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c_6he5b3up7xso | Those to be killed were identified as "all children under three years of age in whom any of the following 'serious hereditary diseases' were 'suspected': idiocy and Down syndrome (especially when associated with blindness and deafness); microcephaly; hydrocephaly; malformations of all kinds, especially of limbs, head, ... | T-4 Euthanasia Program |
c_61h3vh1szuh7 | The children sent to these centres were kept for "assessment" for a few weeks and then killed by injection of toxic chemicals, typically phenol; their deaths were recorded as "pneumonia". Autopsies were usually performed and brain samples were taken to be used for "medical research". Post mortem examinations apparently... | T-4 Euthanasia Program |
c_foogbwhmoitc | The most notorious of these institutions in Austria was Am Spiegelgrund, where from 1940 to 1945, 789 children were killed by lethal injection, gas poisoning and physical abuse. Children's brains were preserved in jars of formaldehyde and stored in the basement of the clinic and in the private collection of Heinrich Gr... | T-4 Euthanasia Program |
c_qwcwpyc8weqx | Jewish children could be placed in the net primarily because they were Jewish; and at one of the institutions, a special department was set up for 'minor Jewish-Aryan half-breeds'. More pressure was placed on parents to agree to their children being sent away. Many parents suspected what was happening and refused conse... | T-4 Euthanasia Program |
c_19o0b5hclipq | The parents were warned that they could lose custody of all their children and if that did not suffice, the parents could be threatened with call-up for 'labour duty'. By 1941, more than 5,000 children had been killed. The last child to be killed under Aktion T4 was Richard Jenne on 29 May 1945, in the children's ward ... | T-4 Euthanasia Program |
c_sa3geg21ek3q | In mid-1939, the formula for the agent was passed to the chemical warfare section of the German Army Weapons Office, which ordered that it be brought into mass production for wartime use. Pilot plants were built, and a high-production facility was under construction (but was not finished) by the end of World War II. Es... | Sarin |
c_prc5ky7ww9ha | 1950s (early): NATO adopted sarin as a standard chemical weapon, and both the USSR and the United States produced sarin for military purposes. 1953: 20-year-old Ronald Maddison, a Royal Air Force engineer from Consett, County Durham, died in human testing of sarin at the Porton Down chemical warfare testing facility in... | Sarin |
c_kv0uhheilg2b | In 2004, the inquest was reopened and, after a 64-day inquest hearing, the jury ruled that Maddison had been unlawfully killed by the "application of a nerve agent in a non-therapeutic experiment". 1957: Regular production of sarin chemical weapons ceased in the United States, though existing stocks of bulk sarin were ... | Sarin |
c_50b69cm8f63q | One of DINA's goals was to package it in spray cans for easy use, which, according to testimony by former DINA agent Michael Townley, was one of the planned procedures in the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier. Berríos later testified that it was used in a number of assassinations and it was planned to be used to k... | Sarin |
c_lfyqtvgkv8kk | An estimated 5,000 people died, almost all civilians. April 1988: Sarin was used four times against Iranian soldiers at the end of the Iran–Iraq War, helping Iraqi forces to retake control of the al-Faw Peninsula during the Second Battle of al-Faw. 1993: The United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention was signed by 162 ... | Sarin |
c_rwolcmvdyt7y | It went into effect on April 29, 1997, and called for the complete destruction of all specified stockpiles of chemical weapons by April 2007. When the convention entered force, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 15,047 tonnes of sarin. As of November 28, 2019, 98% of the stockpiles have been destroyed. | Sarin |
c_k0ml7fuaqaxl | 1990: Kosovo student poisoning In March 1990, several months after the unilateral move by the Serbian government to segregate schools throughout Kosovo, a mysterious illness – massive poisoning of mostly school children appeared. The first victims to suffer this disease were students, who seasoned the most terrific nig... | Sarin |
c_m9l222vfm1uy | If they poked it, they quickly developed symptoms: First froth around the mouth and then cramps and fainting. Many schools from each corner of Kosovo began to report such happenings and from the first day on the absence of pupils in schools started to increase. On August 1, 1990, French doctor Bernard Benedetti, in an ... | Sarin |
c_d6qfilsjkbgl | The analyses were done in two laboratories in Paris. According to Dr. Benedetti, those patients were poisoned. When Mr. Benedetti visited Kosovo again in 2000, he confirmed the results of the 1990s tests. | Sarin |
c_sln3civeood7 | According to him, publication of the results was stopped by the French government in an attempt to preserve diplomatic relations with Serbia. Another group called the Commission of Geneva was sent in Kosovo. This group was made up of Charles Graves, Verena Graf and Jean-Jacques Kirkyacharian. | Sarin |
c_kyumo3eynb22 | They didn't take blood analyses but during their trip they interviewed health personnel, children and their parents. They also took detailed notes of the symptoms. They wrote that some doctors had noticed a smell from the students which was similar to "vinegar". | Sarin |
c_6h6aciqovm60 | According to them, it was possible that the disease was caused from poisoning which might have been in the form of organic phosphates (nerve gas). The suspicion of nerve gases was reinforced in February 1992 when Aubin Heyndrickx gave a press statement in which he claimed that he had studied all reports and analysis of... | Sarin |
c_8w0t3x0jahiy | The Australian sheep station Banjawarn was a testing ground. 1995: Tokyo subway sarin attack; the Aum Shinrikyo sect released an impure form of sarin in the Tokyo Metro. | Sarin |
c_kzz64nybuuqz | Twelve people died, and over 6,200 people received injuries. 2002: Pro-Chechen militant Ibn al-Khattab may have been assassinated with sarin by the Russian government. | Sarin |
c_5a1fozlbhmaw | May 2004: Iraqi insurgents detonated a 155 mm shell containing binary precursors for sarin near a U.S. convoy in Iraq. The shell was designed to mix the chemicals as it spun during flight. | Sarin |
c_z79omn0pyk6e | The detonated shell released only a small amount of sarin gas, either because the explosion failed to mix the binary agents properly or because the chemicals inside the shell had degraded with age. Two United States soldiers were treated after displaying the early symptoms of exposure to sarin. March 2013: Khan al-Assa... | Sarin |
c_p0tncwn4rrng | August 2013: Ghouta chemical attack; Sarin was used in multiple simultaneous attacks in the Ghouta region of the Rif Dimashq Governorate of Syria during the Syrian Civil War. Varying sources gave a death toll of 322 to 1,729. April 2017: Khan Shaykhun chemical attack; Sarin gas was released in rebel-held Idlib Province... | Sarin |
c_rte9ebc2hkkk | April 2018: Douma chemical attack victims reported to have symptoms consistent with exposure to sarin and other agents. On July 6, 2018, the Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) of the OPCW published their interim report. The report stated that, "The results show that no organophosphorous nerve agents or their degradation produ... | Sarin |
c_tvki0vqj4paj | The chemical agent used in the attack was later identified as elemental chlorine. July 2023: The U.S. destroyed the last of its declared chemical weapons, a sarin nerve agent-filled M55 rocket, on July 7, 2023. | Sarin |
c_8pxr0v61khtb | In mid-1940, before America officially entered World War II, it was brought to the attention of U.S. Congress that the civilian effort supporting the expected conflict would require far more engineers than were then available or could be produced through normal programs at colleges and universities. As part of the budg... | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_ps0lsvby72j7 | Studebaker asked Andrey A. Potter, Dean of Engineering at Purdue University, to assist in developing this program and in preparing a proposal to Congress. A National Advisory Committee – composed of academic leaders and industry officials – first met on September 20–21, 1940. On October 9, a bill authoring the Engineer... | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_wseab23y2k5f | The bill authorized the Office of Education to contract with engineering schools throughout the U.S. to offer "intensive courses of college grade, designed to meet the shortage of engineers in activities essential to national defense." Roy A. Seaton, Dean of Engineering at Kansas State College, was appointed to direct ... | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_ep9qcrvzx4nl | Twenty-two regional advisors, each a prominent engineering educator, served without pay as coordinators. Courses under the EDT program began on December 9, 1940. | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_riu3imfjqmoa | During the remainder of the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1941, about 120,800 individuals enrolled in 2,260 courses offered by 144 institutions. In July 1941, the Labor-Federal Security Appropriations Act, authorized the addition of chemistry, physics, and production-related courses to form an integrated ESMDT program. F... | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_2me2q7tgyb5e | During the next year, enrollment increased to nearly 450,000 men and women in about 7,800 courses offered by 196 colleges and universities. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) and the entry of the U.S. into World War II, the War-Time Commission was formed within the Department of Education to b... | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_lt7h6u8woj6t | The program was again renamed, becoming ESMWT, and continued as such through June 1945. The annual enrollment in ESMWT averaged nearly 600,000 in some 13,000 courses. Ultimately, 215 colleges and universities participated, with the offerings given in more than 1,000 towns and cities. | Engineering, Science, and Management War Training |
c_f2w6r8lyb5jm | In mid-1942, Major-General Lucian Truscott of the U.S. Army, a liaison officer with the British General Staff submitted a proposal to General George Marshall that an American unit be set up "along the lines of the British Commandos", resulting in the formation of the United States Army Rangers. | Special warfare |
c_mkw5xah8o9a2 | In mid-1944, at the request of Britain's War Office, the Churchill was tested by the Australian Army, along with the M4 Sherman. The results were to be used to determine any modifications required for use in the tropics; Matildas were used as a reference point in the tests at Madang, New Guinea. The Churchill was found... | Churchill tank |
c_4fef61yc97nl | In mid-1949, with Chancellor of the Exchequer Stafford Cripps having gone to Switzerland in an attempt to recover his health, Wilson was one of a group of three young ministers, all of them former economics dons and wartime civil servants, convened to advise Prime Minister Attlee on financial matters. The others were D... | White heat of technology |
c_spzbkr1rdeie | Wilson was given the task during his Swiss holiday of taking a letter to Cripps informing him of the decision to devalue, to which Cripps had been opposed. Wilson had tarnished his reputation in both political and official circles. Although a successful minister, he was regarded as self-important. | White heat of technology |
c_avhmte3fwtt6 | He was not seriously considered for the job of Chancellor when Cripps stepped down in October 1950—it was given to Gaitskell—possibly in part because of his cautious role during devaluation.Wilson was becoming known in the Labour Party as a left-winger, and joined Aneurin Bevan and John Freeman in resigning from the go... | White heat of technology |
c_jupfbqqvvxh1 | In mid-1950s, fishermen in Iceland requested assistance from the government to remove killer whales from Icelandic waters as they damaged fishing equipment. With fisheries accounting for 20% of Iceland's employment at the time, the perceived economic impact was significant. The Icelandic government asked the United Sta... | Dolphin drive hunting |
c_jlph16u31kg3 | According to the US Navy, hundreds of animals were killed with machineguns, rockets and depth charges.In the late 1970s, after the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the ban on hunting killer whales in Washington in 1976 as discussed later in this article, the hunting of killer whales in Iceland resumed, this tim... | Dolphin drive hunting |
c_s0zf084kg6s3 | In mid-1951, Cooke established Cooke Engineering Company in Alexandria, Virginia. After operating as a sole-proprietorship firm for 10 years, he took the company public. Cooke Engineering also had an operation in San Mateo, California. | Nelson M. Cooke |
c_55af6b49pqjd | After Cooke's death, the firm was acquired by Dynatech Corporation in 1968. Under Government contracts, Cooke Engineering engaged in providing engineering services and in developing and manufacturing electronic products. Representative work included analysis of factors affecting naval shore communication stations, effe... | Nelson M. Cooke |
c_5cmtrdqtsu1q | In mid-1955, Zippo started year coding its lighters by the use of dots. From 1966 until 1973, the year code was denoted by combinations of vertical lines. From 1974 until 1981 the coding comprised combinations of forward slashes. In 1979, the company inadvertently introduced an error into fabrication, with some lighter... | Zippo lighter |
c_qx6k9z7njwso | From 1982 until June 1986 the coding was by backslash. After July 1986, Zippo began including a date code on all lighters showing the month and year of production. On the left of the underside was stamped a letter A–L, denoting the month (A = January, B = February, C = March, etc.). | Zippo lighter |
c_7mxioq72bbte | On the right was a Roman numeral which denoted the year, beginning with II in 1986. However, in 2001, Zippo altered this system, changing the Roman numerals to Arabic numerals. Thus a Zippo made in August 2004 was stamped H 04. | Zippo lighter |
c_sx7olgxyavfg | In mid-1956, while on a work-related trip to the United States, Franklin first began to suspect a health problem. While in New York, she found difficulty in zipping her skirt; her stomach had bulged. Back in London, Franklin consulted Mair Livingstone, who asked her, "You're not pregnant?" to which she retorted, "I wis... | Rosalind Franklin |
c_wph6hlti46q3 | Her case was marked "URGENT". An operation on 4 September of the same year revealed two tumours in her abdomen. After this period and other periods of hospitalisation, Franklin spent time convalescing with various friends and family members. | Rosalind Franklin |
c_m3yyyhv9uqq8 | These included Anne Sayre, Francis Crick, his wife Odile, with whom Franklin had formed a strong friendship, and finally with the Roland and Nina Franklin family where Rosalind's nieces and nephews bolstered her spirits. Franklin chose not to stay with her parents because her mother's uncontrollable grief and crying up... | Rosalind Franklin |
c_8vcan1h2l1q7 | At the end of 1957, Franklin again fell ill and she was admitted to the Royal Marsden Hospital. On 2 December, she made her will. Franklin named her three brothers as executors and made her colleague Aaron Klug the principal beneficiary, who would receive £3,000 and her Austin car. | Rosalind Franklin |
c_qu0owtc82ttk | Of her other friends, Mair Livingstone would get £2,000, Anne Piper £1,000, and her nurse Miss Griffith £250. The remainder of the estate was to be used for charities.Franklin returned to work in January 1958, and was also given a promotion to Research Associate in Biophysics on 25 February. She fell ill again on 30 Ma... | Rosalind Franklin |
c_77hofwydwi7n | Exposure to X-ray radiation is sometimes considered to be a possible factor in Franklin's illness. Other members of her family have died of cancer, and the incidence of gynaecological cancer is known to be disproportionately high among Ashkenazi Jews. Franklin's death certificate states: A Research Scientist, Spinster,... | Rosalind Franklin |
c_osb2dngpvh11 | She was interred on 17 April 1958 in the family plot at Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery at Beaconsfield Road in London Borough of Brent. The inscription on her tombstone reads: IN MEMORY OF ROSALIND ELSIE FRANKLIN מ' רחל בת ר' יהודה DEARLY LOVED ELDER DAUGHTER OF ELLIS AND MURIEL FRANKLIN 25TH JULY 1920 – 16TH APR... | Rosalind Franklin |
c_jwm45c2ejnjj | In mid-1960s, Dow Chemical paid Dr Albert Kligman $10,000 in conduct the experiments on the toxicity effects of Dioxin (TCDD) on at least 70 prisoners at the Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia. No records of the prisoners' identities appear to have been kept and there were no follow-up studies after the testing period. ... | Chloracne |
c_dle2wxhuycs2 | Many were diagnosed with chloracne; a medical report at the time described "systemic intoxication in the workers involving most major organ systems." 193 cases of chloracne occurred in Seveso, Italy, in 1976 following an industrial accident in which up to a few kilograms of TCDD were released into the atmosphere. Thous... | Chloracne |
c_3429o0ydky9a | Many individuals settled out of court, but a class-action suit is still ongoing. Although the incineration of the chemical weapons at Fort McClellan ended in 2011, areas of the base remain closed or off-limits due to the residual contamination. In 1968, almost 2,000 individuals in northern Kyūshū, Japan, suffered chlor... | Chloracne |
c_0833sgkhrybg | The syndrome came to be called Yushō disease or "Rice Oil" disease. In 1979, a similar case of mass contamination of cooking oil was reported in central Taiwan. Over 2,000 individuals were affected by what came to be called Yu-Cheng. Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko suffered from prominent facial chloracne and was... | Chloracne |
c_1u31tt79yk5d | In mid-1961, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam asked the United States to help defoliate the lush jungle that was providing cover to his Communist enemies. In August of that year, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force conducted herbicide operations with American help. Diem's request launched a policy debate in the W... | Agent Orange |
c_mvw70iqx4op3 | officials supported herbicide operations, pointing out that the British had already used herbicides and defoliants in Malaya during the 1950s. In November 1961, Kennedy authorized the start of Operation Ranch Hand, the codename for the United States Air Force's herbicide program in Vietnam. The herbicide operations wer... | Agent Orange |
c_4ayz7nk5fr6c | gallons (76,000 m3) of various chemicals – the "rainbow herbicides" and defoliants – in Vietnam, eastern Laos, and parts of Cambodia as part of Operation Ranch Hand, reaching its peak from 1967 to 1969. For comparison purposes, an olympic size pool holds approximately 660,000 U.S. gal (2,500 m3). | Agent Orange |
c_jf7lb6jest16 | As the British did in Malaya, the goal of the U.S. was to defoliate rural/forested land, depriving guerrillas of food and concealment and clearing sensitive areas such as around base perimeters and possible ambush sites along roads and canals. Samuel P. Huntington argued that the program was also a part of a policy of ... | Agent Orange |
c_52ejx0klqeuz | Agent Orange was usually sprayed from helicopters or from low-flying C-123 Provider aircraft, fitted with sprayers and "MC-1 Hourglass" pump systems and 1,000 U.S. gallons (3,800 L) chemical tanks. | Agent Orange |
c_u8xryq457rk5 | Spray runs were also conducted from trucks, boats, and backpack sprayers. Altogether, over 80 million litres of Agent Orange were applied.The first batch of herbicides was unloaded at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam, on January 9, 1962. | Agent Orange |
c_krqso8qscdfh | U.S. Air Force records show at least 6,542 spraying missions took place over the course of Operation Ranch Hand. | Agent Orange |
c_locs5d5tetsc | By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended U.S. Department of Agriculture application rate for domestic use. In South Vietnam alone, an estimated 39,000 square miles (10,000,000 ha) of agricultural land was ... | Agent Orange |
c_qknodudcfwhk | In some areas, TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered safe by the EPA.The campaign destroyed 20,000 square kilometres (5×10^6 acres) of upland and mangrove forests and thousands of square kilometres of crops. Overall, more than 20% of South Vietnam's forests were... | Agent Orange |
c_3r5jhxti4giq | 90% of herbicide use was directed at defoliation.The U.S. military began targeting food crops in October 1962, primarily using Agent Blue; the American public was not made aware of the crop destruction programs until 1965 (and it was then believed that crop spraying had begun that spring). In 1965, 42% of all herbicide... | Agent Orange |
c_3to6ky7praoa | In 1965, members of the U.S. Congress were told, "crop destruction is understood to be the more important purpose ... but the emphasis is usually given to the jungle defoliation in public mention of the program." The first official acknowledgment of the programs came from the State Department in March 1966.When crops w... | Agent Orange |
c_wmcos96satho | Some military personnel reported being told they were destroying crops used to feed guerrillas, only to later discover, most of the destroyed food was actually produced to support the local civilian population. For example, according to Wil Verwey, 85% of the crop lands in Quang Ngai province were scheduled to be destr... | Agent Orange |
c_pd86pmrnoug6 | According to a report by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the herbicide campaign had disrupted the food supply of more than 600,000 people by 1970. Many experts at the time, including Arthur Galston, opposed herbicidal warfare because of concerns about the side effects to humans and the environm... | Agent Orange |
c_7rev9m0sl6jj | was violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons in international conflicts. The U.S. defeated most of the resolutions, arguing that Agent Orange was not a chemical or a biological weapon as it was considered a herbicide and a defoliant and it was used in effort to dest... | Agent Orange |
c_v7zltw0q3yu7 | The U.S. delegation argued that a weapon, by definition, is any device used to injure, defeat, or destroy living beings, structures, or systems, and Agent Orange did not qualify under that definition. It also argued that if the U.S. | Agent Orange |
c_6bym7bwd5nmp | were to be charged for using Agent Orange, then the United Kingdom and its Commonwealth nations should be charged since they also used it widely during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s. In 1969, the United Kingdom commented on the draft Resolution 2603 (XXIV): "The evidence seems to us to be notably inadequate for th... | Agent Orange |
c_2untpa8mt332 | The study was later brought to the attention of the White House in October 1969. Other studies reported similar results and the Department of Defense began to reduce the herbicide operation. On April 15, 1970, it was announced that the use of Agent Orange was suspended. | Agent Orange |
c_h9l25djrlgsn | Two brigades of the Americal Division in the summer of 1970 continued to use Agent Orange for crop destruction in violation of the suspension. An investigation led to disciplinary action against the brigade and division commanders because they had falsified reports to hide its use. Defoliation and crop destruction were... | Agent Orange |
c_fdadhfrjxrea | In mid-1965, Biard was placed in charge of TI's Optoelectronic branch and MOS branch, both in SRDL. That year the Opto branch developed a device consisting of a monolithic 3x5 array of red GaP LEDs capable of displaying the numbers 0-9; however, the device was lacking a means of driving the array. In Sept. 1965, Biard ... | James R. Biard |
c_8pm1zcnw763j | The MOS circuit worked on the first pass. On March 21, 1966, at a New York IEEE show and convention, TI set up a booth to display the device as the last digit of a simulated cockpit altimeter for a Boeing 707. On July 25, 1966, Biard and Crawford filed a patent for their device (U.S. | James R. Biard |
c_ivrw5gts0chb | Patent US3541543) referred to as the "Binary Decoder". This was the first time a Read Only Memory had been made using MOS transistors. By the late 1970s, MOS ROM devices had become the most common example of nonvolatile memory used to provide the storage of fixed programs in digital equipment such as calculators and mi... | James R. Biard |
c_hdzat5pgfq1s | In 1986, TI filed a complaint with the International Trade Commission (ITC) charging 19 different firms with violating US tariff laws by importing 256K and 64K dynamic RAM devices, which infringed numerous TI patents including US Patent 3,541,543. In September 1986, per the request of Texas Instruments, Biard testified... | James R. Biard |
c_8hi8q1ex5t87 | In mid-1968, the Penn Central Railroad unveiled two designs by Marcel Breuer, one of which would potentially be built atop Grand Central Terminal. The first design (Breuer I) was a 55-story tall office building to be constructed on top of Grand Central. That building was to be cantilevered above the existing structure ... | Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City |
c_3bqhqf4pstw1 | In mid-1969, the UK and the Warsaw Pact, separately, introduced proposals to the UN to ban biological weapons, which would lead to the signing of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in 1972. United States President Richard Nixon signed an executive order in November 1969, which stopped production of biological ... | History of biological warfare |
c_6v84l2e12jkw | The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention was signed by the US, UK, USSR and other nations, as a ban on "development, production and stockpiling of microbes or their poisonous products except in amounts necessary for protective and peaceful research" in 1972. The convention bound its signatories to a far more stringe... | History of biological warfare |
c_colom9rsa45x | The Soviet Union continued research and production of offensive biological weapons in a program called Biopreparat, despite having signed the convention. The United States had no solid proof of this program until Vladimir Pasechnik defected in 1989, and Kanatjan Alibekov, the first deputy director of Biopreparat defect... | History of biological warfare |
c_4zfnsl1g3nh4 | It is known that Vozrozhdeniye Island, located in the Aral Sea, was used as a testing site. In 1971, such testing led to the accidental aerosol release of smallpox over the Aral Sea and a subsequent smallpox epidemic.During the closing stages of the Rhodesian Bush War, the Rhodesian government resorted to use chemical ... | History of biological warfare |
c_dcby7p7vnp6d | Watercourses at several sites inside the Mozambique border were deliberately contaminated with cholera. These biological attacks had little overall impact on the fighting capability of ZANLA, but resulted in at least 809 recorded deaths of insurgents. It also caused considerable distress to the local population. | History of biological warfare |
c_94stanabb8yr | The Rhodesians also experimented with several other pathogens and toxins for use in their counterinsurgency.After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Iraq admitted to the United Nations inspection team to having produced 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum toxin, of which approximately 10,000 L were loaded into military wea... | History of biological warfare |
c_3kqiru9jbbf0 | In mid-1971, Beer was approached by Fernando Flores, then a high-ranking member of the Chilean Production Development Corporation (CORFO) in the newly elected socialist government of Salvador Allende, for advice on applying his cybernetic theories to the management of the state-run sector of the Chilean economy.This le... | Stafford Beer |
c_wvtk1iqspk3s | In mid-1977, Time and Newsweek wrote favorable lead stories on the "punk/new wave" movement. Acts associated with the movement received little or no radio airplay, or music industry support. Small scenes developed in major cities. | New wave music |
c_ffna5q6jit8o | Continuing into the next year, public support remained limited to select elements of the artistic, bohemian, and intellectual population as arena rock and disco dominated the charts.Starting in late 1978 and continuing into 1979, acts associated with punk and acts that mixed punk with other genres began to make chart a... | New wave music |
c_ig92erev271t | In mid-1981, Walter Day, founder of Twin Galaxies, Inc., visited more than 100 video game arcades over four months, recording the high scores that he found on each game. On November 10, 1981, he opened his arcade in Ottumwa, Iowa, naming it Twin Galaxies. On February 9, 1982, his database of records was released public... | Twin Galaxies |
c_9hwpwibsoc1d | California defeated North Carolina 10–7 over the weekend of August 27–30, 1982.In September, 1982, the book "Defending the Galaxy" is released—and declaring Twin Galaxies as the "Video Game Capital of the World," and describing the California/North Carolina contest just held. On November 30, 1982, Ottumwa mayor Jerry P... | Twin Galaxies |
c_bz8bhdvgo2bn | and aired on February 21, 1983.In March 1983, Twin Galaxies was contracted by the Electronic Circus to assemble a professional troupe of video game high-scorers. Though the Circus was scheduled to visit 40 cities in North America, its Boston inaugural performance lasted only five days, closing on July 19. The players s... | Twin Galaxies |
c_qv2yydyxlmak | National Video Game Team. The USNVGT toured the United States during the summer of 1983 in a 44-foot GMC bus filled with arcade games, appearing at arcades around the nation and conducting the 1983 Video Game Masters Tournament, the results of which were published in the 1984 U.S. edition of Guinness World Records. | Twin Galaxies |
c_wzpql6fqazcq | In 1988, the Guinness Book of World records stopped publishing records from Twin Galaxies due to a decline in interest for arcade games.On February 8, 1998, Twin Galaxies' Official Video Game & Pinball Book of World Records was published. It is a 984-page book containing scores compiled since 1981. A second edition was... | Twin Galaxies |
c_km4hrm3dcydi | A third edition was published in 2009. Founder Walter Day left Twin Galaxies in 2010 to pursue a career in music, and since then ownership of Twin Galaxies has changed hands several times. In 2013, Twin Galaxies began charging a fee for score submissions.In March 2014, Jace Hall announced that he was the new "Head Cust... | Twin Galaxies |
c_vgz132cw1xv4 | In mid-1985, Acorn introduced the Model B+ which increased the total RAM to 64 KB. This had a modest market impact and received a rather unsympathetic reception, with one reviewer's assessment being that the machine was "18 months too late" and that it "must be seen as a stop gap", and others criticising the elevated p... | BBC Micro |
c_2grfudi8ap0z | The B+ is incapable of operating some original BBC B programs and games, such as the very popular Castle Quest. A particular problem is the replacement of the Intel 8271 floppy-disk controller with the Western Digital 1770: not only was the new controller mapped to different addresses, it is fundamentally incompatible,... | BBC Micro |
c_i9suoymptxfp | Software that use copy protection techniques involving direct access to the controller do not operate on the new system. Acorn attempted to alleviate this, starting with version 2.20 of the 1770 DFS, via an 8271-backward- compatible Ctrl+Z+Break option.There is also a long-running problem late in the B/B+'s commercial ... | BBC Micro |
c_3u5k4aznt3gh | In mid-1985, Ford unveiled the Mercury Sable alongside the Ford Taurus as a 1986 model. In place of a traditional auto show unveiling, the launch was held an MGM Studios soundstage (where Gone with the Wind was filmed). Ford workers came into the room, which was decorated in space-age decor, holding cups shaped like fl... | Mercury Sable |
c_iaqt3zkqjs20 | Ford planned a sensual marketing campaign for the Sable featuring singer and entertainer Bette Midler. However, Midler turned down Ford's offer and refused to appear in the ads, so Ford utilized an impersonator of Midler as a substitute. Midler sued in response, leading to the memorable case Midler v. Ford Motor Co. wh... | Mercury Sable |
c_qqarasptw2o7 | In mid-1985, Qualcomm was hired by Hughes Aircraft to provide research and testing for a satellite network proposal to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). : 38 The following year, Qualcomm filed its first CDMA patent (No. 4,901,307). This patent established Qualcomm's overall approach to CDMA and later became ... | Qualcomm Spectra |
c_vzy7a6qrhkr2 | : 38 Qualcomm further developed the CDMA techniques for commercial use and submitted them to the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA) in 1989 as an alternative to the time-division multiple access (TDMA) standard for second-generation cell-phone networks. : 49 A few months later, CTIA officially rejected Qu... | Qualcomm Spectra |
c_qzbgkocjy79o | In mid-1985, Solidisk released a cartridge-based interface with support for single and double density storage and providing Acorn DFS and ADFS compatibility, 16 KB of on-board sideways RAM, and a connector for a Winchester hard drive. The cartridge itself cost £59, with a bundle including a double-sided, double-density... | Acorn Electron |
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