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GOD is great; first and foremost! Secondly, JESUS is the only Way to Heaven! |
TABLE OF CONTENTS (MENU): |
Introduction |
Pronunciation Parameters |
Word Classes |
The 55 Foundation |
Vocabulary (A to Z) |
Numbers |
The LORD's Prayer |
Books in the Holy Bible |
The 10 Commandments |
Uganda National Anthem |
Lugbara Anthem |
Colour Garden |
The Verb "Be" |
Relationships in the Clan |
Days of the Week |
Calendar |
Lugbara Proverbs |
Riddles |
Idioms |
Lost in Translation (Lugbara AI) |
Introduction (Preamble): |
This machine-assisted translation (MAT) tool was created painstakingly from scratch (as in zero) with gritty nerves on the 3rd Agofe's 92nd birthday (Saturday 26th November 2016) after a South Sudanese Acholi-Madi in Tennessee, USA (named Suzy Abdelfarag [aka Suzzana, Mamur, Akema] who spoke "fluent" Arabic) asked me v... |
Pronunciation Parameters plus Grammar: |
In Lugbara phonology, every Lugbara word ends with one of the five pure vowels which sync in all orthographies eg nyanya = tomato; mucele = rice; karoti = carrot; ovakedo = avocado; osu = bean. Letters Q [Kaya] and X [Ekasa, Alamakanda in Aringa dialect] are not used (meaning only 24 on a keyboard can do), but four uni... |
aa as in rat, for example leta-a |
c as in church, for example Candiru (though variant spelling can also be Chandiru) |
dj (letter D is silent) as in jilt, for example odji (pronounced oji) |
ee (preferably single E instead of a long vowel) as in emblem, for example andree (also andre) |
gb (letter G is silent) as in bend, for example Lugbara (pronounced Lubara) |
ii as in import, for example 'di-i (also sometimes written as 'di'i with a glottal stop though archaic); letter I doesn't need to be repeated when noun is not being emphasized eg zii can just be zi, the second I can stand for "the one (and only)" |
kp (letter K is silent) as in pen, for example okpo (pronounced opo) |
mv (letter M is pronounced N immediately before V) as in conversation, for example omve (pronounced onve) |
oa as in soar, for example Boroa |
oo (preferably single O) as in hold, for example ocoo (also oco); not oo as in food |
uu (preferably single U) as in chew, for example cuu (pronounced chu) |
z (letter Z is pronounced J immediately after N) as in jean, for example onzi (pronounced onji). Otherwise, most times remains z as in zebra, for example ozu and when the first letter of a word, for example zukulu. |
The Old Vocabulary was small because many words have multiple meanings based on tone (pronunciation) or context eg o'du can mean day, thigh, omen, leopard; etc. However, the existing language which has a simplified five-fold framework keeps getting new words added eg simu = phone; imvata = inverter; etc. Some words are... |
Normalisation (Reformation): Silent letters or ancient Central Sudanic labial-velars eg D in djembe (like edge or judge in English language), G in gbanda (like cognac or Magdalene) and K in okporu (like knock or know-how) plus repeated letters especially consonants (eg Vurra, Uleppi, Owaffa, Oluffe, Okollo, Ofudde, Mek... |
In archaic Lugbara, there was a glottal stop between vowels denoting a quick voice pause eg ai was written as a'i. However, this dictionary simplifies learning by leaving it out and reserving the apostrophe for the four additional consonant letters only. The glottal stop was also used for emphatic pronouns, but this di... |
Marks for Vowel Tones (Pitch): |
In English, some words have different spellings, but the same pronunciation eg chase v chess; chat v chart; hat v heart v hurt; lace v less; load v lord; mane v men; son v sun; etc. In Lugbara polysemy, the same spelling can have different pronunciations (hence meanings) based on three tones (like Terego dialect) namel... |
´ High Tone (HT, acute) eg aí [salt], drí [head], sí [tooth, hailstone], tí [cow], zí [daughter]; |
- Mid Tone (MT, flat) eg aī [accept, pray], drī [hand], sī [climb down], tī [strangle, drip], zī [ask, greet] (Mid tone is the most common Lugbara tone); |
` Low Tone (LT, grave) eg aì [ask, beg], drì [(to) heat], sì [pound, write], tì [produce, conceive, give birth], zì [hide, open]... |
Word Classes (Parts of Speech) include: |
1. Afa icepi [d(eterminer) or article specifies or limits a noun] |
2. Ecipiri [conj(unction) connects words, phrases or clauses] |
3. Obi [adv(erb) modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb] |
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