"},{"ent":"annual","start":160,"end":166,"type":"DATE","lemma":"annual"},{"ent":"Four","start":976,"end":980,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"Tobit","start":991,"end":996,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Tobit"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start"... | [{"ent":"Tobit","start":106,"end":111,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Tobit"},{"ent":"GRP","start":129,"end":132,"type":"ORG","lemma":"GRP"},{"ent":"Tobit","start":142,"end":147,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Tobit"},{"ent":"GRP","start":152,"end":155,"type":"ORG","lemma":"GRP"},{"ent":"Tobit","start":156,"end":161,"type":"PRODUC... | [{"ent":"Four","start":67,"end":71,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":"Tobit","start":82,"end":87,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Tobit"},{"ent":"GRP","start":127,"end":130,"type":"ORG","lemma":"GRP"},{"ent":"Tobit","start":131,"end":136,"type":"PRODUCT","lemma":"Tobit"}] | 1 | 0.666667 | 1 | 0.8 |
S0001457520308265 | If the information on freeway exits is not effective or driver vigilance is not adequate the driver may not be able to obtain the information in time resulting in missing the exit or making a forcible lane change that could cause an accident . To allow the driver to obtain sufficient exit information in time and get of... | Yellow color guardrail belt was designed to improve driver s vigilance near the freeway exit. A simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the yellow color guardrail belt. The participants were more focused on searching for exit sign information in the yellow color guardrail belt scenario than... | The YCB was proposed to remind drivers to pay attention to the exit information. The YCB was effective in improving driver vigilance. The YCB was effective in improving the driver s sense of space on the exit. | [{"ent":"two","start":690,"end":693,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"YCB","start":760,"end":763,"type":"ORG","lemma":"YCB"},{"ent":"YCB","start":933,"end":936,"type":"GPE","lemma":"YCB"},{"ent":"two","start":1344,"end":1347,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"YCB","start":1410,"end":1413,"type":"GPE","lemm... | [] | [{"ent":"YCB","start":4,"end":7,"type":"ORG","lemma":"YCB"},{"ent":"YCB","start":85,"end":88,"type":"ORG","lemma":"YCB"},{"ent":"YCB","start":138,"end":141,"type":"ORG","lemma":"YCB"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S000145752030854X | Although tires maintain the only contact between the vehicle and the ground tire failures are still underrepresented in traffic safety assessments . Vehicle stability and safety can deteriorate significantly by a sudden tire failure . The current body of literature on tire failure related crashes is limited and no prev... | There is a need for comprehensive assessment of tire failure and impacts on injury severity. Speed of more than 75 mph summer months and heavy vehicles contribute to tire failures. Tire failures lead to crashes with significant consequences on occupants. Crash reporting systems need to provide more information on tire ... | Tire failures are underrepresented in traffic safety assessments. Tire failures are associated with more severe injuries in crashes. Tire failures are more likely to occur on rough surface concrete pavement. Tire failures are more likely to occur at high speeds. Tire failures are more likely to occur on curves. | [{"ent":"ten years","start":736,"end":745,"type":"DATE","lemma":"ten year"},{"ent":"80","start":779,"end":781,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"80"},{"ent":"Wyoming","start":785,"end":792,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Wyoming"},{"ent":"Bayesian","start":831,"end":839,"type":"NORP","lemma":"bayesian"},{"ent":"two","start":882,"end":88... | [{"ent":"more than 75 mph","start":102,"end":118,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"more than 75 mph"},{"ent":"summer months","start":119,"end":132,"type":"DATE","lemma":"summer month"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520309611 | This study firstly aimed to describe bicyclists return to cycling after a hospitalisation crash . Secondly it aimed to determine factors associated with reduced cycling post crash . A study of 83 cyclists hospitalised due to an on road crash was undertaken in Perth Western Australia . Participants completed a questionn... | A longitudinal study examined return to cycling after a hospitalisation crash. Sixty percent of participants had. one year post crash. Group riders had a lower risk of. at follow up. Psychological services following a crash may assist with return to cycling. Interventions promoting safe return to cycling should target ... | A survey of 83 cyclists hospitalised due to an on road crash was undertaken in Perth Western Australia. Factors associated with reduced cycling post crash were examined. Factors associated with reduced cycling post crash were identified. Factors associated with reduced cycling post crash were identified. Factors associ... | [{"ent":"firstly","start":11,"end":18,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"firstly"},{"ent":"Secondly","start":98,"end":106,"type":"ORDINAL","lemma":"secondly"},{"ent":"83","start":193,"end":195,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"83"},{"ent":"Perth Western Australia","start":260,"end":283,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Perth Western Australia"},{... | [{"ent":"Sixty percent","start":79,"end":92,"type":"PERCENT","lemma":"sixty percent"},{"ent":"one year","start":114,"end":122,"type":"DATE","lemma":"one year"}] | [{"ent":"83","start":12,"end":14,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"83"},{"ent":"Perth Western Australia","start":79,"end":102,"type":"ORG","lemma":"Perth Western Australia"}] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520309994 | The consequences of crashes including injury loss of lives and damage to properties are further worsened when buses plying expressways are involved in the crash . Previous studies have separately analyzed crash severity in terms of monetary cost injuries and loss of lives and the size of crashes in terms of the number ... | Copula based multivariate model was proposed for jointly modeling express bus involved crash severity and crash size. Dependency between both outcome variables was accounted for and the temporal stability of factors was investigated. Positive dependence was observed between the outcome variables and temporal instabilit... | A study on the factors influencing the size and severity of express bus crashes. A copula regression framework is employed to investigate the dependence between outcome variables. Traffic exposure measures are significantly associated with a higher propensity of observing increased bus crash severity and size. Insights... | [{"ent":"Frank","start":984,"end":989,"type":"PERSON","lemma":"Frank"}] | [{"ent":"Copula","start":0,"end":6,"type":"PERSON","lemma":"copula"},{"ent":"AADT","start":403,"end":407,"type":"ORG","lemma":"AADT"}] | [] | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S0001457520310149 | This study develops bicycle vehicle safety performance functions for five facilities in the Highway Safety Manual . These are urban two lane undivided segments urban four lane divided undivided segments rural two lane undivided segments urban four leg and three leg signalized intersections and urban four leg and three ... | We develop bicycle vehicle specific safety performance functions SPFs in Alabama. Five segment and intersection facilities in the Highway safety Manual were modeled. Two techniques were used and compared the COM Poisson and MARS. MARS outperformed the corresponding COM Poisson models for all five facilities. MARS is re... | A bicycle safety performance function was developed for five facilities in the Highway Safety Manual. A machine learning technique MARS was applied to the performance functions. MARS outperformed the corresponding COM Poisson models for all five facilities. | [{"ent":"five","start":69,"end":73,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"five"},{"ent":"the Highway Safety Manual","start":88,"end":113,"type":"FAC","lemma":"the Highway Safety Manual"},{"ent":"two","start":132,"end":135,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":"four","start":166,"end":170,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"four"},{"ent":... | [{"ent":"Alabama","start":73,"end":80,"type":"GPE","lemma":"Alabama"},{"ent":"Five","start":82,"end":86,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"five"},{"ent":"the Highway safety Manual","start":126,"end":151,"type":"FAC","lemma":"the Highway safety Manual"},{"ent":"Two","start":166,"end":169,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"two"},{"ent":... | [{"ent":"five","start":56,"end":60,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"five"},{"ent":"the Highway Safety Manual","start":75,"end":100,"type":"FAC","lemma":"the Highway Safety Manual"},{"ent":"MARS","start":131,"end":135,"type":"LOC","lemma":"MARS"},{"ent":"MARS","start":178,"end":182,"type":"ORG","lemma":"MARS"},{"ent":"Poisson... | 1 | 1 | 0.666667 | 0.8 |
S0001457520311908 | In March 2020 the World Health Organization declared COVID 19 a world wide pandemic . Countries introduced public health measures to contain and reduce its spread . These measures included closures of educational institutions non essential businesses events and activities as well as working from and staying at home req... | Effects of COVID 19 pandemic on road safety is unknown. Previous research indicates economic downturns lead to declines in collisions. COVID 19 has led to an economic downturn of unprecedented proportions. Differential person and situation factors effects should be examined. | COVID 19 pandemic effects on road safety are currently unknown. Research on previous economic downturns suggests that drivers are more likely to engage in risky driving behaviors during economic downturns. Drivers are more likely to engage in risky driving behaviors during COVID 19 pandemic. The effects of COVID 19 pan... | [{"ent":"March 2020","start":3,"end":13,"type":"DATE","lemma":"March 2020"},{"ent":"the World Health Organization","start":14,"end":43,"type":"ORG","lemma":"the World Health Organization"},{"ent":"19","start":663,"end":665,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"},{"ent":"19","start":833,"end":835,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"}... | [{"ent":"19","start":17,"end":19,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"},{"ent":"COVID 19","start":135,"end":143,"type":"DATE","lemma":"COVID 19"}] | [{"ent":"19","start":6,"end":8,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"},{"ent":"19","start":280,"end":282,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"},{"ent":"19","start":314,"end":316,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"}] | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.666667 |
S0001457520311982 | Understanding who heeds the driving related COVID 19 restrictions is critical for assisting public health professionals improve response to this and future pandemic events . The purpose of the current study was to characterize driving behavior changes among adolescents as a function of COVID 19 restrictions . It was hy... | Post COVID 19 restrictions driving days per week decreased 37 among adolescents. Vehicle miles driven in past two weeks decreased 35 among adolescents. Decrease was lower among ethnic minorities older and employed adolescents. Those with greater dire prosocial tendencies showed greater driving decline. | Adolescents reduced driving behavior in pre COVID 19 period. COVID 19 restrictions increased driving days per week. COVID 19 restrictions decreased VMD. Those with higher prosocial tendencies reduced driving behavior. | [{"ent":"COVID 19","start":375,"end":383,"type":"DATE","lemma":"COVID 19"},{"ent":"age 16 or 18","start":664,"end":676,"type":"DATE","lemma":"age 16 or 18"},{"ent":"the last two weeks","start":719,"end":737,"type":"DATE","lemma":"the last two week"},{"ent":"English","start":770,"end":777,"type":"LANGUAGE","lemma":"Engl... | [{"ent":"days","start":35,"end":39,"type":"DATE","lemma":"day"},{"ent":"37","start":59,"end":61,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"37"},{"ent":"Vehicle miles","start":81,"end":94,"type":"QUANTITY","lemma":"vehicle mile"},{"ent":"past two weeks","start":105,"end":119,"type":"DATE","lemma":"past two week"},{"ent":"35","start":13... | [{"ent":"pre COVID 19","start":40,"end":52,"type":"DATE","lemma":"pre COVID 19"},{"ent":"19","start":67,"end":69,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"},{"ent":"days","start":101,"end":105,"type":"DATE","lemma":"day"},{"ent":"19","start":122,"end":124,"type":"CARDINAL","lemma":"19"},{"ent":"VMD","start":148,"end":151,"type":"O... | 1 | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.222222 |
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