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c_1dtekpt7xzrw | In Israel, Blanford's foxes escape competition with red foxes by restricting themselves to rocky cliffs and actively avoiding the open plains inhabited by red foxes. : 84–85 Red foxes dominate kit and swift foxes. Kit foxes usually avoid competition with their larger cousins by living in more arid environments, though ... | Urban fox |
c_qosltrgu0gl8 | Red foxes will kill both species and compete with them for food and den sites. Grey foxes are exceptional, as they dominate red foxes wherever their ranges meet. Historically, interactions between the two species were rare, as grey foxes favoured heavily wooded or semiarid habitats as opposed to the open and mesic ones... | Urban fox |
c_e30lqdbqbua8 | However, interactions have become more frequent due to deforestation, allowing red foxes to colonise grey fox-inhabited areas.Wolves may kill and eat red foxes in disputes over carcasses. In areas in North America where red fox and coyote populations are sympatric, red fox ranges tend to be located outside coyote terri... | Urban fox |
c_2iefrv3qqmqs | Interactions between the two species vary in nature, ranging from active antagonism to indifference. The majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes, and there are few reports of red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their kits were approached. | Urban fox |
c_x7n2zf3i0p7a | Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together. In Israel, red foxes share their habitat with golden jackals. Where their ranges meet, the two canids compete due to near-identical diets. | Urban fox |
c_xv52e4rmdu1a | Red foxes ignore golden jackal scents or tracks in their territories and avoid close physical proximity with golden jackals themselves. In areas where golden jackals become very abundant, the population of red foxes decreases significantly, apparently because of competitive exclusion. Red foxes dominate raccoon dogs, s... | Urban fox |
c_c8h0xx5tz3ed | Cases are known of red foxes killing raccoon dogs after entering their dens. Both species compete for mouse-like prey. | Urban fox |
c_pce5u0zmqerq | This competition reaches a peak during early spring when food is scarce. In Tatarstan, red fox predation accounted for 11.1% of deaths among 54 raccoon dogs and amounted to 14.3% of 186 raccoon dog deaths in northwestern Russia.Red foxes may kill small mustelids like weasels, stone martens, pine martens (martes martes)... | Urban fox |
c_sj8uvfx1gvt7 | It is possible that the two species tolerate each other out of mutualism; red foxes provide Eurasian badgers with food scraps, while Eurasian badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness. : 15 However, cases are known of Eurasian badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating the... | Urban fox |
c_bfvy9qxxrx74 | : 546 Red foxes, in turn, may kill young wolverines.Red foxes may compete with striped hyenas on large carcasses. Red foxes may give way to striped hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh that is too tough for red foxes. Red foxes may harass striped hyenas, using their sma... | Urban fox |
c_jrkikpyyb1lk | Sometimes, red foxes seem to deliberately torment striped hyenas even when there is no food at stake. Some red foxes may mis-time their attacks and are killed. : 77–79 Red fox remains are often found in striped hyena dens and striped hyenas may steal red foxes from traps.In Eurasia, red foxes may be preyed upon by leop... | Urban fox |
c_9c6yjc1pl0ws | The Eurasian lynxes chase red foxes into deep snow, where their long legs and larger paws give them an advantage over red foxes, especially when the depth of the snow exceeds one meter. In the Velikoluksky District in Russia, red foxes are absent or are seen only occasionally where Eurasian lynxes establish permanent t... | Urban fox |
c_zn3rqh49t59h | North American felid predators of red foxes include cougars, Canada lynxes and bobcats.Red foxes compete with various birds of prey such as common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and even steal their kills. In turn, golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) regularly takes young red foxes and ... | Urban fox |
c_jf4vy5fx0hrl | Red foxes are the most important rabies vector in Europe. In London, arthritis is common in foxes, being particularly frequent in the spine. Foxes may be infected with leptospirosis and tularemia, though they are not overly susceptible to the latter. They may also fall ill from listeriosis and spirochetosis, as well as... | Urban fox |
c_9brwradjtp66 | A mysterious fatal disease near Lake Sartlan in the Novosibirsk Oblast was noted among local red foxes, but the cause was undetermined. The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of encephalomyelitis, which was first observed in captive-bred silver foxes. Individual cases of foxes infected with ... | Urban fox |
c_sqxy5hl5wtiw | Species like Spilopsyllus cuniculi are probably only caught from the fox's prey species, while others like Archaeopsylla erinacei are caught whilst traveling. Fleas that feed on red foxes include Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides canis and Paraceras melis. Ticks such as Ixodes ricinus and I. hexagonus are not uncommon in... | Urban fox |
c_in46nd80gfkx | The louse Trichodectes vulpis specifically targets red foxes, but is found infrequently. The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is the most important cause of mange in red foxes. It causes extensive hair loss, starting from the base of the tail and hindfeet, then the rump before moving on to the rest of the body. | Urban fox |
c_wjbac2ntwbsg | In the final stages of the condition, red foxes can lose most of their fur, 50% of their body weight and may gnaw at infected extremities. In the epizootic phase of the disease, it usually takes red foxes four months to die after infection. Other endoparasites include Demodex folliculorum, Notoderes, Otodectes cynotis ... | Urban fox |
c_iqj55a4y7tul | Several coccidian species of the genera Isospora and Eimeria are also known to infect them. The most common nematode species found in red fox guts are Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala, Capillaria aerophila and Crenosoma vulpis; the latter two infect their lungs. Capillaria plica infects the red fox's bladder. | Urban fox |
c_2wrnnbq9dyz4 | Trichinella spiralis rarely affects them. The most common tapeworm species in red foxes are Taenia spiralis and T. pisiformis. Others include Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Eleven trematode species infect red foxes, including Metorchis conjunctus. | Urban fox |
c_u6d10q8sly0a | Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric. In Greek mythology, the Teumessian fox, or Cadmean vixen, was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught. The fox was one of the children of Echidna.In Celtic mythology, the red fox is a symbolic animal... | Urban fox |
c_7i5qjxg5j9k0 | In later European folklore, the figure of Reynard the Fox symbolises trickery and deceit. He originally appeared (then under the name of "Reinardus") as a secondary character in the 1150 poem "Ysengrimus". He reappeared in 1175 in Pierre Saint Cloud's Le Roman de Renart, and made his debut in England in Geoffrey Chauce... | Urban fox |
c_eu8o47xwy1zi | Many of Reynard's adventures may stem from actual observations on fox behaviour; he is an enemy of the wolf and has a fondness for blackberries and grapes. : 32–33 Chinese folk tales tell of fox-spirits called huli jing that may have up to nine tails, or kumiho as they are known in Korea. | Urban fox |
c_ckj1boli9bub | In Japanese mythology, the kitsune are fox-like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. Foremost among these is the ability to assume human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others, other stories portray them as faithful guardians, friends,... | Urban fox |
c_14ng72abga56 | In Arab folklore, the fox is considered a cowardly, weak, deceitful, and cunning animal, said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated, then lies on its side, awaiting the approach of unwitting prey. The animal's cunning was noted by the authors of the Bible who applied the word "fox" to false p... | Urban fox |
c_7lwyk0pn828a | In the Achomawi creation myth, Fox and Coyote are the co-creators of the world, that leave just before the arrival of humans. The Yurok tribe believed that Fox, in anger, captured the Sun, and tied him to a hill, causing him to burn a great hole in the ground. An Inuit story tells of how Fox, portrayed as a beautiful w... | Urban fox |
c_35kviwkgk16b | The earliest historical records of fox hunting come from the 4th century BC; Alexander the Great is known to have hunted foxes and a seal dated from 350 BC depicts a Persian horseman in the process of spearing a fox. Xenophon, who viewed hunting as part of a cultured man's education, advocated the killing of foxes as p... | Urban fox |
c_njax5cfcf6wm | Cnut the Great re-classed foxes as Beasts of the Chase, a lower category of quarry than Beasts of Venery. Foxes were gradually hunted less as vermin and more as Beasts of the Chase, to the point that by the late 1200s, Edward I had a royal pack of foxhounds and a specialised fox huntsman. In this period, foxes were inc... | Urban fox |
c_9267u1l2nzcj | Edward, Second Duke of York assisted the climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his The Master of Game. By the Renaissance, fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility. After the English Civil War caused a drop in deer populations, fox hunting grew in popularity. | Urban fox |
c_xme8pcysbqor | By the mid-1600s, Great Britain was divided into fox hunting territories, with the first fox hunting clubs being formed (the first was the Charlton Hunt Club in 1737). The popularity of fox hunting in Great Britain reached a peak during the 1700s. : 21 Although already native to North America, red foxes from England we... | Urban fox |
c_xn0n0u0widk6 | These American fox hunters considered the red fox more sporting than the grey fox. The grays furnished more fun, the reds more excitement. The grays did not run so far, but usually kept near home, going in a circuit of six or eight miles. | Urban fox |
c_4nrsaeclwypb | 'An old red, generally so called irrespective of age, as a tribute to his prowess, might lead the dogs all day, and end by losing them as evening fell, after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles. The capture of a gray was what men boasted of; a chase after 'an old red' was what they 'yarned' about. Red foxes are... | Urban fox |
c_umm8pfu23kgj | Red foxes are among the most important fur-bearing animals harvested by the fur trade. Their pelts are used for trimmings, scarfs, muffs, jackets and coats. They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments, including evening wraps. : 229–230 The pelts of silver foxes are popular as capes,: 24... | Urban fox |
c_17yhst12vbie | : 252 The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other fur-bearers. However, this amount is overshadowed by the total number of red fox pelts used for trimming purposes. : 229–230 The silver colour morphs are the most valued by furriers, followed by the cross colour morphs and the red ... | Urban fox |
c_jepgx3a5cmew | : 207 In the early 1900s, over 1,000 American red fox skins were imported to Great Britain annually, while 500,000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia. : 6 The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985–86 was 1,543,995 pelts. | Urban fox |
c_aqt8y56nv6yo | Red foxes amounted to 45% of U.S. wild-caught pelts worth $50 million. Pelt prices are increasing, with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $39 and 2013 prices averaging $65.78.North American red foxes, particularly those of northern Alaska, are the most valued for their fur, as they have guard hairs... | Urban fox |
c_sg0r2nzmlc51 | Red foxes living in southern Alaska's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception, as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one-third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins. : 231 Most European peltries have coarse-textured fur compared to North American varieties. The only exceptions ... | Urban fox |
c_w8rh7s4r8vzj | Red foxes may on occasion prey on lambs. Usually, lambs targeted by red foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens, but not always. Lambs belonging to small breeds, such as the Scottish Blackface, are more vulnerable than larger breeds, such as the Merino. Twins may be more vulnerable to red foxes than singlets, as... | Urban fox |
c_erd6cxvee1ly | Crossbreeding small, upland ewes with larger, lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring, thus making the lambs more at risk to red fox predation. Lambs born from gimmers (ewes breeding for the first time) are more often killed by red foxes than those ... | Urban fox |
c_3bu43bwpghqo | This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs. Urban red foxes frequently encounter cats and may feed alongside them. In physical confrontations, the cats usually have the upper hand. | Urban fox |
c_4lptyrdo0w50 | Authenticated cases of red foxes killing cats usually involve kittens. Although most red foxes do not prey on cats, some may do so and may treat them more as competitors rather than food. : 180–181 | Urban fox |
c_lorb0cd2nf4j | In their unmodified wild state, red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets. Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well-meaning people during the spring period, though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young. Actual orphans are rare and the ones that are adopted are likely kits that simply strayed f... | Urban fox |
c_xbgz9kguqdpo | Once weaned, they may become destructive to leather objects, furniture and electric cables. : 56 Though generally friendly toward people when young, captive red foxes become fearful of humans, save for their handlers, once they reach 10 weeks of age. : 61 They maintain their wild counterparts' strong instinct of concea... | Urban fox |
c_ltfzk6qf2ihi | : 122 Although suspicious of strangers, they can form bonds with cats and dogs, even ones bred for fox hunting. Tame red foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds. : 132–133 White to black individual red foxes have been selected and raised on fur farms as "silver foxes". | Urban fox |
c_l1qk3r22qpyb | In the second half of the 20th century, a lineage of domesticated silver foxes was developed by Russian geneticist Dmitry Belyayev who, over a 40-year period, bred several generations selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans. Eventually, Belyayev's team selected only those that showed the m... | Urban fox |
c_muxv1z2tlimw | Red foxes have been exceedingly successful in colonising built-up environments, especially lower-density suburbs, although many have also been sighted in dense urban areas far from the countryside. Throughout the 20th century, they have established themselves in many Australian, European, Japanese and North American ci... | Urban fox |
c_2sjzjlb19jsy | In Australia, red foxes were recorded in Melbourne as early as the 1930s, while in Zurich, Switzerland, they only started appearing in the 1980s. Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned, low-density housing. | Urban fox |
c_m4an9py3j2fi | They are rare in areas where industry, commerce or council-rented houses predominate. In these latter areas, the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources; the home range of these foxes average from 80–90 ha (0.80–0.90 km2; 200–220 acres), whereas those in more residential are... | Urban fox |
c_g9eszbl41atw | Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn, doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times. It is uncommon to spot them during the day, but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds. Urban red foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban areas as well as on... | Urban fox |
c_nxpc6uhw879h | Urban red foxes can cause problems for local residents. They have been known to steal chickens, disrupt rubbish bins and damage gardens. Most complaints about urban red foxes made to local authorities occur during the breeding season in late January/early February or from late April to August when the new kits are deve... | Urban fox |
c_48ss5tuhiyid | One alternative to hunting urban red foxes has been to trap them, which appears to be a more viable method. However, killing red foxes has little effect on the population in an urban area; those that are killed are very soon replaced, either by new kits during the breeding season or by other red foxes moving into the t... | Urban fox |
c_q6to2q2jtqdo | A more effective method of urban red fox control is to deter them from the specific areas they inhabit. Deterrents such as creosote, diesel oil, or ammonia can be used. Cleaning up and blocking access to den locations can also discourage an urban red fox's return. | Urban fox |
c_70caro47lbky | In January 2014 it was reported that "Fleet", a relatively tame urban red fox tracked as part of a wider study by the University of Brighton in partnership with the BBC TV series Winterwatch, had unexpectedly traveled 195 miles in 21 days from his neighbourhood in Hove at the western edge of East Sussex across rural co... | Urban fox |
c_mpnsg0hntak7 | Education for librarianship, including for paraprofessional library workers, varies around the world, and has changed over time. In recent decades, many institutions offering librarianship education have changed their names to reflect the shift from print media to electronic media, and to information contained outside ... | Education for librarianship |
c_xsfiwiv40eun | In Germany, the first step for an academic librarian is a PhD in a subject field, followed by additional training in librarianship. In Australia, the courses are called Master in Information Management or Master in Information Studies. There are also bachelor's, associate, and certificate programs in library science, w... | Education for librarianship |
c_4r67wdrl0owt | Until the 19th century, the librarian in charge of an academic collection was normally a scholar, often a university professor with a special interest in the library. There were no training programs, and the new librarian was expected to follow the practices of other similar libraries. (Popular libraries in the modern ... | Education for librarianship |
c_lpp6bu47dmxl | In the 19th century, although some librarians followed this older pattern, others prepared as apprentices under the direction of established librarians.Charles Churchwell wrote a history of education for librarians in the U.S. before 1975.In Britain, the Library Association was the first body to conduct examinations an... | Education for librarianship |
c_dmi9y809z983 | Apart from the library-related subjects (encountered in the second set of examinations), students were tested in English grammar, arithmetic, history, geography, English literature, and another European literature, and had to demonstrate of a working knowledge of at least three languages. Before the degree was granted,... | Education for librarianship |
c_o9ismmlng3zn | A library school is an institution of higher learning specializing in the professional training of librarians. The first library school in the United States was established by Melvil Dewey, creator of the Dewey decimal system, in 1887 at Columbia University. Since then many library schools have been founded in the Unit... | Education for librarianship |
c_0fbvbhg5i9d4 | The first formal library school was established in 1919 at the University of London. From these beginnings arose a split between public librarians, who for the most part took the Library Association examinations, and academic and special librarians, for the most parts the university graduates. | Education for librarianship |
c_b3pd4kn7g2ue | Eight library schools were established around the country in the post-WW2 period, but it was not until 1964 that the LA stopped conducting exams and reduced its role to that of an accrediting body overseeing the quality of the courses given in library schools.The development of library schools have followed different p... | Education for librarianship |
c_fx7f2m38y38e | While the ALA does perform the accreditation of the schools and plays a role in determining quality, the requirements are left up to the individual schools. In the UK, until the last decade of the 20th century, by which time all library schools were departments of universities, library education was dominated by the LA... | Education for librarianship |
c_9wx16jo607vc | Many others were founded during World War II.The University of Chicago Graduate Library School, established in 1928, became the first library school to confer a master's degree in library science, which is now the standard professional degree, and later became the first to give a doctoral degree in the field. The pivot... | Education for librarianship |
c_pqxn20k6ptkc | In recent decades, many schools offering librarianship education have changed their names to reflect the shift from print media to electronic media, and to information contained outside of traditional libraries. Some call themselves schools of library and information science (abbreviated to "SLIS", hence the term "SLIS... | Education for librarianship |
c_05nk1cn9e295 | Master of Library Science (or equivalent, such as Master of Information Management in Australia) programs are typically structured to offer a combination of required and elective courses in library science and information science. The required courses focus on core library skills such as cataloging, reference, collecti... | Education for librarianship |
c_szfvc94fjkiw | The usual preparation for a faculty member in a department of library science (or other name) is a PhD in Library science or Information science. In some fields of librarianship, a PhD in another related subject, such as archival studies, is the equivalent, and some faculty have doctorates in various subject fields, as... | Education for librarianship |
c_hbvcwnb6ni3h | Most library schools in North America offer graduate programs only. Accreditation of these programs is granted by the American Library Association. The bachelor's degree in Library Science (or Library Economy as it was called in early days) was, for the most part, phased out several decades ago. Prior to this, bachelor... | Education for librarianship |
c_49q9kcf7rrl2 | This degree allows one to work as a practicing librarian in public libraries, academic libraries, school library media centers, and special libraries, while many individuals with the MLS credential work with major library vendors. The degree is also applicable to related sectors such as publishing. In the United States... | Education for librarianship |
c_irjp9hd9wgts | Many professional librarians have degrees obtained from programs accredited by the American Library Association (ALA) and can have specializations within fields such as archives, records management, information architecture, information policy, knowledge management, public librarianship, medical librarianship, law libr... | Education for librarianship |
c_z6wnkektj2g6 | Many, if not most, academic librarians also have a second, subject-based master's degree.At the turn of the millennium (1999–2000), problems related to the graduate education of professional librarians pervaded professional and academic discourse. These were initially identified by the Council of the American Library A... | Education for librarianship |
c_6larhtgkt078 | The Coalition on Reinventing Information Science, Technology, and Literary Education supported by the Kellogg Foundation provided additional analysis of future educational needs and direction. Bernie Sloan compiled an extensive 2004 bibliography on changes in LIS education.Distinguished service to education for librari... | Education for librarianship |
c_hzjkuihz4f6t | and Canada is recognized by the annual Beta Phi Mu Award sponsored by the International Honorary Society, Beta Phi Mu. The first award was made in 1954 to Rudolph Hjalmar Gjelsness Dean of the University of Michigan's Library Science Department from 1940 to 1964. The primary association for faculty teaching in library ... | Education for librarianship |
c_p12s36ykge35 | In Denmark, the first step to become a librarian is a 3-year long bachelor's degree in Library and Information Science (B.Sc.) at The Royal School of Library and Information Science. The students then have the choice between taking a half-year-long education for librarianship called Librarian D.B or take a 2-year maste... | Education for librarianship |
c_xjnnxt949z2y | Students who complete the bachelor's degree, the librarianship or one of the master's degrees offered get work as librarians, information employees or organization staff. The students can also obtain a Ph.D. in Library and Information Science at The Royal School of Library and Information Science (first awarded at The ... | Education for librarianship |
c_4kq8bb9a5ugy | In Germany, the first step for an academic librarian is a Ph.D. in a subject field, followed by additional training in librarianship. | Education for librarianship |
c_6rx5ttjflao4 | In the UK, a librarian can have a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in library and information studies or information science; separate master's degrees in librarianship, archive management, and records management are also available. These degrees are accredited by the Chartered Institute of Library and Information... | Education for librarianship |
c_s8m9bdqf90rq | The Diploma of Library and Information Services (Level 5) at the Pacific Technical and Further Education (Pacific TAFE) at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji provides library technician training which is accredited in Australia. | Education for librarianship |
c_7xq1e5lspbuh | Kennan, Carroll and Thompson provide a historical overview of librarianship in Australia, "with a particular focus on LIS education and how the goals and focus of both librarianship and LIS education have evolved over the centuries".The Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA), founded in 1937, is the prof... | Education for librarianship |
c_2mqtkfu6y7bo | In New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington is the only university providing postgraduate education in librarianship. The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand offers a bachelor's degree for information professionals, and a range of certificate and diploma courses for para-professionals. Te Wananga-o-Raukawa offers dip... | Education for librarianship |
c_jewvluyoohjn | As of 2007, librarians in the Philippines usually have a four-year bachelor's degree in library and information studies, or a master's degree in LIS, or one with a concentration in Library Science. It is also not uncommon for librarians to possess a degree in Education, with a specialization or major in Library Science... | Education for librarianship |
c_j1jziiosu24y | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution is a 1995 book by integral philosopher Ken Wilber. Wilber intended it to be the first volume of a series called The Kosmos Trilogy, but subsequent volumes were never produced. The German edition of Sex, Ecology, Spirituality was entitled Eros, Kosmos, Logos: Eine Jahr... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_1wyks1ttg1lu | Published in 1995, the book is a work in which Wilber grapples with modern philosophical naturalism, attempting to show its insufficiency as an explanation of being, evolution, and the meaning of life. He also describes an approach, called vision-logic, which he finds qualified to succeed modernism. Wilber's project in... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_37m0nkz2ulj5 | He accordingly avoids the term cosmos, which is associated with merely physical existence. He prefers the term kosmos to refer to the sum of manifest existence, which harks back to the usage of the term by the Pythagoreans and other ancient mystics. Wilber conceives of the Kosmos as consisting of several concentric sph... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_jcyvlmnxtcw3 | In the introduction, Wilber describes the deeply dysteleological perspective of contemporary philosophical naturalism as "the philosophy of 'oops'". He describes the spiritual inadequacies of philosophical naturalism as the source of the contemporary world's menacing ecological crisis. He describes his methodology as o... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_kj5y7lnokeaa | In the first chapter, "The Web of Life", Wilber uses Arthur Lovejoy's account of the Great Chain of Being to show how the mechanistic, materialistic modern worldview triumphed over the West's traditional, holistic, hierarchical view. The prevalence of pathological, dominating hierarchies throughout history has given hi... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_lff40q3gbgnp | Thus, we should concentrate on discovering which hierarchies actually do exist and on healing them. In the second chapter, "The Pattern That Connects", Wilber uses Arthur Koestler's account of holism and holarchy and Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General Systems Theory to describe approximately twenty tenets of all holons. ... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_zriotumuxtf7 | In the third chapter, "Individual And Social", Wilber describes Erich Jantsch's account of co-evolution and self-organizing systems. In the fourth chapter, "A View From Within", Wilber describes what he calls two fundamental aspects of existence: the "Left-hand path" (interiority) and the "Right-hand path" (exteriority... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_txnlen1b8z2p | Subtle reductionism—systems theory, for example—consists of reducing the interior to the exterior. Charles Taylor's work is used to show that the Enlightenment paradigm suffers from both gross and subtle reductionism. When Individual and Social spheres are added to the Interior and Exterior aspects of existence, four q... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_i5z5xi9vxrle | In the fifth chapter, "The Emergence Of Human Nature", Wilber uses Jean Gebser's account of the development of human consciousness to show how the West progressed from the magic to the mythic to the rational mentalities. This acknowledgment that all of existence is in development adds a third fundamental dimension—dept... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_x0dlz6c8ec4q | The "Pre/Trans Fallacy" is described. This is Wilber's term for "romantic" approaches, like deep ecology and ecofeminism, that often mistake earlier and more exclusivist modes of being for more mature, more inclusive modes. | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_j2141ds5ykbe | In the seventh chapter, "The Farther Reaches Of Human Nature", Wilber uses Jürgen Habermas' account of socio-cultural development to describe collective human development. Wilber describes vision-logic, a non-dominating, global awareness of holistic hierarchy, in which the pathological dissociations of Nature from Self... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_ag6iinpjrvcz | In the ninth chapter, "The Way Up Is The Way Down", Wilber describes Neo-Platonist Plotinus' nondual metaphysics. "Ascending" philosophies are those that embrace the One, or the Absolute. "Descending" philosophies are those that embrace the Many, or Plenitude. Both ascent (driven by Eros, or creativity) and descent (dr... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_z7xnpvdj89jo | Plato's metaphysics, which also included both ascending and descending drives, is described. Plotinus' attack on Gnosticism is described in order to trace differences between healthy and pathological approaches to ascent. In the tenth chapter, "This-Worldly, Otherworldly", Wilber describes various attempts to repair mo... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_qf99f6rbo8yn | In the eleventh chapter, "Brave New World", Wilber describes the liberating advantages as well as the spiritually crippling disadvantages of the modern, scientific mentality. In the twelfth chapter, "The Collapse Of The Kosmos", Wilber uses Taylor's account of the effects of the Enlightenment paradigm to show how verti... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_vxrxmfrpahc5 | In the thirteenth chapter, "The Dominance Of The Descenders", Wilber describes how the West tried to embrace the Many through science, but failed to embrace the One through mysticism. The result was the rise of Thanatos (Sigmund Freud's death drive), and Phobos (existential fear), which are the respective pathological ... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_ssxh44i1u7xq | In a review of the book, author Michael Murphy described it as one of the four most important books of the 20th century (the others being Aurobindo's The Life Divine, Heidegger's Being and Time, and Whitehead's Process and Reality).The cultural historian William Irwin Thompson harshly criticized Wilber's project, conte... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_r3u9hhs39bhe | "Put differently, I sought a world philosophy. I sought an integral philosophy, one that would believably weave together the many pluralistic contexts of science, morals, aesthetics, Eastern as well as Western philosophy, and the world's great wisdom traditions. Not on the level of details—that is finitely impossible; ... | Sex, Ecology, Spirituality |
c_fpmmd0736zop | As a discipline, cultural analysis is based on using qualitative research methods of the arts, humanities, social sciences, in particular ethnography and anthropology, to collect data on cultural phenomena and to interpret cultural representations and practices; in an effort to gain new knowledge or understanding throu... | Cultural analysis |
c_u1pjuj61bd75 | Some examples of this are foods, tools, home, surroundings, art, etc. that show how the given culture adapted. Also, this aspect aims to show how the given culture makes the environment more accommodating. 2. | Cultural analysis |
c_p717os09br11 | How culture is used to survive How the given culture helps its members survive the environment. 3. Holism, Specificity The ability to put the observations into a single collection, and presenting it in a coherent manner. 4. Expressions This focuses on studying the expressions and performance of everyday culture. | Cultural analysis |
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