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c_dk8kyd5x1d57 | For example, people with moderately positive self-views withdraw from spouses who evaluate them in an exceptionally positive manner.Other critics have suggested that when people with negative self-views seek unfavorable evaluations, they do so as a means of avoiding truly negative evaluations or for purposes of self-im... | Self-verification theory |
c_yra52qlwf5qh | A paddock is a small enclosure for horses. In the United Kingdom, this term also applies to a field for a general automobile racing competition, particularly Formula 1. | Paddock |
c_rzpqb5v6mwj9 | In Canada and the United States of America, a paddock is a small enclosure used to keep horses. In the United Kingdom, this term has a similar meaning, and also applies to a field for a general automobile racing competition, particularly Formula 1. The most common design provides an area for exercise and is often situa... | Paddock |
c_wxrojdk82wc8 | In those cases drainage and a top layer of sand are often used to keep a suitable surface in the paddock.In the American West, such an enclosure is often called a corral, and may be used to contain cattle or horses, occasionally other livestock. The word paddock is also used to describe other small, fenced areas that h... | Paddock |
c_kcpuaaz95l0y | This allows the most natural form of mating to occur and the regularity of mating using this method promotes the chances of a mare becoming pregnant. However, high-value stallions are rarely used for breeding in this manner, as uninterested mares may severely injure them. == References == | Paddock |
c_z1vfupq88ann | Visual ethnography is an approach to ethnography (the study of people and cultures) that uses visual methods such as photography, film and video. There are many methods available to conduct visual ethnography. According to Sarah Pink, visual ethnography is a research methodology that brings “theory and practice of visu... | Visual ethnography |
c_24k56jfyhgea | Beginning in the early 1900s, researchers have recognized the importance of visual methods which has largely emerged from anthropology. That is when photography as well as video became ways of recording targeted populations during field work which are called “salvage ethnography” or “salvage anthropology.” Flaherty's N... | Visual ethnography |
c_7t1ep0a43bpc | Ethnographic photography was still in use- less for analysis and more for context. Despite the move away from applied anthropology through the 1970s and 1980s, ethnographic filmmaking is still common. Still marginal, Visual methods slowly became a tradition and exploded when reflexive research made a dramatic turn. | Visual ethnography |
c_b755y1ddsrku | Visual methods shaped interdisciplinary interest during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Visual methods became recognized across social sciences as digital technology became available, maintaining their roots in ethnography and anthropology. Sarah Pink claims for an “anthropology of the relationship between the visual a... | Visual ethnography |
c_5yg1bzbagjh2 | Visual ethnography as an aspect of the use of visual data has become increasingly important as a part of the qualitative research toolbox. Qualitative research is an off-shoot of the anthropological practice of ethnography that focuses on the collection and analysis of diverse narrative or textual forms of expression. ... | Visual ethnography |
c_h8wsx2l9xl3y | Images can be the central part of analysis of social-cultural views and perceptions created by researchers, and/or participants. According to Van Maanen in using visual ethnography as a qualitative research methodology, “the researcher studies an entire cultural or social group on its natural setting, closely examining... | Visual ethnography |
c_a304fq147grj | The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (often abbreviated as NAV) is an standardized nomenclature. It is made by World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (WAVA). It is used as the standard reference for anatomical (zootomical) terminology in the field of Veterinary Science regarding domestic mammals (domestic birds are reg... | Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria |
c_9uljcqo0bdha | Veterinary anatomists split at the 5th International Congress of the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee in Paris in 1955, due disagreements about the Nomina Anatomica. Following professor Clement Bressou in 1957 in Freiburg (Germany), they form the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclat... | Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria |
c_sl3cj036gosb | Filipino psychology, or Sikolohiyang Pilipino, in Filipino, is defined as the philosophical school and psychology rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. It was formalized in 1975 by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Association for Filipino Psychology) under ... | Filipino psychology |
c_auspi4al0mjt | It focuses on various themes such as identity and national consciousness, social awareness, and involvement, and it uses indigenous psychology to apply to various fields such as religion, mass media, and health. The movement has three main areas of protest. First, it is against a psychology that promotes the colonial m... | Filipino psychology |
c_fdq38t08ilte | Second, it is against the imposition of a psychology that is more appropriate to industrialized countries. Finally, the movement is also against the exploitation of the masses through the use of psychology. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is built on the idea that psychological knowledge can be derived from the culture. | Filipino psychology |
c_9mbmx1q29qc0 | It also believes that foreign theories should not be completely abandoned. According to Luis Enriquez, Sikolohiyang Pilipino does not advocate for the removal of foreign ideas from the field of psychology. In 1978, Enriquez proposed two processes that can be used to indigenize knowledge: indigenization from within and ... | Filipino psychology |
c_i6jw9l8t6yzr | Indigenization from without involves searching for local equivalents for commonly used psychological concepts. Indigenization from within is a process in which the knowledge and methods related to psychology are derived from the local culture. In the Philippines, Sikolohiyang Pilipino has been working on the concept of... | Filipino psychology |
c_q60hwnivrhft | Filipino Psychology emerged and grew as part of the nationalist indigenization movement in the Philippines that was formalized in 1975. The roots of Filipino Psychology can be traced back to the introduction of the American education system in the Philippines. Agustin Alonzo was among the first Filipino psychologists t... | Filipino psychology |
c_atuf6n9hrc7w | Western psychology is taught in schools as universal and scientific despite being generally considered by some as insensitive and inappropriate to Philippine culture. This hegemony of Western American Psychology is referred to as Colonial Psychology. During the 1960s, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were alrea... | Filipino psychology |
c_a0kdg2ebexma | It is with the use of American categories and standards that "the native Filipino invariably suffers from the comparison in not too subtle attempts to put forward Western behavior patterns as models for the Filipino." Early efforts to correct the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology in the 1960s include ... | Filipino psychology |
c_gmjkuxes1bj8 | Filipino Psychology, along with advances in Filipinology and similarly History's Pantayong Pananaw, was led by Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, and Zeus A. Salazar in the indigenization movement of their respective fields. Enriquez returned from his studies to the Philippines in 1971, and established the Philippine P... | Filipino psychology |
c_oy1pvjhro2vd | Filipino Psychology is described as largely postcolonial and as a liberation psychology. There are even some who had even argued that it is a local variant of Critical Psychology since it served as an emancipatory social science since it aims to decolonize academic neocolonialism. Filipino psychology is usually thought... | Filipino psychology |
c_23lt8yhfsnfr | In 1985, historian Zeus A.Salazar identified four different traditions upon which Philippine psychology can be traced: Academic Scientific Psychology or Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya: This follows the American-oriented psychological tradition that can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876. It was introduced in... | Filipino psychology |
c_wzgpxp5tnz3p | This tradition originally came from the writings of the preachers and monks in philosophy and "pre-scientific" Spanish elites and would later join with the American-oriented scientific psychology. Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya: this is the Philippine indigenous psychology in the sense that this includes the f... | Filipino psychology |
c_wrst1ifpkctp | The psycho-medical tradition that has religion as the basis and explanation. This includes the faith healing practices of the babaylan and the katalonan. According to Salazar, he believes that "no real healing could take place if there were no common ideology or frame of reference… understood and accepted by both heale... | Filipino psychology |
c_x90seqvsshkz | Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao and Hindi Ibang Tao. Ibang Tao ("outsider") There are five interaction levels under this category: Pakikitungo: civility – right behavior meant right demeanor towards authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.). Pakikisalamuha: act of mixin... | Filipino psychology |
c_glhwvkrnbc95 | It espouses the ability to adapt. Pakikilahok: act of joining – This translates to participation of the entire community to help a person. Pakikibagay: conformity – This runs into conflict with individuality which many Filipinos in fact willingly throw away in favor of conformity with demands of those who are in charge... | Filipino psychology |
c_zn6psug7jnzk | Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide their dealings with other people. | Filipino psychology |
c_91w1j9msg2e6 | Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being together as a part of one Filipino humanity. | Filipino psychology |
c_jx5u74hq6aqm | Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most Western psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'. Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors—whether these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted. Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal ... | Filipino psychology |
c_6iczgtrf0849 | Bahala na: it is translated as "determination in the face of uncertainty" and is used as an expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture. American psychologist Bostrom describes that Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude equivalent to American fatalism and escapism. Contrary to the connotation of passive fa... | Filipino psychology |
c_74p0utexsflx | It is also about an indication of an acceptance of the nature of things, including the inherent limitations of one's self. Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties. Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability... | Filipino psychology |
c_rosi726zwphh | Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth. Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. This compels a common Filipino to conf... | Filipino psychology |
c_879z1udcp5g6 | Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth. | Filipino psychology |
c_nyayn5wybc1r | Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person. Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity). | Filipino psychology |
c_87ttxoumk1gq | Approaches, or lapit, and methods, or pamamaraan, in Filipino Psychology are different from that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants, called kalahok, are considered as equal in status to the researcher. The participants are included in the research as a group, and not as individ... | Filipino psychology |
c_iiffgdnf8ips | Some of the approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are: Pakikipagkuwentuhan: In this method, the researcher engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish word cuent... | Filipino psychology |
c_uh4mwpshavls | Panunuluyan: In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan. The term tuloy, which is the root word of the term panunuluyan, literally means 'to go in'. Pagdadalaw-dalaw: In this ... | Filipino psychology |
c_h1br5mgrmhmd | The term dalaw literally means 'visit'. Pagtatanung-tanong: In this method, the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok or participants. | Filipino psychology |
c_pxxpgkpqqdzk | In this method, however, 'lead questions' (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked, instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok's answers themselves. The word tanong literally means 'question'. Pakikiramdam: In this approach,... | Filipino psychology |
c_ogp06h0u3pzs | Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the study of abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several mental disorders have been identified that culture-bound syndromes, and can therefore be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with which Filipinos sha... | Filipino psychology |
c_7xdbombtxbox | Bangungot: A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada syndr... | Filipino psychology |
c_9m8a245yry1y | Filipino psychopathology also refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in Filipino people. One example of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are, for the most part, less violent. | Filipino psychology |
c_vess6kvumedo | Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Society for Filipino Psychology) Bukluran sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Union of Filipino Psychology) TATSULOK – Alyansa ng mga Mag-aaral sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (TATSULOK – Alliance of Students of Filipino Psychology) | Filipino psychology |
c_cfa0y8y20yzl | Alcatraz Morgue is the morgue on Alcatraz Island, off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States. It is located on the northwestern side of the island towards the centre, halfway between the Alcatraz Water Tower and the Dining Hall, below the side of the Recreation Yard. | Alcatraz Morgue |
c_ga8dsljza0ue | The morgue was built in 1910 by the U.S. military on a site which was formerly the entrance to a tunnel which was used by soldiers from the 1870s to cross to the opposite side of the island. It is described as "one of the simplest expressions of the mission revival style on Alcatraz." | Alcatraz Morgue |
c_jnsp0fhevq74 | The morgue was built with three vaults and an examination table, with a steel door and a grated skylight. The double-door is a mint green color and is padlocked. The examination table is now covered with moss and in poor condition. | Alcatraz Morgue |
c_yeaoexd254mj | The morgue was only documented to have been used once when a deceased prisoner was stored in it overnight, having missed the last boat run to the mainland of the day. The examination table was never used to conduct an autopsy.During its use by the U.S. Army, deceased officers were originally taken to Angel Island and m... | Alcatraz Morgue |
c_y0hca3gjokk1 | Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy and known informally as the drip) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due... | Intravenous therapy |
c_21rk7sqgfzku | The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and fluid replacement throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the circulatory system and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some recreational drugs. | Intravenous therapy |
c_5p2ewfawpl30 | Many therapies are administered as a "bolus" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended infusion or drip. The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_l13n2x4eu4mg | This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a cannula which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubin... | Intravenous therapy |
c_1kj2v4lon6le | IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally inserted central catheter"... | Intravenous therapy |
c_kmeeysldph3n | A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion. Placement of an IV line may cause pain... | Intravenous therapy |
c_hvud5fngfdx9 | Infections and inflammation (termed phlebitis) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_kh6rr8bvcvub | Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of first-pass metabolism in the liver. Substances that may be infused intravenously include volu... | Intravenous therapy |
c_6xa7hq81beyr | Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of volume expander: crystal... | Intravenous therapy |
c_87umam0gjsa3 | Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as gelatin. Blood itself is considered a colloid.The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is normal saline, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.9% concentration, which is isotonic with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as Ringer's lactate) and the closely related Ring... | Intravenous therapy |
c_zd5v3pot623z | Colloids preserve a high colloid osmotic pressure in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.Buffer solutions which are used to correct acidosis or alkalosis are also administered through intravenous acce... | Intravenous therapy |
c_npypi98tw0h5 | Medications may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or dextrose solutions. Compared with other routes of administration, such as oral medications, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in e... | Intravenous therapy |
c_4sthdhkz58r3 | In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage. In atrial fibrillation, IV amiodarone may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm. IV medications can also be use... | Intravenous therapy |
c_ee06ozbypiba | In some cases, such as with vancomycin, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood.The bioavailability of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbe... | Intravenous therapy |
c_y3qnb51xhfr1 | The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with furosemide. Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gast... | Intravenous therapy |
c_e26thriow52f | The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_l3804tt6pyha | A blood product (or blood-based product) is any component of blood which is collected from a donor for use in a blood transfusion. Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe anaemia or thr... | Intravenous therapy |
c_3k0dbzcwpsqs | Parenteral nutrition is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by eating and digesting food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain salts, dextrose, amino a... | Intravenous therapy |
c_q28qzq3h7pf6 | Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a contrast agent into a vein. The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increas... | Intravenous therapy |
c_hajol01yeymr | IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption. The United States Anti-Doping Agency notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change blood te... | Intravenous therapy |
c_l49a6loh6w2s | In the 1960s, John Myers developed the "Myers' cocktail", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a hangover cure and general wellness remedy. The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008. These clinics, whose target market was described by Elle as "he... | Intravenous therapy |
c_8yesd1zt3nmh | In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs. Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer"), such as that which is administered... | Intravenous therapy |
c_t79qf523rdkf | Some medications can be administered as a bolus dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_4mqxijulrcj1 | In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapi... | Intravenous therapy |
c_qnyx6xon35jp | An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams. Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used to limit variation... | Intravenous therapy |
c_vqyng7fbzhto | Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to... | Intravenous therapy |
c_ohp7x6520vwl | Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback. This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the primary bag is held... | Intravenous therapy |
c_w0s7fpmhhroj | If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered. Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administrati... | Intravenous therapy |
c_r9dtwome84no | The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow needle through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_azux3rzm8sot | This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the median cubital vein at the elbow. A tourniquet may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_p34rraff0lgo | The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a syringe or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a heplock or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the cathet... | Intravenous therapy |
c_ru75sltkge5p | A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). | Intravenous therapy |
c_ai9u3ndzanqi | 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in emergency medicine. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines". : 188–191, 349 | Intravenous therapy |
c_qrqxvl8i714c | A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in peripheral veins, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_q2p82htqgpzp | This is usually in the form of a cannula-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal trocar. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. | Intravenous therapy |
c_9af0sitsxi5u | The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion. : 344–348 | Intravenous therapy |
c_n4p9fdf03bcd | A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside... | Intravenous therapy |
c_jsmwqskc0w26 | A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually placed in peripheral... | Intravenous therapy |
c_o0tapwvyszx7 | A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from the skin surface a... | Intravenous therapy |
c_ssho93jwu523 | An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is administered by injecting m... | Intravenous therapy |
c_sampq9msabno | When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area. | Intravenous therapy |
c_wgrfvxcirstq | Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via gravity through a t... | Intravenous therapy |
c_g1539p1dyw3j | Some IV lines may be placed with "Y-sites", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a drip chamber, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an air embolism), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solutio... | Intravenous therapy |
c_fxsfkh0ozkxw | A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences. : 316–321, ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_h2v1u16tttdi | To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as EMLA or Ametop) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand. : 344–348 If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate ... | Intravenous therapy |
c_mz1p60gydzg0 | The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein. : 355–359 | Intravenous therapy |
c_3yh41in7rqs1 | Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered medically invasive. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate dehydration with oral rehydration therapy w... | Intravenous therapy |
c_w7sphsx3afcw | Cold spray may decrease the pain of putting in an IV.Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes potassium, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation. | Intravenous therapy |
c_rd2yapcnjggh | The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others... | Intravenous therapy |
c_jimnhgoie5zy | As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococcus or Candida albicans may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated e... | Intravenous therapy |
c_zxzezln1w92z | A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection. : 358, 373 Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. | Intravenous therapy |
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