Upload Aiko's Lugbara Dictionary (since 2016).txt

Aiko's Lugbara Dictionary (since 2016).txt

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ This machine-assisted translation (MAT) tool was created painstakingly from scra
 
 
 Pronunciation Parameters plus Grammar:
-In Lugbara phonology, every Lugbara word ends with one of the five pure vowels which sync in all orthographies eg nyanya = tomato; mucele = rice; karoti = carrot; ovakedo = avocado; osu = bean. Letters Q [Kaya] and X [Ekasa, Alamakanda in Aringa dialect] are not used (meaning only 24 on a keyboard can do), but four unique ones with an apostrophe are added: 'B, 'D, 'W and 'Y (All the new implosive deep-mouth consonants sound like putting H after them, gulping air or a slight pop of the lips inwards though personal surnames are written without the apostrophe). The 28 letters (comprising 23 consonants and five vowels) in the Simplified Lugbara Alphabet (similar to Swahili's 24 plus four extra) sound like this: Ah, Ba, Bha, Cha, Da, Dha, Eh, Fa, Ga, Ha, Ii (as in Israel), Ja, Ka, La, Ma, Na, Oh, Pa, Ra, Sa, Ta, Uw (as in woUld), Va, Wa, Wha, Ya, Yha, Za. Technically, Lugbara has many alphabet outlines after the 1929 Rejaf Language Conference that recommended a 9-vowel system for Moru-Madi languages: Father J.P. Crazzolara (Italian Comboni missionary) employed 10 vowels and 34 consonants in his study of the Logbara (Madi) language; Lugbarati Language Board set seven (7) vowels and 38 consonants in its Orthography Guide (Standardisation) around December 2013 under National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC); Andy Anguandia Alo (in Aru, DRC during 2014) proposed 15 vowels and 37 consonants including DRC graphemes eg bh for 'b, ts for c, dh for 'd, dz for j and dy for 'y; Anthony Androa employed six (6) vowels plus all the single consonants minus Q and X (Combined consonants and glottalised implosives considered separately) while Saidi Dramani in Mbale listed seven (7) vowels, 23 single consonants and 14 combined consonants, but W. Ngaka, E. Oduboa and P.I. Ongua consulted widely and agreed on five vowels plus 23 consonants which I adopted in this dictionary. One of the sweetest things about Lugbara is that words are pronounced the way they are written. Since nursery in Jinja (Busoga), I was confusingly taught to recite English vowels separately in a different acoustic compared to the vowels in the standard A(y)B(ee)C(ee)D(i) to Z(ed) rhyme, but later realised that the former sequence is exactly how Lugbara pure vowels sound. Accepted consonant clusters (with silent letter denoted by rounded brackets) in Lugbara are: (D)J, DR, (G)B, HW, (K)P, MB, M(G)B, MV, ND, NDR, NG, NY, NZ and TR while diphthong (vowel) clusters and other noteworthy phonetic sophistications include the following:
+In Lugbara phonology, every Lugbara word ends with one of the five pure vowels which sync in all orthographies eg nyanya = tomato; mucele = rice; karoti = carrot; ovakedo = avocado; osu = bean. Letters Q [Kaya] and X [Ekasa, Alamakanda in Aringa dialect] are not used (meaning only 24 on a keyboard can do), but four unique ones with an apostrophe are added: 'B, 'D, 'W and 'Y (All the new implosive deep-mouth consonants sound like putting H after them, gulping air or a slight pop of the lips inwards though personal surnames are written without the apostrophe). The 28 letters (comprising 23 consonants and five vowels) in the Simplified Lugbara Alphabet (similar to Swahili's 24 plus four extra) sound like this: Ah, Ba, Bha, Cha, Da, Dha, Eh, Fa, Ga, Ha, Ii (as in Israel), Ja, Ka, La, Ma, Na, Oh, Pa, Ra, Sa, Ta, Uw (as in woUld), Va, Wa, Wha, Ya, Yha, Za. Technically, Lugbara has many alphabet outlines after the 1928 Rejaf Language Conference that recommended vowel systems for Sudan languages during colonial governance: Father J.P. Crazzolara (Italian Comboni missionary) employed 10 vowels and 34 consonants in his study of the Logbara (Madi) language; Lugbarati Language Board set seven (7) vowels and 38 consonants in its Orthography Guide (Standardisation) around December 2013 under National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC); Andy Anguandia Alo (in Aru, DRC during 2014) proposed 15 vowels and 37 consonants including DRC graphemes eg bh for 'b, ts for c, dh for 'd, dz for j and dy for 'y; Anthony Androa employed six (6) vowels plus all the single consonants minus Q and X (Combined consonants and glottalised implosives considered separately) while Saidi Dramani in Mbale listed seven (7) vowels, 23 single consonants and 14 combined consonants, but W. Ngaka, E. Oduboa and P.I. Ongua consulted widely and agreed on five vowels plus 23 consonants which I adopted in this dictionary. One of the sweetest things about Lugbara is that words are pronounced the way they are written. Since nursery in Jinja (Busoga), I was confusingly taught to recite English vowels separately in a different acoustic compared to the vowels in the standard A(y)B(ee)C(ee)D(i) to Z(ed) rhyme, but later realised that the former sequence is exactly how Lugbara pure vowels sound. Accepted consonant clusters (with silent letter denoted by rounded brackets) in Lugbara are: (D)J, DR, (G)B, HW, (K)P, MB, M(G)B, MV, ND, NDR, NG, NY, NZ and TR while diphthong (vowel) clusters and other noteworthy phonetic sophistications include the following:
 aa as in rat, for example leta-a
 
 c as in church, for example Candiru (though variant spelling can also be Chandiru)
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ z (letter Z is pronounced J immediately after N) as in jean, for example onzi (p
 
 The Old Vocabulary was small because many words have multiple meanings based on tone (pronunciation) or context eg o'du can mean day, thigh, omen, leopard; etc. However, the existing language which has a simplified five-fold framework keeps getting new words added eg simu = phone; imvata = inverter; etc. Some words are borrowed or modified from English plus other languages like Swahili, Luganda, Lingala, Arabic, etc. Most nouns can denote both singular and plural (though adding yi after them also does); exceptions include mva [child] which becomes anzi [children]; etc while others are pronounced differently eg agu; agupi; etc. Adding suffixes -jo, -ko, -le, -ru, -si and -yo to nouns creates new words whose meanings you can infer while -'ba, -ku, -ma, -nga, -pi, -ta, -za and -zu added to verbs create new nouns plus other words. Adjectives follow the Subject eg buku eka = red book. In the entries ahead, a semi-colon (;) instead of accent on top of vowel separates different tones while goal brackets [ ] plus equal sign = show translation or meaning. Some words are reduplicated to create new words eg jege jege [coins], kali kali [sweet], moi moi [soft], sara sara [hazy], etc. Lugbara sentences in past tense are structured using Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) or Who + Action + What arrangement like in English, but present continuous and future tenses follow SOV and ni [is] or nga [will, shall] may be added after the Subject to mark the difference eg YESU nga 'ba onzi pa [JESUS will save sinners]. When words are written together, the intended meanings may not change; so be very keen to spot the mashups eg Amanga voti 'be minira = Ama nga voti 'be mini ra [We will cast votes for you surely]. Short forms include: Ma mu ku = A mu ku [I'm not going]; Mi nya capati osusi = I nya capati osu si [You eat chapati with beans]; Eri ma mutuka Kirani = I-ma mutuka Kira ni [His motorcar is a Kiira]. 
 
-Silent letters or ancient Central Sudanic labial-velars eg D in djembe (like edge or judge in English language), G in gbanda (like cognac or Magdalene) and K in okporu (like knock or know-how) plus repeated letters especially consonants (eg Vurra, Uleppi, Owaffa, Oluffe, Okollo, Ofudde, Mekki, etc) look ambiguously redundant and can be collapsed or reformed unless very special and meaningful (What you see is what you hear [WYSIWYH]). Removing them to document straight-forward modern texts and minimise heavy spellings is your choice; not a felony. Personally, my Number One Undisputed Exception is the name "Lugbara" because it has been overused since colonial times (Some non-natives say Lugubara) and also letters UG after L can stand for Uganda, but selectively tamper with most of the other sophistications (I write jembe, banda, oporu, etc and burn the extra fat off words as if weight loss in order to standardise how the language is written plus pronounced in modern digital spaces. However, they are included in this wordbook for latinisation heritage like volume over value)! My other exceptions are MV and NZ though pronounced differently from the way they are written. Lugbara knowledge was preserved orally before formal dictionaries and writing systems expanded in the 20th Century; therefore modification is not farfetched in the new millenium.
+Normalisation (Reformation): Silent letters or ancient Central Sudanic labial-velars eg D in djembe (like edge or judge in English language), G in gbanda (like cognac or Magdalene) and K in okporu (like knock or know-how) plus repeated letters especially consonants (eg Vurra, Uleppi, Owaffa, Oluffe, Okollo, Ofudde, Mekki, etc) look ambiguously redundant and can be collapsed or reformed unless very special and meaningful (What you see is what you hear [WYSIWYH]). Removing them to document straight-forward modern texts and minimise heavy spellings is your choice; not a felony. Personally, my Number One Undisputed Exception is the name "Lugbara" because it has been overused since colonial times (Some non-natives say Lugubara) and also letters UG after L can stand for Uganda, but selectively tamper with most of the other sophistications (I write jembe, banda, oporu, etc and burn the extra fat off words as if weight loss in order to standardise how the language is written plus pronounced in modern digital spaces. However, they are included in this wordbook for latinisation heritage like volume over value)! My other exceptions are MV and NZ though pronounced differently from the way they are written. Lugbara knowledge was preserved orally before formal dictionaries and writing systems expanded in the 20th Century; therefore modification is not farfetched in the new millenium.
 
 In archaic Lugbara, there was a glottal stop between vowels denoting a quick voice pause eg ai was written as a'i. However, this dictionary simplifies learning by leaving it out and reserving the apostrophe for the four additional consonant letters only. The glottal stop was also used for emphatic pronouns, but this dictionary intentionally replaces it with a dash to minimise confusion eg mi'i = mi-i [you yourself]. Furthermore, instead of seven contrastive Lugbara vowels (Some bibles use six though 1966 Bible has five), you will only find five here (The other two are just a light I and U which can be distinguished by tones).
 
@@ -9266,11 +9266,11 @@ When I was in Senior 5 (during 2001), I told my hostelmates that one day there w
 Elevation is a Choice:
 Ife ma asi ni asindriza, MUNGU [Give my heart peace, GOD]!
 
-Six (instead of Twelve) Steps Out of the Sadness Trench (Devil's Triple Attack, Depression [Chandi omi-a], Dark Gloom, Ini, Grey Skies, Mud, Heaviness in the Heart, Damage, Drowning, Heartbreak, Meltdown, Grief, Quicksand Struggle, Inner Destruction, Suicide Valley or Lonely Abyss): 
+Six (instead of Twelve) Steps Out of the Sadness Trench (Devil's Triple Attack, Depression [Chandi omi-a], Dark Gloom, Ini, Mud, Grey Skies, Heaviness in the Heart, Damage, Drowning, Heartbreak, Meltdown, Grief, Quicksand Struggle, Inner Destruction, Suicide Valley or Lonely Abyss): 
 Etu 1 (Alu). Look up to Heaven and pray (Mindshift to GOD through JESUS); 
-Etu 2 (Iri). Put your head down and work your way up the steps, not dig deeper (Endure patiently by detaching your heart from the pain); 
+Etu 2 (Iri). Put your head down and work your way up the steps, not dig deeper (Endure patiently by detaching your heart from the pain, Proverbs 17:22 says: A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones); 
 Etu 3 (Na). Do not look behind like Lot's wife; remain steady and focus on your goal towards the escape light from the sky; 
-Etu 4 (Su). Eat or drink something (if you can) to rejuvenate your body strength; 
+Etu 4 (Su). Eat or drink something (if you can) like the girl JESUS resurrected to rejuvenate your body strength; 
 Etu 5 (Towi). Accept external help from others, whether a rope-ladder or outstretched hand; 
 Etu 6 (Azia). Celebrate freedom from the Pit...