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1,191 | Policy
policy rule that only allows members of the IT group to access a proprietary application. If you
enable the firewall to map IP addresses to users, then the firewall recognizes if a member outside
of the IT group (behind a proxy) attempts to access the application based on their IP address.
When you use XFF heade... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,192 | Policy
• Use XFF Values in Policy
• Display XFF Values in Logs
• Display XFF Values in Reports
Use XFF Values in Policy
Complete the following procedure to enforce security policy using the client IP address in the XFF
header.
In Microsoft Azure, by default, an application gateway inserts the original source IP
address... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,193 | Policy
Display XFF Values in Logs
In addition to XFF header usage in security policy, you can view the XFF IP address in
various logs, reports, and the Application Command Center (ACC) to aid in monitoring and
troubleshooting. You can add the X-Forwarded-For column to Traffic, Threat, Data Filtering, and
Wildfire Submi... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,194 | Policy
STEP 4 | Enter XFF into the search bar and click the search button to locate the built-in XFF report
templates.
STEP 5 | Click Load.
STEP 6 | Configure your custom report. Click Time Frame, Sort By, and Group By to display the XFF
information in the manner best suited to your needs.
STEP 7 | (Optional) Click Run... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,195 | Policy
Enabling the firewall to use the XFF header as the Source address in URL Filtering logs
does not enable user mapping of the source address. To populate the source user fields,
see Use XFF Values for Policies and Logging Source Users.
STEP 1 | Enable the X-Forwarded-For option in the URL Filtering profile.
1. Sel... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,196 | Policy
Policy-Based Forwarding
Normally, the firewall uses the destination IP address in a packet to determine the outgoing
interface. The firewall uses the routing table associated with the virtual router to which the
interface is connected to perform the route lookup. Policy-Based Forwarding (PBF) allows you
to overr... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,197 | Policy
Path Monitoring for PBF
Path monitoring allows you to verify connectivity to an IP address so that the firewall can direct
traffic through an alternate route, when needed. The firewall uses ICMP pings as heartbeats to
verify that the specified IP address is reachable.
A monitoring profile allows you to specify t... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,198 | Policy
same from the initial session (based on the App-ID cache) and apply the PBF rule. Therefore, a
session that is not an exact match and is not the same application, can be forwarded based on the
PBF rule.
Further, applications have dependencies and the identity of the application can change as the
firewall receive... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,199 | Policy
STEP 1 | Create a Policy-Based Forwarding (PBF) rule.
When creating a PBF rule, you must specify a name for the rule, a source zone or interface,
and an egress interface. All other components are either optional or have a default value.
You can specify the source and destination addresses using an IP address, an... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,200 | Policy
STEP 2 | Specify how to forward packets that match the rule.
If you are configuring PBF in a multi-VSYS environment, you must create separate
PBF rules for each virtual system (and create the appropriate Security policy rules to
enable the traffic).
1. Select Forwarding.
2. Set the Action to take when matching a... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,201 | Policy
Profile (default or custom) that specifies the action when the monitored address is
unreachable.
• You can Disable this rule if nexthop/monitor ip is unreachable.
• Enter a target IP Address to monitor.
The Egress Interface can have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and the Next Hop FQDN
can resolve to both IPv4 and ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,202 | Policy
PAN-OS® Administrator’s Guide Version 10.2 1203 ©2025 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,203 | Policy
STEP 1 | Configure the ingress and the egress interfaces on the firewall.
Egress interfaces can be in the same zone.
1. Select Network > Interfaces and select the interface you want to configure.
The interface configuration on the firewall used in this example is as follows:
• Ethernet 1/19 connected to the prim... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,204 | Policy
STEP 2 | On the virtual router, add a static route to the backup ISP.
1. Select Network > Virtual Router and select the default link to open the Virtual Router
dialog.
2. Select Static Routes and click Add. Enter a Name for the route and specify the
Destination IP address for which you are defining the static ro... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,205 | Policy
Negate to exclude the IP addresses or address object listed above from using this
rule.
2. In the Service section, Add the service-http and service-https services to allow HTTP
and HTTPS traffic to use the default ports. For all other traffic that is allowed by
security policy, the default route will be used.
To... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,206 | Policy
STEP 4 | Specify where to forward traffic.
1. In the Forwarding tab, specify the interface to which you want to forward traffic and
enable path monitoring.
2. To forward traffic, set the Action to Forward, and select the Egress Interface and specify
the Next Hop. In this example, the egress interface is ethernet... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,207 | Policy
STEP 5 | Create NAT rules based on the egress interface and ISP. These rules ensure that the correct
source IP address is used for outbound connections.
1. Select Policies > NAT and click Add.
2. In this example, the NAT rule we create for each ISP is as follows:
NAT for Primary ISP
In the Original Packet tab,
S... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,208 | Policy
STEP 6 | Create security policy to allow outbound access to the internet.
To safely enable applications, create a simple rule that allows access to the internet and attach
the security profiles available on the firewall.
1. Select Policies > Security and click Add.
2. Give the rule a descriptive Name in the Gene... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,209 | Policy
Rule ID Rule State Action Egress IF/VSYS NextHop
NextHop Status
========== === ========== ====== =================== ==============
=================
PBF - Prim 1 Active Forward ethernet1/19 1.1.1.1
UP
STEP 9 | Verify that the failover to the backup ISP occurs and that the Source NAT is correctly
applied.
... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,210 | Policy
src user: unknown
dst user: unknown
s2c flow:
source: 204.79.197.200 [TwoISP]
dst: 2.2.2.2
proto: 6
sport: 443 dport:
12896
state: ACTIVE type: FLOW
src user: unknown
dst user: unknown
start time : Wed Nov5 11:16:10 2014
timeout : 1800 sec
time to live : 1757 sec
total byte count(c2s) ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,211 | Policy
Application Override Policy
Application Override policies bypass layer 7 processing and threat inspection and instead use
less secure stateful layer 4 inspection. Application Override policies prevent the firewall from
performing layer 7 application identification and layer 7 threat inspection and prevention; do... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,212 | Policy
Test Policy Rules
Test the policy rules in your running configuration to ensure that your policies appropriately allow
and deny traffic and access to applications and websites in compliance with your business needs
and requirements. You can test and verify that your policy rules are allowing and denying the
corr... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,213 | Policy
PAN-OS® Administrator’s Guide Version 10.2 1214 ©2025 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,214 | Virtual Systems
This topic describes virtual systems, their benefits, typical use cases, and how to configure them.
It also provides links to other topics where virtual systems are documented as they function with
other features.
• Virtual Systems Overview
• Communication Between Virtual Systems
• Shared Gateway
• Conf... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,215 | Virtual Systems
Virtual Systems Overview
Virtual systems are separate, logical firewall instances within a single physical Palo Alto Networks
firewall. Rather than using multiple firewalls, managed service providers and enterprises can use
a single pair of firewalls (for high availability) and enable virtual systems on... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,216 | Virtual Systems
• The management of all policies (Security, NAT, QoS, Policy-based Forwarding, Decryption,
Application Override, Tunnel Inspection, Authentication, and DoS protection)
• All objects (such as address objects, application groups and filters, external dynamic lists,
security profiles, decryption profiles, ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,217 | Virtual Systems
disabled easily. The firewall’s role-based administration allows the ISP or MSSP to control each
customer’s access to functionality (such as logging and reporting) while hiding or offering readonly capabilities for other functions.
Another common use case is within a large enterprise that requires diff... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,218 | Virtual Systems
• vsysreader—Has read-only access to specific virtual systems on the firewall and specific
aspects of virtual systems. A vsysreader doesn’t have access to network interfaces, VLANs,
virtual wires, virtual routers, IPSec tunnels, GRE tunnels, DHCP, DNS Proxy, QoS, LLDP, or
network profiles.
A virtual sys... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,219 | Virtual Systems
Communication Between Virtual Systems
There are two typical scenarios where communication between virtual systems (inter-vsys traffic)
is desirable. In a multi-tenancy environment, communication between virtual systems can occur
by having traffic leave the firewall, go through the Internet, and re-enter... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,220 | Virtual Systems
Inter-VSYS Traffic That Remains Within the Firewall
Unlike the preceding multi-tenancy scenario, virtual systems on a firewall can be under the control
of a single organization. The organization wants to both isolate traffic between virtual systems
and allow communications between virtual systems. This ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,221 | Virtual Systems
To create external zones, the firewall administrator must configure the virtual systems so that
they are visible to each other. External zones do not have security policies between them because
their virtual systems are visible to each other.
To communicate between virtual systems, the ingress and egres... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,222 | Virtual Systems
In addition to external zones being required for inter-virtual system traffic that does not
leave the firewall, external zones are also required if you configure a Shared Gateway, in
which case the traffic is intended to leave the firewall.
Inter-VSYS Communication Uses Two Sessions
It is helpful to und... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,223 | Virtual Systems
Shared Gateway
This topic includes the following information about shared gateways:
• External Zones and Shared Gateway
• Networking Considerations for a Shared Gateway
External Zones and Shared Gateway
A shared gateway is an interface that multiple virtual systems share in order to communicate over
the... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,224 | Virtual Systems
You will recall that an administrator must specify whether a virtual system is visible to other
virtual systems. Unlike a virtual system, a shared gateway is always visible to all of the virtual
systems on the firewall.
A shared gateway ID number appears as sg<ID> on the web interface. It is recommended... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,225 | Virtual Systems
Configure Virtual Systems
Creating a virtual system requires that you have the following:
• A superuser administrative role.
• An interface configured.
• A Virtual Systems license if you are creating more than the base number of virtual systems
supported on the platform. See Platform Support and Licensi... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,226 | Virtual Systems
STEP 3 | Assign interfaces to the virtual system.
The virtual routers, virtual wires, or VLANs can either be configured already or you can
configure them later, at which point you specify the virtual system associated with each.
1. On the General tab, select a DNS Proxy object if you want to apply DNS p... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,227 | Virtual Systems
Decryption Rules allowed per firewall. After the total number of Decryption Rules for all
of the virtual systems reaches the firewall limit, you cannot add more.
• Sessions Limit
If you use the show session meter CLI command, it displays the Maximum
number of sessions allowed per dataplane, the Current ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,228 | Virtual Systems
STEP 6 | (Optional) Configure a virtual system as a User-ID hub to Share User-ID Mappings Across
Virtual Systems.
IP-address-and-port-to-username mapping information from Terminal Server agents
and group mapping data is not shared between the virtual system hub and the
connected virtual systems.
1. For ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,229 | Virtual Systems
Select the New User-ID hub from the list, or select none to disable the User-ID hub and
stop sharing mappings across virtual systems.
Click Proceed to confirm and commit your changes.
STEP 7 | Commit the configuration.
Click Commit. The virtual system is now an object accessible from the Objects tab.
PA... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,230 | Virtual Systems
STEP 8 | Create at least one virtual router for the virtual system in order to make the virtual system
capable of networking functions, such as static and dynamic routing.
Alternatively, your virtual system might use a VLAN or a virtual wire, depending on your
deployment.
1. Select Network > Virtual Rou... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,231 | Virtual Systems
Configure Inter-Virtual System Communication within
the Firewall
Perform this task if you have a use case, perhaps within a single enterprise, where you want the
virtual systems to be able to communicate with each other within the firewall. Such a scenario is
described in Inter-VSYS Traffic That Remains... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,232 | Virtual Systems
Configure a Shared Gateway
Perform this task if you need multiple virtual systems to share an interface (a Shared Gateway) to
the Internet. This task presumes:
• You configured an interface with a globally-routable IP address, which will be the shared
gateway.
• You completed the prior task, Configure V... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,233 | Virtual Systems
Customize Service Routes for a Virtual System
When a firewall is enabled for multiple virtual systems, the virtual systems inherit the global
service and service route settings. For example, the firewall can use a shared email server to
originate email alerts to all virtual systems. In some scenarios, y... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,234 | Virtual Systems
The firewall supports syslog forwarding on a virtual system basis. When multiple virtual
systems on a firewall are connecting to a syslog server using SSL transport, the firewall
can generate only one certificate for secure communication. The firewall does not support
each virtual system having its own ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,235 | Virtual Systems
Configure a PA-7000 Series Firewall for Logging Per Virtual
System
For Traffic, HIP Match, Threat, and WildFire log types, the PA-7000 Series firewall does not use
service routes for SNMP Trap, Syslog, and email services. Instead, the PA-7000 Series firewall
supports using a logging card.
Depending on y... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,236 | Virtual Systems
STEP 2 | Add a subinterface for each tenant on the LPCs physical interface.
1. Highlight the Ethernet interface that is a Log Card interface type and click Add
Subinterface.
2. For Interface Name, after the period, enter the subinterface assigned to the tenant’s
virtual system.
3. For Tag, enter a VLAN ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,237 | Virtual Systems
For a PA-7000 Series firewall managed by a Panorama management server, you cannot
override or revert the LFC configuration locally on the firewall if the LFC configuration is
pushed from Panorama. To override the LFC configuration pushed from Panorama, you
must log in to the firewall CLI and delete the ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,238 | Virtual Systems
Services > Virtual Systems tab. If the Role was specified as Virtual System in the
prior step, Services is the only setting that can be enabled under Device > Setup.
• Content-ID—Allows an admin with this profile to configure settings on the
Content-ID tab.
• WildFire—Allows an admin with this profile t... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,239 | Virtual Systems
Virtual System Functionality with Other Features
Many firewall features and functionality are capable of being configured, viewed, logged, or
reported per virtual system. Therefore, virtual systems are mentioned in other relevant locations
in the documentation and that information is not repeated here. ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,240 | Zone Protection and DoS
Protection
Segmenting the network into functional and organizational zones reduces the network’s attack
surface—the portion of the network exposed to potential attackers. Zone protection defends
network zones against flood attacks, reconnaissance attempts, packet-based attacks, and attacks
that ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,241 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Network Segmentation Using Zones
The larger the network, the more difficult it is to protect. A large, unsegmented network presents
a large attack surface that can be difficult to manage and protect. Because traffic and applications
have access to the entire network, once an attacker ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,242 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
How Do Zones Protect the Network?
Zones not only protect your network by segmenting it into smaller, more easily managed areas,
zones also protect the network because you can control access to zones and traffic movement
between zones.
Zones prevent uncontrolled traffic from flowing th... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,243 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Zone Defense
Zone Protection profiles defend zones against flood, reconnaissance, packet-based, and nonIP-protocol-based attacks. DoS Protection profiles used in DoS Protection policy rules defend
specific, critical devices against targeted flood and resource-based attacks. A DoS att... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,244 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
zone. Zone Protection profiles don’t take individual devices (IP addresses) into account because
the profiles apply to the aggregate traffic entering the zone.
Zone protection profiles defend the network as a session is formed, before the firewall
performs DoS Protection policy and Se... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,245 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
the firewall discards the packet. A Security policy allows or denies traffic between zones
(interzone) and within zones (intrazone) using criteria including zones, IP addresses, users,
applications, services, and URL categories.
Apply the best practice Vulnerability Protection profile... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,246 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Security policy rule match for the packet, the firewall discards the packet. If the firewall finds a
matching Security policy rule, the firewall applies the rule to the packet. The firewall enforces the
Security policy rule on traffic in both directions (c2s and s2c) for the life of t... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,247 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
• CPS Measurements to Take
• How to Measure CPS
CPS Measurements to Take
Measure average and peak CPS traffic over the course of at least five business days or until
you’re confident that the measurements reflect the network’s typical traffic patterns; the longer
measurement period, t... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,248 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
resources, you can overlay CPS on the same timeline with metrics such as CPU utilization,
packet buffers, or packet descriptors:
1. Panorama > Managed Devices > Health > All Devices.
2. Click a Device Name to select a device and to view and filter device information.
3. Select the gea... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,249 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
The preceding screen shows the CPS data over the last 12 hours (Time Filter)
overlaid with Data Plane CPU Utilization. The next step shows you how to overlay
metrics on the default metrics in each tab.
4. Click the gear icon to see the actions you can take for overlaying other metrics... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,250 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
2. You can overlay any of these metrics on the default metrics over the same time period to
see how the state of one metric affects another metric.
For example, on the Sessions tab, you can overlay Data Plane Packet Buffers or Data
Plane Packet Descriptors to see how high CPS, Through... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,251 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
segments separately instead of as a single session). You can still see trends from the MIBs
and you can divide the CPS values by two to derive the true values. The SNMP MIB OIDs
are: PanZoneActiveTcpCps, PanZoneActiveUdpCps, and PanZoneOtherIpCps. Because the
firewall only takes measu... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,252 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
activity over the last week, set the Time to Last 7 Days and the source and destination IP
widgets to sessions:
As an example of measuring CPS to protect a server from DoS attacks using ACC information
in the illustration, let’s calculate the average CPS value over a seven day time pe... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,253 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
profile, then each device in the associated DoS Protection policy rule can accept up to 5,000
CPS before dropping new connections.
To calculate the average and peak CPS value, specify the IP address of each device to which
you want to apply classified DoS protection in Global Filters ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,254 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Protection policy rule for the server(s), apply a DoS Protection profile with low thresholds so
that the server can’t disrupt the network. For example, thresholds of 10 CPS for Alarm Rate,
20 CPS for Activate Rate, and 30 CPS for Max Rate ensure that the firewall adds the source
addre... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,255 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
• Flood Protection
• Reconnaissance Protection
• Packet-Based Attack Protection
• Protocol Protection
• Ethernet SGT Protection
Flood Protection
A Zone Protection profile with flood protection configured defends an entire ingress zone against
SYN, ICMP, ICMPv6, UDP, and other IP flood... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,256 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
SYN Flood Protection is the only type for which you set the drop Action. Start by setting
the Action to SYN Cookies. SYN Cookies treats legitimate traffic fairly and only drops
traffic that fails the SYN handshake, while using Random Early Drop drops traffic
randomly, so RED may affec... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,257 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Interval and Threshold to log a few packets for analysis before blocking the reconnaissance
operation.
Packet-Based Attack Protection
Packet-based attacks take many forms. Zone Protection profiles check IP, TCP, ICMP, IPv6, and
ICMPv6 packet headers and protect a zone by:
• Dropping p... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,258 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
If you don’t configure a Zone Protection profile that prevents non-IP protocols in the
same zone from going from one Layer 2 interface to another, the firewall allows the
traffic because of the default intrazone allow Security policy rule. You can create a Zone
Protection profile that... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,259 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
protection apply to new sessions (connections) and are granular, Packet Buffer Protection applies
to existing sessions and is global.
You Configure Packet Buffer Protection globally to protect the entire firewall and you also enable
Packet Buffer Protection on each zone to protect zon... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,260 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Overrunning the firewall packet buffer negatively impacts the firewall’s packet forwarding
capabilities. When the buffers are full, no packets can enter the firewall on any interface,
not just the interface that experienced the attack.
The best practices for setting the thresholds are... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,261 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
If your traffic includes protocols or applications that are latency-sensitive, then packet buffer
protection based on latency will be more helpful than packet buffer protection based on buffer
utilization.
Packet buffer protection based on latency includes setting a Latency Alert thre... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,262 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
in the rule can accept up to 5,000 CPS before it drops new connections. If you apply a
classified DoS Protection policy rule to more than one device, the devices governed by the rule
should be similar in terms of capacity and how you want to control their CPS rates because
classified ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,263 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
• The new CPS rate exceeds the aggregate Max Rate but doesn’t exceed the classified Max
Rate. In this scenario, the firewall applies the aggregate profile and blocks all new connections
for the configured Block Duration.
• The new CPS rate doesn’t exceed the aggregate Max Rate, but th... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,264 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Measure and monitor firewall dataplane CPU consumption to ensure that each firewall is
properly sized to support DoS and Zone Protection and any other features that consume
CPU cycles, such as decryption. If you use Panorama to manage your firewalls, Device
Monitoring (Panorama > Mana... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,265 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
your network. Start by taking baseline measurements of average and peak CPS for each flood
type to determine the normal traffic conditions for the critical devices you want to protect.
Because normal traffic loads experience some fluctuation, it’s best not to drop connections too
aggr... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,266 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
• Services (by port and protocol). DoS protection applies only to the services you specify.
However, specifying services doesn’t allow the services and implicitly block all other services.
Specifying services limits DoS protection to those services, but doesn’t block other services.
I... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,267 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Configure Zone Protection to Increase Network Security
The following topics provide zone protection configuration examples:
• Configure Reconnaissance Protection
• Configure Packet Based Attack Protection
• Configure Protocol Protection
• Configure Packet Buffer Protection
• Configure... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,268 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 2 | (Optional) Configure a Source Address Exclusion.
1. On the Reconnaissance Protection tab, Add a Source Address Exclusion.
1. Enter a descriptive Name for the address you want to exclude.
2. Set the Address Type to IPv4 or IPv6 and then select an address object or enter an IP
... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,269 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 1 | Create a Zone Protection profile and configure Packet-Based Attack Protection settings.
1. Select Network > Network Profiles > Zone Protection and Add a new profile.
2. Enter a Name for the profile and an optional Description.
3. Select Packet Based Attack Protection.
4. On e... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,270 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 1 | Configure two VLAN subinterfaces.
1. Select Network > Interfaces > VLAN and Add an interface.
2. Interface Name defaults to vlan. After the period, enter 7.
3. On the Config tab, Assign Interface To the VLAN 200.
4. Click OK.
5. Select Network > Interfaces > VLAN and Add an i... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,271 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 3 | Apply the Zone Protection profile to the Internet zone.
1. Select Network > Zones and Add a zone.
2. Enter the Name of the zone, Internet.
3. For Location, select the virtual system where the zone applies.
4. For Type, select Layer2.
5. Add the Interface that belongs to the z... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,272 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
• Subinterface .7 blocks LLDP from its switch to the firewall at the red X on the left, preventing
that traffic from reaching subinterface .8.
• Subinterface .8 blocks LLDP from its switch to the firewall at the red X on the right, preventing
that traffic from reaching subinterface .7... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,273 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 4 | Block non-IP protocol packets in a Zone Protection profile.
1. Select Network > Network Profiles > Zone Protection and Add a profile.
2. Enter the Name, in this example, Block LLDP.
3. Enter a profile Description—Block LLDP packets from an LLDP network to other
interfaces in ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,274 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
IP address. If one abusive user triggers packet buffer protection and the ingress zone has packet
buffer protection enabled, all traffic from that offending source IP address (even from nonabusive users) can be blocked when the firewall puts the IP address on its block list.
The most... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,275 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 2 | Edit the Session Settings section and enable Packet Buffer Protection.
STEP 3 | Enable Buffering Latency Based.
STEP 4 | Enter the Latency Alert (milliseconds) threshold above which the firewall starts generating
an Alert log event every minute; range is 1 to 20,000; default ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,276 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 2 | Apply the Zone Protection profile to the security zone to which the Layer 2, virtual wire, or
tap interfaces belong.
1. Select Network > Zones.
2. Add a zone.
3. Enter the Name of the zone.
4. For Location, select the virtual system where the zone applies.
5. For Type, select... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,277 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
DoS Protection Against Flooding of New Sessions
DoS protection against flooding of new sessions is beneficial against high-volume single-session
and multiple-session attacks. In a single-session attack, an attacker uses a single session to target
a device behind the firewall. If a Sec... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,278 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Sequence of Events as Firewall Quarantines an IP Address
In this example, an attacker launches a DoS attack at a rate
of 10,000 new connections per second to UDP port 53. The
attacker also sends 10 new connections per second to HTTP port
80.
The new connections match criteria in the D... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,279 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Sequence of Events as Firewall Quarantines an IP Address
When incoming packets match the DoS Protection policy rule,
new connections per second are counted toward the Alert,
Activate, and Max Rate thresholds.
You can also use a Security policy rule to block all
traffic from the source... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,280 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Every one second, the firewall allows the IP address to come off the block list so that the firewall
can test the traffic patterns and determine if the attack is ongoing. The firewall takes the following
action:
• During this one-second test period, the firewall allows packets that do... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,281 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
rules for evaluation. You must configure a Security policy rule to allow or deny traffic because
without one, an implicit Deny rule denies all traffic.
The block list is based on a source zone and source address combination. This behavior allows
duplicate IP addresses to exist as long... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,282 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 1 | Configure Security policy rules to deny traffic from the attacker’s IP address and allow
other traffic based on your network needs. You can specify any of the match criteria in a
Security policy rule, such as source IP address. (Required for single-session attack mitigation
o... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,283 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
Drop occurs. Range is 0-2,000,000; default is 10,000. (For SYN Flood, you can select
the action that occurs.)
• Max Rate (connections/s)—Specify the threshold rate of incoming connections per
second that the firewall allows. When the threshold is exceeded, new connections
that arrive ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,284 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
want to protect. For example, if you have only one interface coming into the firewall,
choose Interface.
3. (Optional) For Source Address, select Any for any incoming IP address to match the rule
or Add an address object such as a geographical region.
4. (Optional) For Source User, se... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,285 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
STEP 2 | Create a DoS Protection policy rule that will block the attacker’s IP address after the attack
thresholds are exceeded.
STEP 3 | Create a Security policy rule to deny the source IP address and its attack traffic.
STEP 4 | End any existing attacks from the attacking source IP ... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,286 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
6 6 trust 192.168.2.35 55653 10.1.8.89 80 ethernet1/21
ethernet1/22 undecided
The command displays a maximum of the top five sessions that each use 2% or more of the
on-chip packet descriptor.
The sample output above indicates that Session 6 is using 92% of the on-chip pack... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,287 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
hardware, clearing the session does not help because then it is the software that must
handle the barrage of packets. You should instead Discard a Session Without a Commit.
To see whether a session is offloaded or not, use the show session id <session-id>
operational command in the CL... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,288 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
firewall. One reason why this can occur is because the traffic is denied due to a configured
Security policy rule.
> show session id xxxxxxxxxx
Session xxxxxxxxxx
Bad Key: c2s: ‘c2s’
Bad Key: s2c: ‘s2c’
index(local): : yyyyyyy
Discard a Session Without a Commit
Perform this task to pe... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,289 | Zone Protection and DoS Protection
PAN-OS® Administrator’s Guide Version 10.2 1290 ©2025 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
1,290 | Certifications
The following topics describe how to configure Palo Alto Networks® firewalls and appliances
to support the Common Criteria and the Federal Information Processing Standard 140-2 (FIPS
140-2) and 140-3 (FIPS 140-3), which are security certifications that ensure a standard set of
security assurances and fun... | https://docs.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/techdocs/en_US/pdf/pan-os/10-2/pan-os-admin/pan-os-admin.pdf |
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