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c_lbiqbs0y46ky | Past users were not at increased risk. The risk in current users was increased about 1.2 fold; for every 1000 women using HRT, 2.6 developed ovarian cancer over 5 years, compared with 2.2 in those not taking HRT. | Million Women Study |
c_0kp9512ichua | The risk was the same for estrogen-only, combined estrogen-progestogen and other types of HRT (including tibolone) and did not vary by specific type of estrogen or progestogen, or between oral and transdermal (patch) administration. These results are equivalent to one extra case of ovarian cancer for every 2500 women t... | Million Women Study |
c_py60inqlfj4r | In particular, an estimation of the overall effect of HRT use on three common cancers in women: breast cancer, endometrial (womb) cancer and ovarian cancer. Together, these cancers account for about 4 in 10 cancers in women in the UK. According to the findings, in women aged 50–69, about 19 of these cancers will develo... | Million Women Study |
c_0ax9dgfhto7x | The study has also found that low to moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk of a variety of types of cancer in women, including breast cancer. | Million Women Study |
c_mfp8bzmqx79f | Results from the Million Women Study, together with those from other studies such as the Women’s Health Initiative trial from the USA, have influenced national policy, including recent recommendations on the prescribing and use of hormone replacement therapy from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists an... | Million Women Study |
c_pzpnw6dclg7j | Gustave Fallot (17 November 1807 – 6 July 1836) was a French librarian and philologist. Having obtained the diploma of palaeographer-archivist he was appointed sub-librarian of the Institut de France. He committed himself relentlessly to scholarship; he completed a manuscript on the origins of the French language and n... | Gustave Fallot |
c_cyjv27wgim7a | Sex differences in cognition are widely studied in the current scientific literature. Biological and genetic differences in combination with environment and culture have resulted in the cognitive differences among males and females. Among biological factors, hormones such as testosterone and estrogen may play some role... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_znlemd8f6uqe | Cognitive abilities are mental abilities that a person uses in everyday life, as well as specific demand tasks. The most basic of these abilities are memory, executive function, processing speed and perception, which combine to form a larger perceptual umbrella relating to different social, affective, verbal and spatia... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_f25mirle009j | Various researchers have conducted studies to determine the differences between males and females and their abilities within their short-term memory. For example, a study conducted by Lowe, Mayfield, and Reynolds (2003) examined sex differences among children and adolescents on various short-term memory measures. This ... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_m7g2v5l5cm2d | In two different studies researchers have found that women perform higher on verbal tasks and men perform higher on spatial tasks (Voyer, Voyer, & Saint-Aubin, 2016). These findings are consistent with studies of intelligence with regards to pattern, females performing higher on certain verbal tasks and males performin... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_locvlfxtg876 | There are usually no sex differences in overall working memory except those involving spatial information such as space and object. A 2004 study published in the journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology found significantly higher male performance on four visuo-spatial working memory. Another 2010 study published in the ... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_p72rb4bvr5w7 | There was also no sex differences in verbal working memory among a study of university students published in the Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. However, they still found greater male spatial working memory in studies published in the journals Brain Cognition and Intelligence. Also, even though they found no se... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_vy7z9zz1t8sp | Researchers indicate females might have greater working memory on tasks that only relies on the prefrontal cortex. However, in another study of working memory, where the goal was to detect sex differences under high loads of working memory, males outperformed females under high loads of working memory. | Sex differences in cognition |
c_3mn37wrrd8gz | The authors of the study state: "Results indicated sex effects at high loads across tasks and within each task, such that males had higher accuracy, even among groups that were matched for performance at lower loads". A 2006 review and study on working memory published in the journal European Journal of Cognitive Psych... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_k6iu89g11z65 | Studies have found a greater female ability in episodic memory involving verbal or both verbal and visual-spatial tasks while a higher male ability that only involves complex visual-spatial episodic memory. For example, a study published in the journal Neuropsychology found that women perform at a higher level on most ... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_j6470heop0gy | One other study also found greater female free-recall and long term retrieval among the ages 5–17.In another study, when using multiple tests for episodic memory, there were no differences between men and women. A similar result was also found among children from 3 to 6 years old. As for semantic memory related to gene... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_w8epeoaq50kj | There has not been enough literature or studies assessing sex difference in executive functioning, especially since executive functions are not a unitary concept. However, in the ones that have been done, there have been differences found in attention and inhibition. | Sex differences in cognition |
c_mvvlv686up8f | A 2002 study published in the Journal of Vision found that males were faster at shifting attention from one object to another as well as shifting attention within objects. 2012–2014 studies published in the Journal of Neuropsychology with a sample size ranging from 3500 to 9138 participants by researcher Ruben C Gur fo... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_e9mbl2t2xwbp | A 2008 study published in the journal Psychophysiology found faster reaction time to deviant stimuli in women. The study also analyzed past literature and found higher female performance in withholding social behavior such as aggressive responses and improper sexual arousal. Furthermore, they found evidence that women ... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_6z6owdw84zo9 | They also found lower female effort in response inhibition in equal performance for the same tasks implying an advantage for females in response inhibition based on neural efficiency. In another study published in 2011 in the journal Brain and Cognition, it was found that females outperformed males on the Sustained Att... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_iif6jq3e00xi | Sex differences in processing speed has been largely noted in literature. Studies published in the journal Intelligence have found faster processing speed in women. For example, a 2006 study published in Intelligence by researcher Stephen Camarata and Richard Woodcock found faster processing speed in females across all... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_xl8o7m4outzs | The sample also had a number of 8,818 participants. Other studies by Keith have also found faster processing speed in females from ages 5 to 17. In one recent study, groups of men and women were tested using the WAIS-IV and WAIS-R tests. According to the research results, there were no differences in processing speed b... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_ydf9hiooia3e | Studies of sex differences in semantic perception (attribution of meaning) of words reported that males conceptualize items in terms of physical or observable attributes whereas females use more evaluative concepts. Another study of young adults in three cultures showed significant sex differences in semantic perceptio... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_h42sjv3enuei | Sex differences in spatial abilities are widely established in literature. Males have much higher level of performance in three major spatial tasks which include spatial visualization, spatial perception and mental rotation. Spatial visualization elicits the smallest difference with a deviation of 0.13, perception a de... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_huofv01zfw22 | These male advantages manifests themselves in math and mechanical tasks for example significantly higher male performance on tests of geometry, measurement, probability, statistics and especially mechanical reasoning. It also manifests and largely mediates higher male performance in arithmetic and computational fluency... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_w0h1lv3f5vkv | Spatial visualization on the other hand also correlate with higher math achievement in a range of 0.30 to 0.60. Furthermore, male advantage in spatial abilities can be accounted for by their greater ability in spatial working memory. Sex differences in mental rotation also reaches almost a single deviation (1.0) when t... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_f1vsiwagp3so | But it depends on the type of stimulus (object) and the task. In some conditions, men's productivity is higher (for example, when "male" objects are used), in other conditions, women's productivity may be higher or there are no differences between the sexes. Higher female ability in visual recognition of objects and sh... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_uzjeh09853n1 | Like spatial ability, sex differences in verbal abilities have been widely established in literature. There is a clear higher female performance on a number of verbal tasks prominently a higher level of performance in speech production which reaches a deviation of 0.33 and also a higher performance in writing. Studies ... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_ixx62h0pdysk | It has also been found that the hormone estrogen increases ability of speech production and phonological processing in women, which could be tied to their advantages in these areas. Overall better female performance have also been found in verbal fluency which include a trivial advantage reading comprehension while a s... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_8kmtk7eojp2d | Current literature suggests women have higher level of social cognition. A 2012 review published in the journal Neuropsychologia found that women are better at recognizing facial effects, expression processing and emotions in general. Men were only better at recognizing specific behaviour which includes anger, aggressi... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_gnk3k4tb94ae | In 2014, another study published in the journal Cerebral Cortex found that females had larger activity in the right temporal cortex, an essential core of the social brain connected to perception and understanding the social behaviour of others such as intentions, emotions, and expectations. In 2014, a meta-analysis of ... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_69qtgnpkjzdq | Other studies have also indicated greater female superiority to discriminate vocal and facial expression regardless of valence, and also being able to accurately process emotional speech. Studies have also found males to be slower in making social judgments than females. Structural studies with MRI neuroimaging has als... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_zh4ypz6btugh | Empathy is a large part of social cognition and facilitates its cognitive components known as theory of mind. Current literature suggests a higher level of empathy in women compared to men.A 2014 analysis from the journal of Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews reported that there is evidence that "sex differences in e... | Sex differences in cognition |
c_nqvo70b4q2ru | Centre of West African Studies (CWAS) is a division of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Birmingham, England. The centre provides teaching and research into issues of African development, culture, anthropology, sociology, politics, history, and the legacies of the African diaspora, particularly in t... | Centre of West African Studies |
c_2l4j4x7lkzx7 | The Centre was founded in 1963 by John Fage, a scholar of African (particularly Ghanaian) history, who during his career wrote several seminal works on the history of the African continent, including History of Africa (now in its 4th edition), Africa Discovers Her Past, and Ghana: A Historical Interpretation, which dev... | Centre of West African Studies |
c_r5d9c7cp9h79 | Prof. Karin Barber Dr. Stewart Brown Dr. Lynne Brydon Dr. Reginald Cline-Cole Dr. Insa Nolte Dr. Keith Shear | Centre of West African Studies |
c_cw8hdnkejnyt | Double demotivation is a theory involving pay and motivation first postulated by S.C. Carr and MacLachlan. Double demotivation hypothesises that pay discrepancies decrease work motivation among both lower and higher paid individuals who essentially perform the same task. Compared with equitably paid workers, employees ... | Double demotivation |
c_4mtz31mk45r7 | The administration of education policy in the Britain began in the 19th century. Official mandation of education began with the Elementary Education Act 1870 for England and Wales, and the Education (Scotland) Act 1872 for Scotland. Education policy has always been run separately for the component nations of Britain, a... | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_jg10dni3d9fl | As there is no devolved government for England, the administration of education policy for the nation has been carried out by a number of different British central government departments since the 19th century. Key events in Education in England have been the Elementary Education Act 1870, the Education Act 1902, the E... | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_1xb7qlxutu2t | Before the latter-part of the 19th century education was a private matter, and there was no governmental policy lead. Some education services were provided by the Church (dating back to a Papal proclamation in the 11th century). A Committee of the Privy Council was appointed in 1839 to supervise the distribution of cer... | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_1q5vrco3sowm | From 1857 a Vice President was appointed who took responsibility for policy, leading to the creation of the Education Office. With the 1870 Act the Education Office was given the task to manage the national process and commission local school boards in boroughs and parishes where they were requested. The Board of Educa... | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_w6wy5z553v1q | The Education Act 1902 formalised the relationship between central government and education delivery by abolishing the 2568 school boards set up by the 1870 Act, and transferring their duties (and schools) to local government (borough and county councils) in a new guise as local education authorities. The Education Act... | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_519xv05ga3ql | After the 2001 General Election, the DfEE and the Department for Social Security were combined and re-split into the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) and the Department for Work and Pensions. In 2007, when Gordon Brown became Prime Minister, he split the education ministerial portfolio into two. The Departmen... | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_r119l17t4zyc | Education policy in Northern Ireland is run by the Northern Ireland Department of Education. | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_o6djlcqjh97h | Education policy in Scotland has always been run on its own lines. Since devolution it has transferred from the defunct Scottish Office to the Scottish Executive. | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_pos6ptlh6xxx | Education policy in Wales was run as with that of England until devolution in 1998. Since then it has been run under the Welsh Assembly Government. | Education administration in the United Kingdom |
c_j1ga23lpu7oo | The Redalyc project (Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y El Caribe, España y Portugal) is a bibliographic database and a digital library of Open Access journals, supported by the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México with the help of numerous other higher education institutions and information systems. ... | Redalyc |
c_81mxrqb5i22m | Participation, measured by percentage of articles by authors of Latin America in such databases was very low in the dominant repositories e.g., 2.7% in the Science Citation Index (SCI).As of 2015, Redalyc is an information system that also evaluates the scientific and editorial quality of knowledge in Ibero-America. A ... | Redalyc |
c_r3fbxsnj4bwi | Organized in two main areas (social and natural sciences) and many specialised sub-sections, Redalyc gathers journals published in 15 countries, with over 550 journals and 16,000 articles available in PDF format, along with abstracts in Spanish and English languages, reference information, and other metadata. Similar t... | Redalyc |
c_mu8renaevtaz | Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Spain, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Serbia, Uruguay and Venezuela | Redalyc |
c_i8p1xht31wlc | Agrarian Studies, Anthropology, Art, Communication, Culture, Demography, Economy, Education, Environmental Studies, Geography, Health, History, Information Sciences, Language and Literature, Law, Multi-disciplinary studies, Philosophy and Science, Political Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Sociology and Terr... | Redalyc |
c_h2lkm7a1fasw | Agrarian Science, Architecture, Astronomy, Atmospheric Sciences, Biology, Chemistry, Engineering, Geology, Geophysics, Information Technology, Mathematics, Medicine, Multidisciplinaries, Oceanography, Physics and Veterinary Medicine | Redalyc |
c_te2gyr5v5abv | Bibliometric techniques have been shown to be useful in development of indicators of scientific research activity to address emerging concerns such as institutional level analysis of capabilities and networks. Bibliometric indicators have been used for policy purposes for nearly 25 years and were developed to address c... | Redalyc |
c_mvda52tndha7 | Redalyc database requires the submission of XML. This section lists the technologies that can be used for generating Redalyc XML. | Redalyc |
c_8qlw204gaf0f | MS Word documents & OpenOffice (LibreOffice) documents to Redalyc: Typeset: This tool provides a set of converters as a SaaS subscription model. MS-Word to SciELO XML. OxGarage and meTypeset: can convert documents from various XML formats Pandoc for Redalyc XML: Happens via MS-Word to Markdown (with some loss of contex... | Redalyc |
c_u2lo0kyjqi32 | This section describes the process of taking Redalyc XML as input, and using that to product multiple outputs. from Redalyc to HTML: JATS Preview Stylesheets (canonical XSLT conversion) Typeset Publisher Solution eLife Lens converts NLM XML to JSON for displaying using HTML and Javascript. from Redalyc to PDF: Typeset ... | Redalyc |
c_zi67a2aael7v | oXygen XML Editor Typeset XML Editor for Journals. Supports XML exports in compliant Redalyc Standards. Frequently used by editorial team to generate any kind of XML, PDF, HTML and ePUB. PubRef "Pipeline": Browser-based realtime-preview XML editor | Redalyc |
c_w0foj4bfuk9t | Redalyc produces indicator to keep track of the publications consultation. The statistics obtained are: Site use Articles report Visits report Consults comparatives Global use reports Internationalization index Individual reports Editorial reports Institutional reports | Redalyc |
c_av4jdeuax4gq | In July 2015, Jeffrey Beall, an American librarian, posted an article on his blog referring to the two largest Latin American open access databases (SciELO and Redalyc) as “favelas”, which is a derogatory Portuguese term for a slum. Beall stated: "Many North American scholars have never even heard of these meta-publish... | Redalyc |
c_ojdyibu9mec3 | What is being suggested, it seems, is that Spanish and Portuguese scholars writing in their mother tongues should be deeply worried because English speakers are unlikely to read their work. Furthermore, we should also be ashamed of the quality of our work because a region that does not speak our language is unintereste... | Redalyc |
c_hooz28mb3xer | Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales Revista Colombiana de Estadistica Universitas Psychologica Geologica Acta Vojnotehnicki glasnik/Military Technical Courier | Redalyc |
c_1kka2u4iy81u | Learned helplessness is the behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. It was initially thought to be caused by the subject's acceptance of their powerlessness, by way of their discontinuing attempts to escape or avoid the aversive stimulus, even when such alternative... | Learned helplessness |
c_clyfjxom5qso | American psychologist Martin Seligman initiated research on learned helplessness in 1967 at the University of Pennsylvania as an extension of his interest in depression. This research was later expanded through experiments by Seligman and others. One of the first was an experiment by Seligman & Overmier: In Part 1 of t... | Learned helplessness |
c_nv6ximq3frdk | Groups 2 and 3 consisted of "yoked pairs". Dogs in Group 2 were given electric shocks at random times, which the dog could end by pressing a lever. Each dog in Group 3 was paired with a Group 2 dog; whenever a Group 2 dog got a shock, its paired dog in Group 3 got a shock of the same intensity and duration, but its lev... | Learned helplessness |
c_9sqiwsjtwiyo | To a dog in Group 3, it seemed that the shock ended at random because it was their paired dog in Group 2 that was causing it to stop. Thus, for Group 3 dogs, the shock was "inescapable". In Part 2 of the experiment, the same three groups of dogs were tested in a shuttle-box apparatus (a chamber containing two rectangul... | Learned helplessness |
c_x1h7u5shp4k3 | All of the dogs could escape shocks on one side of the box by jumping over a low partition to the other side. The dogs in Groups 1 and 2 quickly learned this task and escaped the shock. Most of the Group 3 dogs – which had previously learned that nothing they did had any effect on shocks – simply lay down passively and... | Learned helplessness |
c_wxj3ytsew2zu | To prevent such interfering behavior, Group 3 dogs were immobilized with a paralyzing drug (curare) and underwent a procedure similar to that in Part 1 of the Seligman and Overmier experiment. When tested as before in Part 2, these Group 3 dogs exhibited helplessness as before. | Learned helplessness |
c_m0c3yfklf5s8 | This result serves as an indicator for the ruling out of the interference hypothesis. From these experiments, it was thought that there was to be only one cure for helplessness. In Seligman's hypothesis, the dogs do not try to escape because they expect that nothing they do will stop the shock. | Learned helplessness |
c_zbd0ud6k1s4n | To change this expectation, experimenters physically picked up the dogs and moved their legs, replicating the actions the dogs would need to take in order to escape from the electrified grid. This had to be done at least twice before the dogs would start willfully jumping over the barrier on their own. In contrast, thr... | Learned helplessness |
c_aqzof7k5j7b8 | Later experiments have served to confirm the depressive effect of feeling a lack of control over an aversive stimulus. For example, in one experiment, humans performed mental tasks in the presence of distracting noise. Those who could use a switch to turn off the noise rarely bothered to do so, yet they performed bette... | Learned helplessness |
c_mkdwntxqxr3m | Simply being aware of this option was enough to substantially counteract the noise effect. In 2011, an animal study found that animals with control over stressful stimuli exhibited changes in the excitability of certain neurons in the prefrontal cortex. Animals that lacked control failed to exhibit this neural effect a... | Learned helplessness |
c_ek8sno9ig4ex | Research has found that a human's reaction to feeling a lack of control differs both between individuals and between situations, i.e. learned helplessness sometimes remains specific to one situation but at other times generalizes across situations. Such variations are not explained by the original theory of learned hel... | Learned helplessness |
c_0bra50i3866b | They proposed that people differed in how they classified negative experiences on three scales, from internal to external, stable to unstable, and from global to specific. They believed that people who were more likely to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes were more likely to become depres... | Learned helplessness |
c_814e3rjefl07 | A specific attribution occurs when the individual believes that the cause of a negative event is unique to a particular situation. A stable attribution occurs when the individual believes the cause to be consistent across time. An unstable attribution occurs when the individual thinks that the cause is specific to one ... | Learned helplessness |
c_1oiuaok1riv7 | Research has shown that increased 5-HT (serotonin) activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus plays a critical role in learned helplessness. Other key brain regions that are involved with the expression of helpless behavior include the basolateral amygdala, central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria termina... | Learned helplessness |
c_z2yhitudori2 | In the article, "Exercise, Learned Helplessness, and the Stress-Resistant Brain", Benjamin N. Greenwood and Monika Fleshner discuss how exercise might prevent stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression. They show evidence that running wheel exercise prevents learned helplessness behaviors in rats. They sug... | Learned helplessness |
c_fzp73z2sq8cj | The article also discusses the neurocircuitry of learned helplessness, the role of serotonin (or 5-HT), and the exercise-associated neural adaptations that may contribute to the stress-resistant brain. However, the authors finally conclude that "The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this effect, however, remain ... | Learned helplessness |
c_hbd52j6dwepr | From this perspective there are two different kinds of "helplessness" that appear at different stages of development. In early development, the infant is naturally helpless and must learn "helpfulness" toward mature neurophysiology. The "helplessness" that appears after maturation is what is properly termed "learned he... | Learned helplessness |
c_u8u1zm7z74q4 | People who perceive events as uncontrollable show a variety of symptoms that threaten their mental and physical well-being. They experience stress, they often show disruption of emotions demonstrating passivity or aggressivity, and they can also have difficulty performing cognitive tasks such as problem-solving. They a... | Learned helplessness |
c_mcnjvdy0ctky | Abnormal and cognitive psychologists have found a strong correlation between depression-like symptoms and learned helplessness in laboratory animals. Steven Maier, a professor from the University of Colorado, states that a model of depression could be caused by "impaired medial prefrontal cortical inhibitory control ov... | Learned helplessness |
c_4ec7hyy41gox | Similarly, the National Institute of Health, in 2021, looked at a wide range of depressive models. It highlights the learned helplessness model. The model allows one to predict depressive symptoms because of its high rates of overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder, which is the leadin... | Learned helplessness |
c_w8544uvgmiyd | "(See Neurobiological perspective section above for further information on this article) Young adults and middle-aged parents with a pessimistic explanatory style often suffer from depression. They tend to be poor at problem-solving and cognitive restructuring and demonstrate poor job satisfaction and interpersonal rel... | Learned helplessness |
c_0zw950yerwe8 | Those with a pessimistic style can have weakened immune systems. It includes increased vulnerability to minor ailments (e.g., cold, fever) and major illnesses (e.g., heart attack, cancers). It can also cause poorer recovery from health problems. | Learned helplessness |
c_mnqyuij5kifa | Learned helplessness can be a factor in a wide range of social situations. In emotionally abusive relationships, the victim often develops learned helplessness. This occurs when the victim confronts or tries to leave the abuser only to have the abuser dismiss or trivialize the victim's feelings, pretend to care but not... | Learned helplessness |
c_qdums98alqdv | This often results in a traumatic bonding with one's victimizer, as in Stockholm syndrome or Battered woman syndrome. Complex post-traumatic stress disorder. According to Gregory Bateson's theory of schizophrenia, the disorder is a pattern of learned helplessness in people habitually caught in double binds in childhood... | Learned helplessness |
c_xaw5vn2qr8tl | In such cases, the double bind is presented continually and habitually within the family context from infancy on. By the time the child is old enough to have identified the double bind situation, it has already been internalized, and the child is unable to confront it. The solution then is to create an escape from the ... | Learned helplessness |
c_pgw1m3t73jiy | The motivational effect of learned helplessness is often seen in the classroom. Students who repeatedly fail may conclude that they are incapable of improving their performance, and this attribution keeps them from trying to succeed, which results in increased helplessness, continued failure, loss of self-esteem and ot... | Learned helplessness |
c_xu3j9k2qdwmm | This becomes a pattern that will spiral downward if it continues to go untreated. Child abuse by neglect can be a manifestation of learned helplessness. | Learned helplessness |
c_e39itcn9gogd | For example, when parents believe they are incapable of stopping an infant's crying, they may simply give up trying to do anything for the child. This learned helplessness will negatively impact both the parent and child. Those who are extremely shy or anxious in social situations may become passive due to feelings of ... | Learned helplessness |
c_ghoyakeoqmqu | Gotlib and Beatty (1985) found that people who cite helplessness in social settings may be viewed poorly by others, which tends to reinforce passivity. Aging individuals may respond with helplessness to the deaths of friends and family members, the loss of jobs and income, and the development of age-related health prob... | Learned helplessness |
c_91us8ykkw16b | According to Cox et al., Abramson, Devine, and Hollon (2012), learned helplessness is a key factor in depression that is caused by inescapable prejudice (i.e., "deprejudice"). Thus: "Helplessness born in the face of inescapable prejudice matches the helplessness born in the face of inescapable shocks." According to Rub... | Learned helplessness |
c_hwz98llfvj3h | This type of learned helplessness is passed from parents to children. People who embrace this mentality feel there is no way to escape poverty and so one must live in the moment and not plan for the future, trapping families in poverty.Social problems resulting from learned helplessness may seem unavoidable to those en... | Learned helplessness |
c_o7ryh3jh6bnh | When induced in experimental settings, learned helplessness has been shown to resolve itself with the passage of time. People can be immunized against the perception that events are uncontrollable by increasing their awareness of previous experiences, when they were able to affect the desired outcome. Cognitive therapy... | Learned helplessness |
c_0xajcbqjpf33 | Cognitive scientist and usability engineer Donald Norman used learned helplessness to explain why people blame themselves when they have a difficult time using simple objects in their environment.The U.S. sociologist Harrison White has suggested in his book Identity and Control that the notion of learned helplessness c... | Learned helplessness |
c_ypxskyevz8dp | In a political setting, learned helplessness is involved when a voter votes for a candidate and that candidate does not win. If this happens over time, it can lead to learned helplessness. When this does occur, it can often lead to having fewer voters in the future. However, Wollman & Stouder (1991) found that there wa... | Learned helplessness |
c_v89zen24crru | Studies on learned helplessness served as the basis for developing American torture methods. In CIA interrogation manuals, learned helplessness is characterized as "apathy" which may result from prolonged use of coercive techniques which result in a "debility-dependency-dread" state in the subject, "If the debility-dep... | Learned helplessness |
c_5abocu94hg6s | The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust is a specialist mental health trust based in north London. The Trust specialises in talking therapies. The education and training department caters for 2,000 students a year from the United Kingdom and abroad. | Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust |
c_jnk0aknm9xrn | The Trust is based at the Tavistock Centre in Swiss Cottage. The founding organisation was the Tavistock institute of medical psychology founded in 1920 by Dr. Hugh Crichton-Miller.The Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust was formed in 1994, when the Tavistock Clinic merged with the neighbouring Portman Clinic in Fitzjohn's... | Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust |
c_jixztq5k1uuy | It owes its name to the fact that its original location was in Tavistock Square in central London. When it moved later to larger premises, it took its name with it. Although Hugh Crichton-Miller was a psychiatrist who developed psychological treatments for shell-shocked soldiers during and after the First World War, cl... | Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust |
c_jkbz9rrxe1ry | From its foundation it was also clear that to offer free treatment to all who need it meant that the Tavistock Clinic needed to generate income by providing training to clinical professionals who could eventually help people across the UK and beyond. The clinical staff were also researchers. These principles remain inf... | Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust |
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