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c_y78xx8wjz6dw | What about airplanes? Are these, as we say, to be called ‘vehicles’ for the purpose of the rule or not? . | Semantic argument |
c_do9e2tdi4bd2 | Cognitive valence theory (CVT) is a theoretical framework that describes and explains the process of intimacy exchange within a dyad relationship. Peter A. Andersen, PhD created the cognitive valence theory to answer questions regarding intimacy relationships among colleagues, close friends and intimate friends, marrie... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_7lvxd56eg2s7 | Intimacy or immediacy behavior can be negatively valenced or positively valenced. Valence, associated with physics, is used here to describe the degree of negativity or positivity in expected information. If your partner perceives your actions as negative, then the interaction may repel your partner away from you. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_4ek54uus7l66 | If your partner perceives your actions as positive, then the interaction may be accepted and may encourage closeness. Affection and intimacy promotes positive valence in a relationship. CVT uses non-verbal and verbal communications criteria to analyze behavioral situations. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_1ge34wimt7zi | CVT focuses on how intimate relationships are initiated and why only a few relationships are extended past initial contact. CVT employs six factors or schemata to explain verbal and non-verbal intimacy behaviors, interpersonal perceptions, physiological arousal, social cognition and relational outcomes within a specifi... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_6eqtrnn2bmun | Nonverbal communication is the process of communications by sending and receiving messages without speaking. Intimate relations may be affected by the use of nonverbal communications. Nonverbal communications are transmitted through messaging that utilizes haptic communications (touching, hugs, kisses and caressing som... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_kqtmtqp5k9fs | All these nonverbal behaviors can affect intimacy or immediacy within a relationship. Verbal communication or dialogue communications also plays an important part in a dyad relationship. While nonverbal communication provides a forum conducive to wordless conversation, verbal conversation can provide the monologue or d... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_4v76ur2do62f | Negative valence behavior is nonverbal communication transmission of a behavioral feeling or emotion received in a negative manner. The receiver perceives the negative transmission and may repel your contact or interaction. As in physics, negative particles repel which may cause the receiver of the transmission or comm... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_cnwh5kja6p69 | Positive valence behavior is another non-verbal transmission of a behavioral feeling or emotion from one person to another and received in a positive manner. The receiver perceives the positive transmission and may be attracted to that person. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_eksoi3tcdal5 | Positive behavior may affect intimacy or immediacy within the dyad relationship, but this positive behavior must be recognized and acknowledged by the receiver or partner. Initial contact within an impending dyad relationship may be as simple as noticing another person in a grocery store or gas station. A first look or... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_3dmm2sciraom | Andersen (1993, Planap, 1985) suggests that cognitive schemata or our social knowledge help interpret various social interactions. CVT incorporates these six schemata into the regulation or guidance of interpersonal interaction. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_xnu6zrbt1fw6 | Culture is the total expression of one's behavior patterns, arts, values, goals, and practices of a population or community. Geertz (1973) further argues “…this school of thought holds that culture is composed of psychological structures by means of which individuals or groups of individuals guide their behavior”. Cult... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_bw0z8xauxhgy | Looking or gazing upon another is accepted; other cultures, the eyes are not directed at anyone not of your family. Public affection is acceptable in one country but to kiss, touch or hold someone's hand is blasphemous. This behavior may be deemed negatively valenced. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_syqw5k9dy1b8 | Personality or personality traits also affect intimacy or immediacy within a dyad relationship. Just as humans differ in their size, weight and emotional attributes, human personalities differ in their degree of sociability, their likes and dislikes, the level of tolerance towards shyness and openness and their adheren... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_ufams6d3r5sk | Interpersonal Valence can be best described as a nonverbal communication typology. A touch from someone you like is received differently than an unwanted touch. Interpersonal valence has a positive affect for socially and physically attractive people and a negative valence for those not so attractive. This degree of at... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_x9guigcs5h5o | Andersen argues here that state is the internal, short-term condition affecting communications. This form of state suggests that external behavioral situations affect one's internal behavioral, coping adaptability. Simply, disagreements at home or at the office signal a negative valence of immediacy or intimacy. An arg... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_hxg1qbpbxk9k | The relationship is the most important part of the cognitive schemata model. Partnership within a dyad has numerous labels. Within relationships (interpersonal relationships), we label our dyad partners as acquaintances, friends, colleagues, professional coworkers, personal friends, family members, fellow college stude... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_sn402qda7vzc | Public forums are the stage in which positive or negative valence performs. As stated earlier, an unwanted look or a touch may heighten the degree of negative valence. In contrast, a look or an accepted touch may heighten the degree of positive valence and be the most desirable behavior for each of the dyad partners. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_5tv5dgysrhgu | Relationships are dependent upon both partners and their commitment to the dyad. Relationships therefore are fragile. Cognitive Valence Theory or CVT offers one explanation for this fragility. | Cognitive valence theory |
c_ru867wy5c16i | Negative valence received from any of the cognitive schemata can result in a negative relational outcome. Negative valence reduces the intimacy or immediacy strength within a relationship. Negative valence can also thwart healthy dyad growth by heightening the lack of love and care within the dyad. Positive valence act... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_9vwbvtpj75ar | As mentioned above, valence is the degree of positivity or negativity in expected information. Relational outcomes will become negatively valenced when violations occur within the six schemata. Negative valence here can be associated with the amount of relationships we initially form and the amount of relationships tha... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_htzw6z0cvn4c | Negative violations can result in (1) negative cognitive and affective appraisals of your partner; (2) compensation/reduction intimacy behaviors, and (3) reductions in relational closeness or disengagement. The theory further describes the degree of positivity associated with positive relational outcomes within a dyad ... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_ff9glvkzxci7 | Expectancy violations theory (EVT) focuses on people's reactions to unexpected human behavior. Expectancies are primarily based upon social norms and specific characteristics of the communicators. EVT requires determining whether one interactant's behavior change qualifies as a positive or negative violation. Within th... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_mptmqf6zy26v | Cognitive valence theory seeks to describe and explain the process of intimacy exchange within a dyad relationship. CVT accomplishes this process through the employment of six schemata: culture, personality, interpersonal valence, situation, state, and the relationship. Intimacy behaviors provide the strength and posit... | Cognitive valence theory |
c_xmrnkadxomlo | B-type inclusions, formerly known as Guarnieri bodies are cellular features found upon microscopic inspection of epithelial cells of individuals suspected of having poxvirus (e.g. smallpox or vaccinia). In cells stained with eosin, they appear as pink blobs in the cytoplasm of affected epithelial cells. The absence of ... | B type inclusion |
c_gl6p8z72464t | The Linguasphere Observatory (or the Observatoire, based on its original French and legal title: Observatoire Linguistique) is a non-profit transnational research network, devoted (alongside related programs) to the gathering, study, classification, editing and free distribution online of the updatable text (initially ... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_bss4rcx6rrxd | The Observatoire was created in Quebec in 1983 and was subsequently established and registered in Normandy as a non-profit association under the honorary presidency of the late Léopold Sédar Senghor, a French-language poet and the first president of Senegal. Its founding director is David Dalby, former director of the ... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_ubq6ur5srob0 | Its title in Welsh is Wylfa Ieithoedd, literally the "Observatory (of) languages", together with its publishing program (in Cymraeg or "Welsh" = cy. Gwasg y Byd Iaith, i.e. "Press (of) the World (of) Language"). The Observatoire has developed an innovative scheme of philological classification, coding all living and re... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_y9y7xxihf9zc | This Linguascale Framework uses a decimal structure (see below) to record both genetic and geographic categories of relationship (termed phylozones and geozones, respectively). In 1999/2000, the Observatoire published its first 2-volume Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities. Reviews were... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_jnr3n56kgz0i | The current edition (LS-2010), comprising substantial materials from the foundation edition of 2000, is published online from 2011 as a freely available public resource and an online data-base, compiled and co-ordinated by David Dalby and Pierrick le Feuvre. Provision is made for the online gathering of additional and ... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_zirb04seln02 | The Linguascale framework is a referential system covering all languages, as published in the Linguasphere Register in 2000 and subsequently refined in 2010. It comprises a flexible coding formula which seeks to situate each language and dialect within the totality of the world's living and recorded languages, having r... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_t9vvw2n7u59h | The first numeral of the key represents one of the ten referential sectors into which the world's languages are initially divided. The sector can either be a phylosector, in which the constituent languages are considered to be in a diachronic relationship one with another, or a geosector, in which languages are grouped... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_00l6y758kb6m | The component zones, like the sectors, are described as either phylozones or geozones, based on the nature of the relationship among their constituent languages: either historical or geographical. The second part of the linguascale consists of three capital letters (majuscules): from -AAA- to -ZZZ-. Each zone is divide... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_2ca7ro1s20mw | Each set is divided into one or more chains (represented by the second majuscule) and each chain is into one or more nets (represented by the third majuscule). The division of the languages of a zone into sets, chains and nets is based on relative degrees of linguistic proximity, as measured in principle by approximate... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_7t5kzhjqaoq7 | The third and final part of the linguascale consists of up to three lowercase letters (minuscules), used to identify a language or dialect with precision: from aaa to zzz. The first letter of this sequence represents an outer unit (preferred from 2010 to the original term of "outer language", to avoid the shifting and ... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_8l0hvtzdn2dj | The application of the linguascale may be illustrated with the concrete examples below, chosen from within the English language. For example, The code covering all forms of English is 52-ABA, where 5= represents the Indo-European phylosector, 52= represents the Germanic phylozone, 52-A represents the Norsk+ Frysk set (... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_aia2trtvlevo | 52-ABA-c – Global English (varieties of modern English as spoken and written around the world). Some more specific examples of English varieties are: 52-ABA-abb is the Geordie traditional variety: belonging to 52-ABA-a Scots+ Northumbrian outer language, and 52-ABA-ab Northumbrian. 52-ABA-bco is the Norfolk traditional... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_wlfxovxr5bot | A practical application of the Linguasphere Register and its linguascale in the study of a complex urban linguistic environment has been as the referential framework for successive surveys of over 200 languages other than English spoken by plurilingual children at state schools in London (representing just under 40% of... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_nqsnk4sb0lj7 | In Paris, from 1987, the Observatoire linguistique created a bilingual exhibition Langues de la Liberté / Languages of Liberty, tracing the transnational development of certain basic concepts of personal freedom through the interaction of English and French, rather than by the action of any one nation. At the outset of... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_vrc58g69tzfs | The motto of the Observatoire linguistique dates from 1990—in French: Dans la galaxie des langues, la voix de chaque personne est une étoile (translated into English as above). The Observatoire adopted these words as its guiding philosophy on the occasion of the first series of debates organised by the Observatoire lin... | Linguasphere Observatory |
c_d8igncoraqc0 | Color-blind casting is the practice of casting without considering the actor's ethnicity or race. Alternative terms and similar practices include non-traditional casting, integrated casting, or blind casting, which can involve casting without consideration of skin color, body shape, sex or gender. A representative of t... | Color-blind casting |
c_dbg1pej2w3ly | The Non-Traditional Casting Project was founded in 1986 to examine problems of racial discrimination in theatre, film and television. The Actors' Equity Association is a co-founder. | Color-blind casting |
c_4aydcqm4ed84 | In the theatre community, there is significant debate over the concept of color-blind casting vs "color-conscious casting". In 1996, Pulitzer-winning playwright August Wilson used his Princeton University address on black culture in the United States "The Ground on Which I Stand" to attack the notion of color-blind cas... | Color-blind casting |
c_i2o9n2yxsrbp | "Color-conscious means we're aware of the historic discrimination in the entertainment industry... and we're also aware of what it means to put a body of color onstage.". The idea promotes intentionality and race-conscious affirmative action to avoid racially homogeneous casts, and has been supported widely across the ... | Color-blind casting |
c_ieamj69wagsd | "Race is still a determining factor in American society, and it is counterintuitive to argue that problems related to race can be fixed by ignoring race altogether". The Broad Online calls a color-blind casting "a superficial solution to a deeper problem. | Color-blind casting |
c_8oocxkqxnugn | "Popular shows that employ color-conscious casting include: Hamilton: An American Musical, the BBC's Les Misérables, and the film Mary Queen of Scots (in which the black actor Adrian Lester plays a 16th-century ambassador). In 2017, director Michael Streeter made a color-conscious casting decision for his production of... | Color-blind casting |
c_iwxhpxykvquu | Anthropological linguistics is the subfield of linguistics and anthropology which deals with the place of language in its wider social and cultural context, and its role in making and maintaining cultural practices and societal structures. While many linguists believe that a true field of anthropological linguistics is... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_6s12qvqm98ic | Although researchers studied the two fields together at various points in the nineteenth century, the intersection of anthropology and linguistics significantly grew in prominence during the early twentieth century. As American scholarship became increasingly interested in the diversity of Native American societies in ... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_y8v235i7sfvn | They conducted research as fieldwork, using recordings of texts from native speakers and performing analysis to categorize the texts by linguistic form and genre. Classification: Classification involved outlining the genetic relationships among languages. Linguistic classifications allowed anthropological linguists to ... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_559qzxxid3ff | By classifying language, scholars could systematize and order data from their ethnographic work. Methodology: By analytically breaking down language, anthropological linguistics could use the constituent parts to derive social and cultural information. It also made pattern-identification possible, with Boas and Sapir u... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_3udsq4kj85gv | Anthropological linguistics is one of many disciplines which studies the role of languages in the social lives of individuals and within communities. To do this, experts have had to understand not only the logic behind linguistic systems – such as their grammars – but also record the activities in which those systems a... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_42phjrnre77i | Anthropological linguistics came about in the United States as a subfield of anthropology, when anthropologists were beginning to study the indigenous cultures, and the indigenous languages could no longer be ignored, and quickly morphed into the subfield of linguistics that it is known as today.Anthropological linguis... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_zq1jfz9hobww | Anthropological linguistics studies these distinctions, and relates them to types of societies and to actual bodily adaptation to the senses, much as it studies distinctions made in languages regarding the colours of the rainbow: seeing the tendency to increase the diversity of terms, as evidence that there are distinc... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_wtr8odj2ys1z | Although the terms anthropological linguistics and linguistic anthropology are often viewed as being synonymous, specialists often make a distinction between them. While anthropological linguistics is considered a subfield of linguistics, linguistic anthropology is generally considered to be a subfield of anthropology.... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_ai54t3ixibzo | Conversely, linguistic anthropology uses more anthropological methods (such as participant observation and fieldwork) to analyze language through a cultural framework and determine the rules of its social use.While anthropological linguistics uses language to determine cultural understandings, sociolinguistics views la... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_gb3ym38amdub | A common variation of linguistics that focuses on the sounds within speech of any given language. It outlines why phonetic features identify words.Phonology puts a large focus on the systematic structure of the sounds being observed. | Anthropological linguistics |
c_1hwmf9j2o6jo | Morphology in linguistics commonly looks at the structure of words within a language to develop a better understanding for the word form being used. It is the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and their formation. Morphology looks broadly at the connection of word forms within a spe... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_2y0sjc5duxmu | There are two major trends in the theoretical and methodological study of attitudes in the social sciences - mentalist and behaviorist. The mentalist trend treats attitude as a mediating concept while the behaviorist trend operationally defines it as a probability concept, though in research practice both derive their ... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_gsy33rj6lehy | Methodology in attitude studies includes direct and indirect measures of all kinds, but language attitude studies have tended to make more use of questionnaires than of other methods. The matched guise technique - a sociolinguistic experimental technique used to determine the true feelings of an individual or community... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_ebzuev0s077w | Situational based self-report instruments such as those used by Greenfield and Fishman also promise to be very effective instruments for studies pertaining to normative views concerning the situational use of languages and language varieties. The commitment measure has been found to be particularly suited for collectin... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_z2vf2tsthg1u | Data collected through the observational method can be formally processed like data obtained through more formalized instruments if attempts are made to record the data in more public forms instead of only through the approach most characteristic for this kind of data have used so far.Many linguists believe that compar... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_ilfk3ajqq2d6 | The effect of these procedures is the selection of one single variety out of the many varieties that characterize everyday speech and behavior. English is often thought of as one single language, as though people forget the many dialects and accents that come with it. English spoken in the United States of America will... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_7x0hveyscpcn | While code-switching, a situation in which a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation, is not the only form of linguistic variability to carry a social, or referential meaning, it does provide a particularly clear approach to understanding the rela... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_qlhxcx0ehl3z | Anthropological linguistics is concerned with Descriptive (or synchronic) linguistics: Describing dialects (forms of a language used by a specific speech community). This study includes phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and grammar. Historical (or diachronic) linguistics: Describing changes in dialects and lang... | Anthropological linguistics |
c_8qc91apwulwd | The chief complaint, formally known as CC in the medical field, or termed presenting complaint (PC) in Europe and Canada, forms the second step of medical history taking. It is sometimes also referred to as reason for encounter (RFE), presenting problem, problem on admission or reason for presenting. The chief complain... | Chief complaint |
c_zzuksgnvgdfg | In some instances, the nature of a patient's chief complaint may determine if services are covered by health insurance.When obtaining the chief complaint, medical students are advised to use open-ended questions. Once the presenting problem is elucidated, a history of present illness can be done using acronyms such as ... | Chief complaint |
c_zvdy1enh46yq | The collection of chief complaint data may be useful in addressing public health issues. Certain complaints are more common in certain settings and among certain populations. Fatigue has been reported as one of the ten most common reasons for seeing a physician. | Chief complaint |
c_sl0tksz1oqvn | In acute care settings, such as emergency rooms, reports of chest pain are among the most common chief complaints. The most common complaint in ERs has been reported to be abdominal pain. Among nursing home residents seeking treatment at ERs, respiratory symptoms, altered mental status, gastrointestinal symptoms, and f... | Chief complaint |
c_qlkk0xigfakt | Loyalty is a devotion to a country, philosophy, group, or person. Philosophers disagree on what can be an object of loyalty, as some argue that loyalty is strictly interpersonal and only another human being can be the object of loyalty. The definition of loyalty in law and political science is the fidelity of an indivi... | Loyalty |
c_n488626so4qu | Classical tragedy is often based on a conflict arising from dual loyalty. Euthyphro, one of Plato's early dialogues, is based on the ethical dilemma arising from Euthyphro intending to lay manslaughter charges against his own father, who had caused the death of a slave through negligence. In the Gospel of Matthew 6:24,... | Loyalty |
c_sdj8rp4p6mx3 | This relates to the authority of a master over his servants (as per Ephesians 6:5), who, according to Biblical law, owe undivided loyalty to their master (as per Leviticus 25:44–46). On the other hand, the "Render unto Caesar" of the synoptic gospels acknowledges the possibility of distinct loyalties (secular and relig... | Loyalty |
c_5vb8dmt78et8 | The meaning that the Britannica gives as primary, it attributes to a shift during the 16th century, noting that the origin of the word is in the Old French loialte, that is in turn rooted in the Latin lex, meaning "law". One who is loyal, in the feudal sense of fealty, is one who is lawful (as opposed to an outlaw), wh... | Loyalty |
c_9z4s7sr6r4yt | "Loyalty" is the most important and frequently emphasized virtue in Bushido. In combination with six other virtues, which are Righteousness (義 gi), Courage (勇 yū), Benevolence, (仁 jin), Respect (礼 rei), Sincerity (誠 makoto), and Honour (名誉 meiyo), it formed the Bushido code: "It is somehow implanted in their chromosoma... | Loyalty |
c_fftdeq1s46if | Josiah Royce presented a different definition of the concept in his 1908 book The Philosophy of Loyalty. According to Royce, loyalty is a virtue, indeed a primary virtue, "the heart of all the virtues, the central duty amongst all the duties". Royce presents loyalty, which he defines at length, as the basic moral princ... | Loyalty |
c_2d57gtb4k5mp | Loyalty is thoroughgoing in that it is not merely a casual interest but a wholehearted commitment to a cause.Royce's view of loyalty was challenged by John Ladd, professor of philosophy at Brown University, in the article on "Loyalty" in the first edition of the Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1967). Ladd observe... | Loyalty |
c_v3jnvcoripu5 | However, he argued that such associations were faulty and that the notion of loyalty is "an essential ingredient in any civilized and humane system of morals".Anthony Ralls observes that Ladd's article is that Encyclopaedia's only article on a virtue, and praises it for its "magnificent" declaration by Ladd that "a loy... | Loyalty |
c_6h573g3bll7k | The individual is submerged and lost in this superperson for its tends to dissolve our specific duties to others into 'superhuman' good". Ronald F. Duska, the Lamont Post Chair of Ethics and the Professions at The American College, extends Ladd's objection, saying that it is a perversion of ethics and virtue for one's ... | Loyalty |
c_uxcrn56h963i | Ladd himself characterizes loyalty as interpersonal, i.e., a relationship between a lord and vassal, parent and child, or two good friends. Duska states that this characterization leads to a problem that Ladd overlooks. Loyalty may certainly be between two persons, but it may also be from a person to a group of people. | Loyalty |
c_5jirutmrp3ua | Examples of this, which are unequivocally considered to be instances of loyalty, are loyalty by a person to his or her family, to a team that he or she is a member or fan of, or to his or her country. The problem is that it then becomes unclear whether there is a strict interpersonal relationship involved, and whether ... | Loyalty |
c_zxfqcb0fdhnh | As a philosophical concept, loyalty was largely untreated by philosophers until the work of Josiah Royce, the "grand exception" in Kleinig's words. Kleinig observes that from the 1980s onwards, the subject gained attention, with philosophers variously relating it to professional ethics, whistleblowing, friendship, and ... | Loyalty |
c_j0lmpaxzd53n | Ladd and others, including Milton R. Konvitz and Marcia W. Baron, disagree about the proper object of loyalty—what it is possible to be loyal to. Ladd considers loyalty to be interpersonal: the object of loyalty is always a person. In the Encyclopaedia of the History of Ideas, Konvitz states that the objects of loyalty... | Loyalty |
c_iwtwga6s9bts | She argues in her monograph, The Moral Status of Loyalty, that "hen we speak of causes (or ideals) we are more apt to say that people are committed to them or devoted to them than that they are loyal to them". Kleinig agrees with Baron, noting that a person's earliest and strongest loyalties are almost always to people... | Loyalty |
c_i7nh0gyl6uf5 | He disagrees, however, with the notion that loyalties are restricted solely to personal attachments, considering it "incorrect (as a matter of logic)".Loyalty to people and abstract notions such as causes or ideals is considered an evolutionary tactic, as there is a greater chance of survival and procreation if animals... | Loyalty |
c_xllk86g90czz | Stephen Nathanson, professor of philosophy at Northeastern University, states that loyalty can be either exclusionary or non-exclusionary; and can be single or multiple. Exclusionary loyalty excludes loyalties to other people or groups; whereas non-exclusionary loyalty does not. People may have single loyalties, to jus... | Loyalty |
c_vl5frg0u7f2w | However, Nathanson observes, this is a special case. In the general case, the existence of multiple loyalties does not cause a disloyalty. One can, for example, be loyal to one's friends, or one's family, and still, without contradiction, be loyal to one's religion, or profession. | Loyalty |
c_5ssofkynwc94 | In addition to number and exclusion as just outlined, Nathanson enumerates five other "dimensions" that loyalty can vary along: basis, strength, scope, legitimacy, and attitude: basis Loyalties may be constructed on the basis of unalterable facts that constitute a personal connection between the subject and the object ... | Loyalty |
c_ucr8nycl33x4 | "Blood is thicker than water" is an aphorism that explains that loyalties that have biological ties as their bases are generally stronger.scope Loyalties with limited scope require few actions of the subject; loyalties with broad or even unlimited scopes require many actions, or indeed to do whatever may be necessary i... | Loyalty |
c_52oykwrpeagk | Extreme patriotic loyalty may impose an unlimited scope of duties. Scope encompasses an element of constraint. Where two or more loyalties conflict, their scopes determine what weight to give to the alternative courses of action required by each loyalty.legitimacy This is of particular relevance to the conflicts among ... | Loyalty |
c_530190vm7t7w | People with one loyalty can hold that another, conflicting, loyalty is either legitimate or illegitimate. In the extreme view, one that Nathanson ascribes to religious extremists and xenophobes for examples, all loyalties bar one's own are considered illegitimate. The xenophobe does not regard the loyalties of foreigne... | Loyalty |
c_p55gg3o20vl0 | Nathanson observes that loyalty is often directly equated to patriotism. He states that this is a false equality; while patriots exhibit loyalty, it is not conversely the case that all loyal persons are patriots. He provides the example of a mercenary soldier, who exhibits loyalty to the people or country that pays him... | Loyalty |
c_57mubxcpwm63 | A mercenary may well be motivated by a sense of professionalism or a belief in the sanctity of contracts. A patriot, in contrast, may be motivated by affection, concern, identification, and a willingness to sacrifice.Nathanson contends that patriotic loyalty is not always a virtue. A loyal person can, in general be rel... | Loyalty |
c_xcnzu3y3i5no | Nathanson argues that loyalty can, however, be given to persons or causes that are unworthy. Moreover, loyalty can lead patriots to support policies that are immoral and inhumane. Thus, Nathanson argues, patriotic loyalty can sometimes rather be a vice than a virtue, when its consequences exceed the boundaries of what ... | Loyalty |
c_1378kfb1r9kw | The faithless servant doctrine is a doctrine under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law, pursuant to which an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his employer must forfeit all of the compensation he received during the period of his disloyalty. | Loyalty |
c_0mef49ff03r3 | Several scholars, including Duska, discuss loyalty in the context of whistleblowing. Wim Vandekerckhove of the University of Greenwich points out that in the late 20th century saw the rise of a notion of a bidirectional loyalty—between employees and their employer. (Previous thinking had encompassed the idea that emplo... | Loyalty |
c_72il9i7vwo8k | Vandekerckhove reports that different scholars resolve the conflict in different ways, some of which he does not find to be satisfactory. Duska resolves the conflict by asserting that there is really only one proper object of loyalty in such instances—the community—a position that Vandekerckhove counters by arguing tha... | Loyalty |
c_41dq90iiyp80 | Businesses seek to become the objects of loyalty in order to retain customers. Brand loyalty is a consumer's preference for a particular brand and a commitment to repeatedly purchase that brand. So-called loyalty programs offer rewards to repeat customers in exchange for being able to keep track of consumer preferences... | Loyalty |
c_jdz6erp4zam8 | Attempting to serve two masters leads to "double-mindedness" (James 4:8), undermining loyalty to a cause. The Bible also speaks of loyal ones, which would be those who follow the Bible with absolute loyalty, as in "Precious in the eyes of God is the death of his loyal ones" (Psalms 116:15). Most Jewish and Christian au... | Loyalty |
c_nywegkd1qs6t | Misplaced or mistaken loyalty refers to loyalty placed in other persons or organisations where that loyalty is not acknowledged or respected, is betrayed, or taken advantage of. It can also mean loyalty to a malignant or misguided cause. Social psychology provides a partial explanation for the phenomenon in the way "th... | Loyalty |
c_4tjvaflppo3q | Animals as pets may display a sense of loyalty to humans. Famous cases include Greyfriars Bobby, a Skye terrier who attended his master's grave for fourteen years; Hachiko, a dog who returned to the place he used to meet his master every day for nine years after his death; and Foxie, the spaniel belonging to Charles Go... | Loyalty |
c_t1mc667ao8b1 | The Behavior of Organisms is B.F. Skinner's first book and was published in May 1938 as a volume of the Century Psychology Series. It set out the parameters for the discipline that would come to be called the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB) and Behavior Analysis. | The Behavior of Organisms |
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