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c_4i38becjxfd6 | In metalogic, formal languages are sometimes called object languages. The language used to make statements about an object language is called a metalanguage. This distinction is a key difference between logic and metalogic. While logic deals with proofs in a formal system, expressed in some formal language, metalogic d... | Deductive science |
c_x7vf2n17b6bl | In metalogic, the words 'use' and 'mention', in both their noun and verb forms, take on a technical sense in order to identify an important distinction. The use–mention distinction (sometimes referred to as the words-as-words distinction) is the distinction between using a word (or phrase) and mentioning it. Usually it... | Deductive science |
c_1fvpfb920pr4 | In metals and ceramics, requirements for it being superplastic include a fine grain size (less than approximately 10 micrometers) and an operating temperature that is often from above a half absolute melting point. Several studies have found superplasticity in coarse-grain materials. However, the scientific community h... | Superplastic deformation |
c_3vv8tnvdgch5 | The typical microstructure strategy uses a fine dispersion of thermally stable particles, which pin the grain boundaries and maintain the fine grain structure at the high temperatures and existence of multiple phases required for superplastic deformation. The alloy's most typical microstructure for superplasticity is e... | Superplastic deformation |
c_bij894a3putn | In metals and minerals, grains are ordered structures in different crystal orientations. Subgrains are defined as grains that are oriented at a < 10–15 degree angle at the grain boundary, making it a low-angle grain boundary (LAGB). Due to the relationship between the energy versus the number of dislocations at the gra... | Subgrain rotation recrystallization |
c_h1modn2a2ysm | In metals, the Fermi level lies in the conduction band (see Band Theory, above) giving rise to free conduction electrons. However, in semiconductors the position of the Fermi level is within the band gap, about halfway between the conduction band minimum (the bottom of the first band of unfilled electron energy levels)... | Complex resistivity |
c_j9wdhay7stha | However, the resistance decreases as the charge carrier density (i.e., without introducing further complications, the density of electrons) in the conduction band increases. In extrinsic (doped) semiconductors, dopant atoms increase the majority charge carrier concentration by donating electrons to the conduction band ... | Complex resistivity |
c_sdzyxafziglx | For both types of donor or acceptor atoms, increasing dopant density reduces resistance. Hence, highly doped semiconductors behave metallically. At very high temperatures, the contribution of thermally generated carriers dominates over the contribution from dopant atoms, and the resistance decreases exponentially with ... | Complex resistivity |
c_keh08qho73sh | In metals, thermal conductivity is approximately correlated with electrical conductivity according to the Wiedemann–Franz law, as freely moving valence electrons transfer not only electric current but also heat energy. However, the general correlation between electrical and thermal conductance does not hold for other m... | Thermal Conductivity |
c_i31v2psrlod0 | In metalworking and jewelry making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape. The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called a sprue. The metal and... | Mould cavity |
c_9fk8giz4x3o4 | Highly engineered castings are found in 90 percent of durable goods, including cars, trucks, aerospace, trains, mining and construction equipment, oil wells, appliances, pipes, hydrants, wind turbines, nuclear plants, medical devices, defense products, toys, and more.Traditional techniques include lost-wax casting (whi... | Mould cavity |
c_ulptbx6cdgb9 | In metalworking and woodworking, an automatic lathe is a lathe with an automatically controlled cutting process. Automatic lathes were first developed in the 1870s and were mechanically controlled. From the advent of NC and CNC in the 1950s, the term automatic lathe has generally been used for only mechanically control... | Automatic lathe |
c_lyczk8ehgjc3 | In metalworking, a drift pin, drift pin punch, simply drift, is the name for a tool used for localizing a hammer blow. A drift is smaller in diameter than the hammer face, thus concentrating the force into a smaller area. A drift is also used where the surrounding surfaces need to be protected from the hammer blow. A d... | Drift pin |
c_f395znqmsatv | Unlike most punches, force should never be applied to the tip of drift pin. Drifts are constructed from wood, light alloys, copper, or steel which are usually rods cut to size as for the job. Drifts can be used to remove dents from inaccessible places, for striking pins and keys out. | Drift pin |
c_x05h854n4pql | Some drift pins are constructed with a taper, with the hammer acting on the large end of the taper. The tapered drift pin is used to align the two bolt holes in two separate components that are designed to mate. First the two components are maneuvered until the holes in each are in semi-alignment, such that the narrow ... | Drift pin |
c_r74chatbs8n8 | The pin is then driven into the two holes forcing them into true alignment, allowing for easy insertion of the fastener. This technique is especially useful for aligning fastener holes in structural steel members, which always have multiple holes, such that when one pair of mating holes comes into alignment, the others... | Drift pin |
c_folqcdgk8qjy | In metalworking, a filler metal is a metal added in the making of a joint through welding, brazing, or soldering. | Filler metal |
c_kwdijcbzx5bo | In metalworking, a knockout punch, also known as a chassis punch, panel punch, Greenlee punch, or a Q-max, is a hand tool used to punch a hole through sheet metal. It is a very simple tool that consists of a punch, die, and screw. There are three different drive systems: manual, ratchet, and hydraulic. | Knockout punch |
c_bomhuwc92mv6 | In metalworking, a welding defect is any flaw that compromises the usefulness of a weldment. There are many different types of welding defects, which are classified according to ISO 6520, while acceptable limits for welds are specified in ISO 5817 and ISO 10042. | Lamellar tearing |
c_kja5cj5yyp90 | In metalworking, a welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces according to a particular geometry. There are five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap, and tee. These ... | Cruciform joint |
c_krhiedvain53 | In metalworking, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to cool and solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting is most often used for making co... | Foundry |
c_msa52e6af5xc | In metalworking, crimping is a method of joining two or more pieces of metal or other ductile material by deforming one or both of them to hold the other. The bend or deformity is called the crimp. | Crimp (joining) |
c_n40p174t4tj0 | In metalworking, forming is the fashioning of metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming operates on the materials science principle of plastic deformation, where the physical shape of a material is perma... | Metal forming |
c_o2bdtcpceupl | In metalworking, metal is heated until it becomes liquid and is then poured into a mold. The mold is a hollow cavity that includes the desired shape, but the mold also includes runners and risers that enable the metal to fill the mold. The mold and the metal are then cooled until the metal solidifies. The solidified pa... | Casting process |
c_ftnb17n2p6hw | In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness, to make the thickness uniform, and/or to impart a desired mechanical property. The concept is similar to the rolling of dough. Rolling is classified according to the temperature... | Rolling mills |
c_d84x3firxkpc | If the temperature of the metal is below its recrystallization temperature, the process is known as cold rolling. In terms of usage, hot rolling processes more tonnage than any other manufacturing process, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of all cold working processes. | Rolling mills |
c_5r9s7j8t7039 | Roll stands holding pairs of rolls are grouped together into rolling mills that can quickly process metal, typically steel, into products such as structural steel (I-beams, angle stock, channel stock), bar stock, and rails. Most steel mills have rolling mill divisions that convert the semi-finished casting products int... | Rolling mills |
c_n3ajsd6ml15l | In metalworking, weld pool commonly refers to the dime-sized workable portion of a weld where the base metal has reached its melting point and is ready to be infused with filler material. The weld pool is central to the success of the welding process. It was first observed in oxy-fuel welding by Fouché & Picard in 1903... | Weld pool |
c_6igekkj2ritg | The weld pool must be carried along the joint in a consistent width and depth, and the motion used to carry the weld pool has a direct effect on the quality of the weld bead. A weld made by starting and carrying a weld pool, without the addition of a filler material, is called an autogenous weld. == References == | Weld pool |
c_p3biqf13e50c | In metaphase I of meiosis I, the pairs of homologous chromosomes, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up in a random order along the metaphase plate. The random orientation is another way for cells to introduce genetic variation. Meiotic spindles emanating from opposite spindle poles attach to each of the homologs... | Homologous chromosomes |
c_7sxjehr55ma9 | In metaphase, the centromeres of the chromosomes align themselves on the metaphase plate (or equatorial plate), an imaginary line that is at equal distances from the two centrosome poles and held together by complexes known as cohesins. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MT... | Cell division |
c_mfvaxmtph9tu | In metaphysical terms, the Copenhagen interpretation views quantum mechanics as providing knowledge of phenomena, but not as pointing to 'really existing objects', which it regards as residues of ordinary intuition. This makes it an epistemic theory. This may be contrasted with Einstein's view, that physics should look... | Copenhagen interpretation |
c_ujqt8gysxbdh | It is sometimes alleged, for example by J.S. Bell, that Einstein opposed the Copenhagen interpretation because he believed that the answer to that question of "hidden variables" was "yes". By contrast, Max Jammer writes "Einstein never proposed a hidden variable theory." Einstein explored the possibility of a hidden va... | Copenhagen interpretation |
c_640lbscnspee | In metaphysics and ontology, Austrian philosopher Alexius Meinong advanced nonexistent objects in the 19th and 20th centuries within a "theory of objects". He was interested in intentional states which are directed at nonexistent objects. Starting with the "principle of intentionality", mental phenomena are intentional... | Russellian view |
c_qm2ncxh34zxi | In metaphysics and ontology, Austrian philosopher Alexius Meinong advanced nonexistent objects in the 19th and 20th century within a "theory of objects". He was interested in intentional states which are directed at nonexistent objects. Starting with the "principle of intentionality", mental phenomena are intentionally... | Object of the mind |
c_vk6213wakh71 | In metaphysics and philosophy of language, the correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes (i.e., corresponds with) that world.Correspondence theories claim that true beliefs and true statements corr... | Correspondence theory of truth |
c_c7p3nqxs29t5 | In metaphysics and the philosophy of language, an empty name is a proper name that has no referent. The problem of empty names is the idea that empty names have a meaning when it seems they should not have. The name "Pegasus" is empty; there is nothing to which it refers. Yet, though there is no Pegasus, we know what t... | Empty name |
c_66jy16ll571p | In metaphysics there are many troubling questions pertaining to parts and wholes. One question addresses constitution and persistence, another asks about composition. | Mereology |
c_1id2xeyzlyu1 | In metaphysics, Avicenna (Ibn Sina) defined truth as: What corresponds in the mind to what is outside it. Avicenna elaborated on his definition of truth in his Metaphysics: The truth of a thing is the property of the being of each thing which has been established in it. In his Quodlibeta, Thomas Aquinas wrote a comment... | Islamic philosophy |
c_zd73p1jlkmjd | Now, each thing has properly being in some nature because it stands under the complete form proper to that nature, whereby being and species in that nature is. Early Islamic political philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion and the process of ijtihad to find truth. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)... | Islamic philosophy |
c_5sdn7svma7an | In his Aporias against Ptolemy, Ibn al-Haytham further wrote the following comments on truth: Truth is sought for itself the truths, are immersed in uncertainties not immune from error... Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition,... | Islamic philosophy |
c_8sk37qure4hp | In metaphysics, Mally is known for introducing a distinction between two kinds of predication, a strategy better known as the dual predication approach, for solving the problem of nonexistent objects (Mally 1912). He also introduced a similar strategy, the dual property strategy, but did not endorse it. The dual proper... | Ernst Mally |
c_5v7nm9fn6top | In metaphysics, Plato's beard is a paradoxical argument dubbed by Willard Van Orman Quine in his 1948 paper "On What There Is". The phrase came to be identified as the philosophy of understanding something based on what does not exist. | Plato's beard |
c_3ixm7bd4agh3 | In metaphysics, Salmon sought a "process theory" of causality to model "causality without counterfactuals", yet meet the "Humean empirical strictures". Salmon criticized Bertrand Russell's theory of causal lines—forerunner of today's theories of causal processes—for involving the epistemic but neglecting the ontic, whi... | Wesley C. Salmon |
c_7zegfm1vluna | Salmon explained that causal processes can transmit a mark or can transmit structure in a way continuous spatiotemporally. Thereby, the marking principle sorts causal processes from pseudo processes (Reichenbach's "unreal sequences"). | Wesley C. Salmon |
c_m3p98ewhn82n | Marking a causal process modifies it, a mark not transmitted by a pseudo process. Meanwhile, causal forks are "the means by which causal structure is generated and modified". Others have found Salmon's theory of mark transmission to have shortcomings, however, whereby it can fail to discern causal processes from pseudo... | Wesley C. Salmon |
c_rgq25iz50sod | In metaphysics, a universal is a proposed type, property, or relation which can be instantiated by many different particulars. While universals are related to the concept of universality, the concept is importantly distinct; see the main page on universals for a full treatment of the topic. | Absolute truth |
c_bg1659aobgst | In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities. In other words, universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things. For example, suppose there are two chairs in a room, each of which is green. These... | Universal (metaphysics) |
c_f602kgtjb09d | There are three major kinds of qualities or characteristics: types or kinds (e.g. mammal), properties (e.g. short, strong), and relations (e.g. father of, next to). These are all different types of universals.Paradigmatically, universals are abstract (e.g. humanity), whereas particulars are concrete (e.g. the personhoo... | Universal (metaphysics) |
c_hky049zepd3e | However, universals are not necessarily abstract and particulars are not necessarily concrete. For example, one might hold that numbers are particular yet abstract objects. Likewise, some philosophers, such as D. M. Armstrong, consider universals to be concrete. Most do not consider classes to be universals, although s... | Universal (metaphysics) |
c_e0y8s9ncc6a5 | In metaphysics, conceptualism is a theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind. Intermediate between nominalism and realism, the conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in parti... | Perceptual nonconceptualism |
c_wb4ro1blt1lw | In metaphysics, extension signifies both 'stretching out' (Latin: extensio) as well as later 'taking up space', and most recently, spreading one's internal mental cognition into the external world. The history of thinking about extension can be traced back at least to Archytas' spear analogy for the infinity of space. ... | Extension (metaphysics) |
c_cb0slr1880da | In metaphysics, nominalism is the view that universals and abstract objects do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universals – things that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., ... | Medieval nominalism |
c_gqyv2dr09och | However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g., numbers), while others are concrete entities – entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, bananas). Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals. | Medieval nominalism |
c_xps7k0khr5of | It is opposed to realist philosophies, such as Platonic realism, which assert that universals do exist over and above particulars, and to the hylomorphic substance theory of Aristotle, which asserts that universals are immanently real within them. However, the name "nominalism" emerged from debates in medieval philosop... | Medieval nominalism |
c_j2qvmjzl2fow | In metaphysics, object-oriented ontology (OOO) is a 21st-century Heidegger-influenced school of thought that rejects the privileging of human existence over the existence of nonhuman objects. This is in contrast to what it calls the "anthropocentrism" of Kant's philosophy by proposing a metaphorical Copernican Revoluti... | Object-oriented ontology |
c_0ohbvgufwnml | Object-oriented ontology predates speculative realism, however, and makes distinct claims about the nature and equality of object relations to which not all speculative realists agree. The term "object-oriented philosophy" was coined by Graham Harman, the movement's founder, in his 1999 doctoral dissertation "Tool-Bein... | Object-oriented ontology |
c_ltvf4gzc92km | In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being. It investigates what types of entities exist, how they are grouped into categories, and how they are related to one another on the most fundamental level. Ontologists often try to determine what the categories or highest kinds are and how they form a system ... | Eleatic principle |
c_3mo6oajw5vp2 | These categories are characterized by fundamental ontological concepts, including particularity and universality, abstractness and concreteness, or possibility and necessity. Of special interest is the concept of ontological dependence, which determines whether the entities of a category exist on the most fundamental l... | Eleatic principle |
c_tkig4hz7hx3m | Disagreements within ontology are often about whether entities belonging to a certain category exist and, if so, how they are related to other entities.When used as a countable noun, the words ontology and ontologies refer not to the science of being but to theories within the science of being. Ontological theories can... | Eleatic principle |
c_wr1s5z26xdw6 | In metaphysics, phenomenalism is the view that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves, but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softness, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space. In particular, some forms of phenomenalism reduce all talk about physi... | Phenomenalism |
c_shcx50ucqu3w | In metaphysics, the A series and the B series are two different descriptions of the temporal ordering relation among events. The two series differ principally in their use of tense to describe the temporal relation between events and the resulting ontological implications regarding time. John McTaggart introduced these... | A series and B series |
c_1gfrw2wuptnf | In metaphysics, the distinction between abstract and concrete refers to a divide between two types of entities. Many philosophers hold that this difference has fundamental metaphysical significance. Examples of concrete objects include plants, human beings and planets while things like numbers, sets and propositions ar... | Abstract objects |
c_dc8msr925gax | Popular suggestions include defining the distinction in terms of the difference between (1) existence inside or outside space-time, (2) having causes and effects or not, (3) having contingent or necessary existence, (4) being particular or universal and (5) belonging to either the physical or the mental realm or to nei... | Abstract objects |
c_h4a9s89f30ku | Abstract objects are most commonly used in philosophy and semantics. They are sometimes called abstracta in contrast to concreta. The term abstract object is said to have been coined by Willard Van Orman Quine. | Abstract objects |
c_pcse0idtyj4e | Abstract object theory is a discipline that studies the nature and role of abstract objects. It holds that properties can be related to objects in two ways: through exemplification and through encoding. Concrete objects exemplify their properties while abstract objects merely encode them. This approach is also known as... | Abstract objects |
c_i3refch7hix8 | In metaphysics, the multiple occupancy view (m.o.) is a particular analysis of fission cases, which claims to be at least a priori possible, if not actually true of real cases of fission. | Multiple occupancy view |
c_alrhcc5w5pdf | In metaphysics, there are several puzzles concerning cases of mereological constitution, that is, what makes up a whole. There is still a concern with parts and wholes, but instead of looking at what parts make up a whole, the emphasis is on what a thing is made of, such as its materials, e.g., the bronze in a bronze s... | Mereology |
c_n69sx7byzc64 | There is a ship called the Ship of Theseus. Over time, the boards start to rot, so we remove the boards and place them in a pile. First question, is the ship made of the new boards the same as the ship that had all the old boards? | Mereology |
c_5nm5qbgy1pde | Second, if we reconstruct a ship using all of the old planks, etc. from the Ship of Theseus, and we also have a ship that was built out of new boards (each added one-by-one over time to replace old decaying boards), which ship is the real Ship of Theseus? Statue and Lump of Clay: Roughly, a sculptor decides to mold a s... | Mereology |
c_ivqmzho26h91 | After many manipulations at time t2 there is a statue. The question asked is, is the lump of clay and the statue (numerically) identical? If so, how and why?Constitution typically has implications for views on persistence: how does an object persist over time if any of its parts (materials) change or are removed, as is... | Mereology |
c_hz1xgptx59ks | For example, Ted Sider is the same today as he was when he was born—he just changed. But how can this be if many parts of Ted today did not exist when Ted was just born? Is it possible for things, such as organisms to persist? | Mereology |
c_2ecq13qlwwtr | And if so, how? There are several views that attempt to answer this question. Some of the views are as follows (note, there are several other views):(a) Constitution view. | Mereology |
c_o5za3b2m6ieq | This view accepts cohabitation. That is, two objects share exactly the same matter. Here, it follows, that there are no temporal parts. | Mereology |
c_2mtqyvqv9dfj | (b) Mereological essentialism, which states that the only objects that exist are quantities of matter, which are things defined by their parts. The object persists if matter is removed (or the form changes); but the object ceases to exist if any matter is destroyed. (c) Dominant Sorts. | Mereology |
c_5cw8qc0oqb63 | This is the view that tracing is determined by which sort is dominant; they reject cohabitation. For example, lump does not equal statue because they're different "sorts". | Mereology |
c_cnxf1nljb6m9 | (d) Nihilism—which makes the claim that no objects exist, except simples, so there is no persistence problem. (e) 4-dimensionalism or temporal parts (may also go by the names perdurantism or exdurantism), which roughly states that aggregates of temporal parts are intimately related. | Mereology |
c_1n5fgkfolpfx | For example, two roads merging, momentarily and spatially, are still one road, because they share a part. (f) 3-dimensionalism (may also go by the name endurantism), where the object is wholly present. That is, the persisting object retains numerical identity. | Mereology |
c_ycvt8p7k8809 | In metazoans the increase in the rate of histone synthesis is due to the increase in processing of pre-mRNA to its mature form as well as decrease in mRNA degradation; this results in an increase of active mRNA for translation of histone proteins. The mechanism for mRNA activation has been found to be the removal of a ... | Histone modification |
c_gsr7ycsrnzvc | SLBP levels are controlled by cell-cycle proteins, causing SLBP to accumulate as cells enter S phase and degrade as cells leave S phase. SLBP are marked for degradation by phosphorylation at two threonine residues by cyclin dependent kinases, possibly cyclin A/ cdk2, at the end of S phase. Metazoans also have multiple ... | Histone modification |
c_lgmkmv0ntf24 | In metazoans, in order to respond to environmental stress, differentiate properly, and progress normally through the cell cycle, a eukaryotic cell needs a specific and coordinated gene expression program, which involves the highly regulated transcription of thousands of genes. This gene regulation is in large part cont... | Enhancer-FACS-seq |
c_5f53mgwada8h | In metazoans, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) processed by Dicer are incorporated into a complex known as the RNA-induced silencing complex or RISC. This complex contains an endonuclease that cleaves perfectly complementary messages to which the siRNA binds. The resulting mRNA fragments are then destroyed by exonucleas... | Polycistronic mRNA |
c_7sj2xg8tuq0v | In meteorites and in prebiotic experiments (e.g. Miller–Urey experiment) many more amino acids than the twenty standard amino acids are found, several of which at higher concentrations than the standard ones: it has been conjectured that if amino acid based life were to arise in parallel elsewhere in the universe, no m... | Non-proteinogenic amino acids |
c_gqgklrcc9yfb | In meteorites, ringwoodite occurs in the veinlets of quenched shock-melt cutting the matrix and replacing olivine probably produced during shock metamorphism.In Earth's interior, olivine occurs in the upper mantle at depths less than about 410 km, and ringwoodite is inferred to be present within the transition zone fro... | Ringwoodite |
c_k00ap3yk8u7v | Ringwoodite has been synthesized at conditions appropriate to the transition zone, containing up to 2.6 weight percent water.Because the transition zone between the Earth's upper and lower mantle helps govern the scale of mass and heat transport throughout the Earth, the presence of water within this region, whether gl... | Ringwoodite |
c_1qdm5w1xgx21 | In meteoritics, a meteorite classification system attempts to group similar meteorites and allows scientists to communicate with a standardized terminology when discussing them. Meteorites are classified according to a variety of characteristics, especially mineralogical, petrological, chemical, and isotopic properties... | Meteorites classification |
c_sl3zlalkkn2m | In meteoritics, a parent body is the celestial body from which originates a meteorite or a class of meteorites. | Parent body |
c_1coafuxzywtq | In meteorological applications, a zonal wavenumber or hemispheric wavenumber is the dimensionless number of wavelengths fitting within a full circle around the globe at a given latitude. k = 2 π r cos φ λ {\displaystyle k={\frac {2\pi r\cos \varphi }{\lambda }}} where λ is the wavelength, r is the Earth's radius, and... | Zonal wavenumber |
c_d0mxen321cjl | Wavenumber 2 has two ridges and two troughs around 360 degrees. Wavenumber 0 corresponds to zonal (symmetric) flow. Wavenumbers 1–3 are called long waves and often synonymous in meteorological literature with the mid-latitude planetary Rossby waves, while wavenumbers 4-10 are often referred to as "synoptic" waves. In t... | Zonal wavenumber |
c_v4p6orjs7q89 | In meteorological applications, whole sky cameras are used to study cloud cover, the current level of UV radiation, fractional cloud coverage, sky polarization, the computation of cloud base height and wind speed at cloud heights. Other uses include creating time-lapse photography of clouds. Whole sky cameras may be eq... | Whole sky camera |
c_b6e06q8fu1al | In meteorological terms, the solstices (the maximum and minimum insolation) do not fall in the middles of summer and winter. The heights of these seasons occur up to 7 weeks later because of seasonal lag. Seasons, though, are not always defined in meteorological terms. | Season |
c_1lf461f3z5ah | In astronomical reckoning by hours of daylight alone, the solstices and equinoxes are in the middle of the respective seasons. Because of seasonal lag due to thermal absorption and release by the oceans, regions with a continental climate, which predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, often consider these four dates to... | Season |
c_7ufleg4p7gbq | In meteorology a ridge or barometric ridge is an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure compared to the surrounding environment, without being a closed circulation. It is associated with an area of maximum anticyclonic curvature of wind flow. The ridge originates in the center of an anticyclone and sand... | Ridge (meteorology) |
c_zzhyro4a8bj9 | In meteorology and physical oceanography, advection often refers to the horizontal transport of some property of the atmosphere or ocean, such as heat, humidity or salinity, and convection generally refers to vertical transport (vertical advection). Advection is important for the formation of orographic clouds (terrain... | Advection |
c_0nsaoe2s039w | In meteorology the Ellrod index is a technique for forecasting clear-air turbulence (CAT). It is calculated based on the product of horizontal deformation and vertical wind shear derived from numerical model forecast winds aloft. The deformation predictors are calculated using following information. Shearing deformatio... | Ellrod index |
c_mrtp14f1v2hm | In meteorology, Altocumulus castellanus or Altocumulus castellatus (ACCAS) is a cloud type named for its tower-like projections that billow upwards from the base of the cloud. The base of the cloud can form as low as 2,000 metres (6,500 feet), or as high as 6,000 metres (20,000 feet). They are very similar to cumulus c... | Altocumulus castellanus cloud |
c_a8duna3oeg4q | They may be a harbinger of heavy showers and thunderstorms and, if surface-based convection can connect to the mid-tropospheric unstable layer, continued development of Castellanus clouds can produce cumulonimbus clouds. Altocumulus castellanus clouds are typically accompanied by moderate turbulence as well as potentia... | Altocumulus castellanus cloud |
c_yjwlg2nkvyau | In meteorology, Buys Ballot's law (Dutch pronunciation: ) may be expressed as follows: In the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with their back to the wind, the atmospheric pressure is low to the left, high to the right. This is because wind travels counterclockwise around low pressure zones in the Northern Hemis... | Buys Ballot's law |
c_avgluz5fxd9b | In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of satura... | Low cloud |
c_3q9r0n72n2sv | Nephology is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology. There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, Latin and common name. Genus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of th... | Low cloud |
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