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c_j1je28aixgwl | This stage might have an emotional component as well. An example of thought in this stage: "I want to know what we do and how our culture is different from others." "There are a lot of non-Japanese people around me, and it gets pretty confusing to try and decide who I am." | Cultural identity |
c_mvaz7dxd0dpz | Cultural identity achievement: "is characterized by a clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one's cultural identity." In this stage people often allow the acceptance of their cultural identity play a role in their future choices such as how to raise children, how to deal with stereotypes and ... | Cultural identity |
c_xv7zq9859oyx | There is a set of phenomena that occur in conjunction between virtual culture – understood as the modes and norms of behavior associated with the internet and the online world – and youth culture. While we can speak of a duality between the virtual (online) and real sphere (face-to-face relations), for youth, this fron... | Cultural identity |
c_hgpzpby6gdc4 | In this naturalizing of digital life, the learning processes from that environment are frequently mentioned not just since they are explicitly asked but because the subject of the internet comes up spontaneously among those polled. The ideas of active learning, of googling 'when you don't know', of recourse to tutorial... | Cultural identity |
c_p3h64qbpo3xl | Many of today's youth go through processes of affirmation procedures and is often the case for how youth today grow dependent on peer approval. When connected, youth speak of their daily routines and lives. | Cultural identity |
c_yl01sb5r1aoh | With each post, image or video they upload, they have the possibility of asking themselves who they are and to try out profiles differing from those they assume in the 'real' world. The connections they feel in more recent times have become much less interactive through personal means compared to past generations. The ... | Cultural identity |
c_5lnks3a2nwyv | They thus negotiate their identity and create senses of belonging, putting the acceptance and censure of others to the test, an essential mark of the process of identity construction.Youth ask themselves about what they think of themselves, how they see themselves personally and, especially, how others see them. On the... | Cultural identity |
c_oy5m149ifh7w | The Westminster system or Westminster model is a type of parliamentary government that incorporates a series of procedures for operating a legislature, first developed in England. Key aspects of the system include an executive branch made up of members of the legislature, and that is responsible to the legislature; the... | Westminster system |
c_jop7bfu74b6w | The Westminster system is used, or was once used, in the national and subnational legislatures of most former colonies of the British Empire, upon gaining self-government (with the exception of the United States and Cyprus), beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies betw... | Westminster system |
c_3uotppdtkaig | The Westminster system of government may include some of the following features: A sovereign or head of state who functions as the nominal or legal and constitutional holder of executive power, and holds numerous reserve powers, but whose daily duties mainly consist of performing ceremonial functions. Examples include ... | Westminster system |
c_zy5fwfijzc6s | While the head of state appoints the head of government, constitutional convention suggests that a majority of elected members of parliament must support the person appointed. If more than half of elected parliamentarians belong to the same political party, then the parliamentary leader of that party typically is appoi... | Westminster system |
c_znn7alle22zh | An executive branch led by the head of government usually made up of members of the legislature with the senior members of the executive in a cabinet adhering to the principle of cabinet collective responsibility; such members execute executive authority on behalf of the nominal or theoretical executive authority. An i... | Westminster system |
c_1285d161krmr | A parliamentary opposition (in a multi-party system) with an official leader of the opposition. A legislature, often bicameral, with at least one elected house—although unicameral systems also exist. Traditionally, the lower house is elected using first-past-the-post from single-member districts, which is still more co... | Westminster system |
c_hchyx9e4aryn | A lower house of parliament with an ability to dismiss a government by "withholding (or blocking) supply" (rejecting a budget), passing a motion of no confidence, or defeating a confidence motion. A parliament that can be dissolved and snap elections called at any time. Parliamentary privilege, which allows the legisla... | Westminster system |
c_54zc84g877fz | Minutes of meetings, often known as Hansard, including an ability for the legislature to strike discussion from these minutes. The ability of courts to address silence or ambiguity in the statutory law through the development of common law. Another parallel system of legal principles also exists known as equity. | Westminster system |
c_inf024zf9bzs | Exceptions to this include India, Quebec in Canada, and Scotland in the UK, among other countries who mix common law with other legal systems.Most of the procedures of the Westminster system originated with the conventions, practices, and precedents of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which form a part of what is ... | Westminster system |
c_809futn82i6x | For example, some older constitutions using the Westminster system do not mention the existence of the cabinet or the prime minister, because these offices were taken for granted by the authors of these constitutions. Sometimes these conventions, reserve powers, and other influences collide in times of crisis and in su... | Westminster system |
c_4m5aq9othu63 | The pattern of executive functions within a Westminster system is quite complex. In essence, the head of state, usually a monarch or president, is a ceremonial figurehead who is the theoretical, nominal or de jure source of executive power within the system. In practice, such a figure does not actively exercise executi... | Westminster system |
c_mokbcdngwpmf | If the parliament passes a motion of no confidence, or refuses to pass an important bill such as the budget, then the government must either resign so that a different government can be appointed or seek a parliamentary dissolution so that new general elections may be held in order to re-confirm or deny the government'... | Westminster system |
c_h2u5ynhzfr9c | Thus the cabinet is strongly subordinate to the prime minister as they can be replaced at any time, or can be moved ("demoted") to a different portfolio in a cabinet reshuffle for "underperforming". In the United Kingdom, the sovereign theoretically holds executive authority, even though the prime minister and the cabi... | Westminster system |
c_1o14waxb4y29 | In Israel, however, executive power is vested de jure and de facto in the cabinet and the president is de jure and de facto a ceremonial figurehead. As an example, the prime minister and cabinet (as the de facto executive body in the system) generally must seek the permission of the head of state when carrying out exec... | Westminster system |
c_fe4qdnbsnuwx | However, the sovereign in modern times has virtually always followed the advice of their prime minister without their own agency, this owes to the fact that the British sovereign is a constitutional monarch; he or she abides by the advice of his or her ministers, except when executing reserve powers in times of crisis.... | Westminster system |
c_fdwgv0gpcyzq | In Commonwealth realms such as Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the day-to-day functions that would be exercised by the sovereign personally in the United Kingdom are instead exercised by the governor-general. In such nations, the prime minister is obligated to formally seek permission from the governor-general when ... | Westminster system |
c_urw8ycx1avgd | An unusual case lies in Israel and Japan, where the respective prime ministers have the full legal power to implement executive decisions, and presidential (in Israel) or imperial (in Japan) approval is not required; the prime ministers of these nations are fully the de jure source of executive authority, and not the h... | Westminster system |
c_xup7ghc1iggi | In the UK, the sovereign holds confidential weekly meetings with the prime minister to discuss governmental policy and to offer his or her opinions and advice on issues of the day. In India, the prime minister is constitutionally bound to hold regular sessions with the president, in a similar manner to the aforemention... | Westminster system |
c_882zrgvnhn9g | This phrase means that the head of state's role in government is generally ceremonial and as a result does not directly institute executive powers. The reserve powers of the head of state are sufficient to ensure compliance with some of their wishes. | Westminster system |
c_u5jis2j9ysmr | However, the extent of such powers varies from one country to another and is often a matter of controversy. Such an executive arrangement first emerged in the United Kingdom. | Westminster system |
c_0tsj3mzlmuou | Historically, the British sovereign held and directly exercised all executive authority. George I of Great Britain (reigned 1714 to 1727) was the first British monarch to delegate some executive powers to a prime minister and a cabinet of the ministers, largely because he was also the monarch of Hanover in Germany and ... | Westminster system |
c_3j3iejrls35u | The electoral system is often set out in a Representation of the People Act. Common ministerial titles include parliamentary secretary and under-secretary. Ministers are supported by private secretaries and government departments are run by permanent secretaries, principal secretaries or chief secretaries. | Westminster system |
c_ef3lyo9b2ukp | The head of state or their representative (such as a governor-general) formally appoints as the head of government whoever commands the confidence of the lower or sole house of the legislature and invites him or her to form a government. In the UK, this is known as kissing hands. Although the dissolution of the legisla... | Westminster system |
c_o81rve6fdwe1 | A president, monarch, or governor-general might possess clearly significant reserve powers. Examples of the use of such powers include the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 and the Canadian King–Byng affair in 1926. The Lascelles Principles were an attempt to create a convention to cover similar situations, but ... | Westminster system |
c_b91nzcwg8g6r | Because of differences in their written constitutions, the formal powers of monarchs, governors-general, and presidents vary greatly from one country to another. However, as sovereigns and governors-general are not elected, and some presidents may not be directly elected by the people, they are often shielded from any ... | Westminster system |
c_749tu7j5n1wb | In the book The English Constitution, Walter Bagehot emphasised the divide of the constitution into two components, the Dignified (that part which is symbolic) and the Efficient (the way things actually work and get done), and called the Efficient "Cabinet Government".Members of the Cabinet are collectively seen as res... | Westminster system |
c_jihfi9yvu27y | In a Westminster system, some members of parliament are elected by popular vote, while others are appointed. Nearly all Westminster-based parliaments have a lower house with powers based on those of the House of Commons (under various names), comprising local, elected representatives of the people (with the only except... | Westminster system |
c_833yioalqjw5 | Some Westminster-derived parliaments are unicameral for two reasons: The New Zealand Parliament, Parliament of Queensland, and the parliament of the Canadian province of Quebec have abolished their upper houses. The parliaments of all other Canadian provinces, the Parliament of Malta, the Papua New Guinea Parliament, t... | Westminster system |
c_jpz367zw455g | Responsible government was never granted during British colonial rule, and the Governor remained the head of government until the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, when the role was replaced by the Chief Executive. Secretaries had remained to be chosen by the Chief Executive not from the Legislative Council, and their a... | Westminster system |
c_s5e5ibuo0idg | Minutes are known as Hansards, and the theme colour of the meeting chamber is red as in other upper houses. Government secretaries and other officials are seated on the right hand side of the President in the chamber. The Chief Executive may dissolve the Legislative Council under certain conditions, and is obliged to r... | Westminster system |
c_nwrmaz8dunma | The waters of the Thames and of the Potomac both flow into Lake Burley Griffin. Australian constitutional law is, in many respects, a unique hybrid with influences from the United States Constitution as well as from the traditions and conventions of the Westminster system and some indigenous features. Australia is exce... | Westminster system |
c_68uuvdq978i4 | Although government is formed in the lower house, the House of Representatives, the support of the Senate is necessary in order to govern.The Australian Senate is unusual in that it maintains an ability to withhold supply from the government of the day – a power similar to that held in the UK until 1911 by the House of... | Westminster system |
c_5ywr80qfba09 | This is controversial because it conflicts with the Westminster tradition of government by a party with the confidence of the lower house (not an upper house like the Senate). Some political scientists have held that the Australian system of government was consciously devised as a blend or hybrid of the Westminster and... | Westminster system |
c_h32cid3y750w | The Westminster system has a very distinct appearance when functioning, with many British customs incorporated into day-to-day government function. A Westminster-style parliament is usually a long, rectangular room, with two rows of seats and desks on either side. Many chambers connect the opposing rows, either with a ... | Westminster system |
c_l9w2x26nwjsc | This arrangement is said to have derived from an early Parliament which was held in a church choir. Traditionally, the opposition parties will sit in one row of seats, and the government party will sit in the other. Of course, sometimes a majority government is so large that it must use the "opposition" seats as well. | Westminster system |
c_fw9ut1nymlgv | In the lower house at Westminster (the House of Commons) there are lines on the floor in front of the government and opposition benches that members may cross only when exiting the chamber. At one end of the room sits a large chair, for the Speaker of the House. The speaker usually wears black robes, and in some countr... | Westminster system |
c_ev8qxtbseiyu | Robed parliamentary clerks often sit at narrow tables between the two rows of seats, as well. These narrow tables in the centre of the chamber, is usually where ministers or members of the house come to speak. Other ceremonies sometimes associated with the Westminster system include an annual Speech from the Throne (or... | Westminster system |
c_wre44ar4urnk | Countries that use variations on the theme of the Westminster system, as of 2023, include the following: | Westminster system |
c_gw7tm4sythy4 | The Westminster system was adopted by a number of countries which subsequently evolved or reformed their system of government departing from the original model. In some cases, certain aspects of the Westminster system were retained or codified in their constitutions. For instance South Africa and Botswana, unlike Commo... | Westminster system |
c_fycwykj8uj0r | The Union of South Africa between 1910 and 1961, and the Republic of South Africa between 1961 and 1984. The 1983 constitution abolished the Westminster system in South Africa. The Dominion of Newfoundland gave up self-government in 1934 and reverted to direct rule from London. | Westminster system |
c_1kh3tsctsslf | Use of the Westminster system resumed in 1949 when Newfoundland became a province of Canada. Rhodesia between 1965 and 1979, and Zimbabwe between 1980 and 1987. The 1987 constitution abolished the Westminster system. | Westminster system |
c_80l8yy66ysex | Nigeria following the end of British colonial rule in 1960, which resulted in the appointment of a Governor-General and then a President, Nnamdi Azikiwe. The system ended with the military coup of 1966. Ceylon between 1948 and 1972, and Sri Lanka from 1972 until 1978 when the constitution was remodelled into an Executi... | Westminster system |
c_n79x384n5f3b | Burma following independence in 1948 until the 1962 military coup d'état. Ghana between 1957 and 1960, then 1969 and 1972. | Westminster system |
c_nfwfzawn5grx | State of Somaliland used the Westminster system during its brief independence in 1960, with Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal as its first and only Prime Minister. Swaziland (now Eswatini) between 1968 and 1973. Tanganyika between 1961 and 1962. | Westminster system |
c_6e0oy5mwancl | Sierra Leone between 1961 and 1971. Uganda between 1962 and 1963. Indonesia between 1945 and 1966. | Westminster system |
c_dww560u39bqy | Kenya between 1963 and 1964. Malawi between 1964 and 1966. The Gambia between 1965 and 1970. | Westminster system |
c_gattwfnmjfkc | Guyana between 1966 and 1980. Empire of Japan between 1890 and 1940, under the Meiji Constitution the Diet of Japan was a bicameral legislature modelled after both the German Reichstag and the Westminster system. Influence from the Westminster system remained in Japan's Postwar Constitution. | Westminster system |
c_6pvfosxvfbsf | School life expectancy is a measure of how many years of education a child of school-entering age would receive during their lifetime if the school enrollment rates stay the same as of today. It is computed by UNESCO Institute for Statistics and is used by statisticians and organisations to compare and assess the devel... | School life expectancy |
c_7pllneg1n9ws | Mental age is a concept related to intelligence. It looks at how a specific individual, at a specific age, performs intellectually, compared to average intellectual performance for that individual's actual chronological age (i.e. time elapsed since birth). The intellectual performance is based on performance in tests a... | Mental age |
c_599dnrsw2ej7 | For instance, a child's intellectual age can be average for their actual age, but the same child's emotional intelligence can be immature for their physical age. Psychologists often remark that girls are more emotionally mature than boys at around the age of puberty. Also, a six-year-old child intellectually gifted can... | Mental age |
c_4rl317yu91v2 | During much of the 19th century, theories of intelligence focused on measuring the size of human skulls. Anthropologists well known for their attempts to correlate cranial size and capacity with intellectual potential were Samuel Morton and Paul Broca.The modern theories of intelligence began to emerge along with exper... | Mental age |
c_pj5q7pnva3mf | Cattell was more focused on heredity rather than environment. This spurs much of the debate about the nature of intelligence.Mental age was first defined by the French psychologist Alfred Binet, who introduced the intelligence test in 1905, with the assistance of Theodore Simon. | Mental age |
c_hgz4x2tx68x6 | Binet's experiments on French schoolchildren laid the framework for future experiments into the mind throughout the 20th century. He created an experiment that was designed as a test to be completed quickly and was taken by children of various ages. In general, of course older children performed better on these tests t... | Mental age |
c_ypwl058t79ua | However, the younger children who had exceeded the average of their age group were said to have a higher "mental age", and those who performed below that average were deemed to have a lower "mental age". Binet's theories suggested that while mental age was a useful indicator, it was by no means fixed permanently, and i... | Mental age |
c_gvlz6h9f89sh | The limitations of the Stanford-Binet caused David Wechsler to publish the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1955. These two tests were split into two different ones for children. The WAIS-IV is the known current publication of the test for adults. The reason for this test was to score the individual and comp... | Mental age |
c_g3ixmfi46ysr | Modern intelligence tests, such as the current Stanford-Binet test, no longer compute the IQ using the above "ratio IQ" formula. Instead, the results of several different standardized tests are combined to derive a score. This score reflects how far the person's performance deviates from the average performance of othe... | Mental age |
c_6vawj0wzcm3e | Measures such as mental age and IQ have limitations. Binet did not believe these measures represented a single, permanent, and inborn level of intelligence. He stressed that intelligence overall is too broad to be represented by a single number. It is influenced by many factors such as the individual's background, and ... | Mental age |
c_ia3q1mri69ys | After World War I, the concept of intelligence as fixed, hereditary, and unchangeable became the dominant theory within the experimental psychological community. By the mid-1930s, there was no longer agreement among researchers on whether or not intelligence was hereditary. There are still recurring debates about the i... | Mental age |
c_h9qejlsm0drh | Homophily (from Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós) 'same, common', and φιλία (philía) 'friendship, love') is a concept in sociology describing the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with similar others, as in the proverb "birds of a feather flock together". The presence of homophily has been discovered in a vast arr... | Homophily |
c_yc95bw80jwos | Individuals in homophilic relationships share common characteristics (beliefs, values, education, etc.) that make communication and relationship formation easier. Homophily between mated pairs in animals has been extensively studied in the field of evolutionary biology, where it is known as assortative mating. Homophil... | Homophily |
c_rruafzcv1m2s | To test the relevance of homophily, researchers have distinguished between two types: Baseline homophily: simply the amount of homophily that would be expected by chance given an existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics; and Inbreeding homophily: the amount of homophily over and above this ex... | Homophily |
c_3gn67u8jf0zg | In their original formulation of homophily, Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton (1954) distinguished between status homophily and value homophily; individuals with similar social status characteristics were more likely to associate with each other than by chance: Status homophily: includes both society-ascribed charac... | Homophily |
c_qlivxdqdj1ui | Social networks in the United States today are strongly divided by race and ethnicity, which account for a large proportion of inbreeding homophily (though classification by these criteria can be problematic in sociology due to fuzzy boundaries and different definitions of race). Smaller groups have lower diversity sim... | Homophily |
c_xzqonupgotfp | In terms of sex and gender, the baseline homophily networks were relatively low compared to race and ethnicity. In this form of homophily men and women frequently live together and have large populations that are normally equal in size. It is also common to find higher levels of gender homophily among school students. ... | Homophily |
c_3tektlb32cxf | Most age homophily is of the baseline type. An interesting pattern of inbreeding age homophily for groups of different ages was found by Marsden (1988). It indicated a strong relationship between someone's age and the social distance to other people with regard to confiding in someone. For example, the larger age gap s... | Homophily |
c_ps16ojihygtf | Homophily based on religion is due to both baseline and inbreeding homophily. Those that belong in the same religion are more likely to exhibit acts of service and aid to one another, such as loaning money, giving therapeutic counseling, and other forms of help during moments of emergency. Parents have been shown to ha... | Homophily |
c_qa404pag4ans | Family of birth accounts for considerable baseline homophily with respect to education, occupation, and social class. In terms of education, there is a divide among those who have a college education and those who do not. Another major distinction can be seen between those with white collar occupations and blue collar ... | Homophily |
c_tsdigh9fjyxm | Homophily occurs within groups of people that have similar interests as well. We enjoy interacting more with individuals who share similarities with us, so we tend to actively seek out these connections. Additionally, as more users begin to rely on the Internet to find like minded communities for themselves, many examp... | Homophily |
c_mnz79po5r2d9 | As social networks are largely divided by race, social-networking websites like Facebook also foster homophilic atmospheres. When a Facebook user 'likes' or interacts with an article or post of a certain ideology, Facebook continues to show that user posts of that similar ideology (which Facebook believes they will be ... | Homophily |
c_rz8v3h6uff4k | Geography: Baseline homophily often arises when the people who are located nearby also have similar characteristics. People are more likely to have contact with those who are geographically closer than those who are distant. Technology such as the telephone, e-mail, and social networks have reduced but not eliminated t... | Homophily |
c_z91cclflubpj | Family relationships are generally close and keep frequent contact though they may be at great geographic distances. Ideas that may get lost in other relational contexts, will often instead lead to actions in this setting.Organizations: School, work, and volunteer activities provide the great majority of non-family tie... | Homophily |
c_puu804ru7e8h | The social homogeneity of most organizations creates a strong baseline homophily in networks that are formed there.Isomorphic sources: The connections between people who occupy equivalent roles will induce homophily in the system of network ties. This is common in three domains: workplace (e.g., all heads of HR departm... | Homophily |
c_vrbz50lbmdcw | According to one study, perception of interpersonal similarity improves coordination and increase the expected payoff of interactions, above and beyond the effect of merely "liking others." Another study claims that homophily produces tolerance and cooperation in social spaces. However, homophilic patterns can also res... | Homophily |
c_iuc8b3ymmb4r | One study of this shift in a network’s user base from danah boyd (2011) found that this perception of homophily impacted many individuals' preference of one site over another. Most users chose to be more active on the site their friends were on. However, along with the complexities of belongingness, people of similar a... | Homophily |
c_12uucgipm3iy | The different features of homophily affected their outlook of each respective site. The effects of homophily on the diffusion of information and behaviors are also complex. Some studies have claimed that homophily facilitates access information, the diffusion of innovations and behaviors, and the formation of social no... | Homophily |
c_h2357frfat5p | Other studies, however, highlight mechanisms through which homophily can maintain disagreement, exacerbate polarization of opinions, lead to self segregation between groups, and slow the formation of an overall consensus.As online users have a degree of power to form and dictate the environment, the effects of homophil... | Homophily |
c_oyjl2jk2fuhu | Homophily is a cause of homogamy—marriage between people with similar characteristics. Homophily is a fertility factor; an increased fertility is seen in people with a tendency to seek acquaintance among those with common characteristics. Governmental family policies have a decreased influence on fertility rates in suc... | Homophily |
c_00dopoln73rg | Clazuril is a drug used in veterinary medicine as a coccidiostat. | Clazuril |
c_cek55bt3dl2t | The Third Space is a postcolonial sociolinguistic theory of identity and community realized through language. It is attributed to Homi K. Bhabha. Third Space Theory explains the uniqueness of each person, actor or context as a "hybrid". See Edward W. Soja for a conceptualization of the term within the social sciences a... | Third Space Theory |
c_2vo14stj1rwg | Third Space theory emerges from the sociocultural tradition in psychology identified with Lev Vygotsky. Sociocultural approaches are concerned with the "... constitutive role of culture in mind, i.e., on how mind develops by incorporating the community's shared artifacts accumulated over generations". Bhabha applies so... | Third Space Theory |
c_07fj698kpnhb | In discourse of dissent, the Third Space has come to have two interpretations: that space where the oppressed plot their liberation: the whispering corners of the tavern or the bazaar that space where oppressed and oppressor are able to come together, free (maybe only momentarily) of oppression itself, embodied in thei... | Third Space Theory |
c_bnhsx15mga74 | Latterly the term Third Space has been appropriated into brand marketing where domestic spaces and workforce-engagement spaces are set against recreational retail space: shopping malls as third spaces (see Third place, Postrel 2006; and see also Davis 2008). Bill Thompson (2007) offers an opposite conceptualisation of ... | Third Space Theory |
c_zbcyyzu8fonm | Third Space Theory can explain some of the complexity of poverty, social exclusion and social inclusion, and might help predict what sort of initiatives would more effectively ameliorate poverty and exclusion. Bonds of affinity (class, kin, location: e.g. neighbourhood, etc.) can function as "poverty traps". Third Spac... | Third Space Theory |
c_2mz656pht88b | Conditions and locations of social and cultural exclusion have their reflection in symbolic conditions and locations of cultural exchange. It appears to be accepted in policy that neither social capital nor cultural capital, alone or together, are sufficient to overcome social exclusion. Third Space Theory suggests tha... | Third Space Theory |
c_ujchas539035 | Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS or MUS) are symptoms for which a treating physician or other healthcare providers have found no medical cause, or whose cause remains contested. In its strictest sense, the term simply means that the cause for the symptoms is unknown or disputed—there is no scientific conse... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_8ege6flgdv0e | Typically, the possibility that MUPS are caused by prescription drugs or other drugs is ignored. It is estimated that between 15% and 30% of all primary care consultations are for medically unexplained symptoms. | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_ie435dserbli | A large Canadian community survey revealed that the most common medically unexplained symptoms are musculoskeletal pain, ear, nose, and throat symptoms, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, and dizziness. The term MUPS can also be used to refer to syndromes whose etiology remains contested, including ... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_ja4iord0dvny | Risk factors for medically unexplained symptoms are complex and include both psychological and organic features, and such symptoms are often accompanied by other somatic symptoms attributable to organic disease. As such it is recognised that the boundary defining symptoms as medically unexplained is increasingly becomi... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_z2cvwmjiz7ij | The lack of known etiology in MUPS cases can lead to conflict between patient and health-care provider over the diagnosis and treatment of MUPS. Most physicians will consider that MUPS most probably have a psychological cause (even if the patient displays no evidence of psychological problems). Many patients, on the ot... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_cp6ml4dwpdnt | The situation may lead a patient to question the doctor's competence.A 2008 review in the British Medical Journal stated that a doctor must be careful not to tell a patient that nothing is wrong, "as clearly this is not the case". The symptoms that brought the patient to the doctor are real, even when the cause is not ... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_gwop4yf5tqs2 | When a cause for MUPS is found, the symptom(s) are no longer medically unexplained. Some cases of ulcers and dyspepsia were considered MUPS until bacterial infections were found to be their cause. Similarly, in illnesses where long diagnostic delays are common (e.g., certain types of autoimmune disease and other rare i... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_xvfkrnkjfxry | The most effective current treatment for some medically unexplained symptoms is a combination of therapeutic approaches tailored to the individual patient. Most MUS patients are in need of psychotherapy, relaxation therapy and physiotherapy under medical supervision. A combined therapeutic approach which is at least tw... | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
c_ae75is8zzjth | The next best documented approach is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with evidence from multiple randomized controlled trials. Antidepressants may also help, but the evidence is "not yet conclusive." The effectiveness of CBT and antidepressants has not been studied for all medically unexplained symptoms, however. | Medically unexplained physical symptoms |
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