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c_w6rzaafv6f1s | Chair: Francis Hughes. Scientific chair: Mariano Sanz. EuroPerio9: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 20-23 June. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_19hq2o403s7g | Chair: Michèle Reners. Scientific chair: Søren Jepsen EuroPerio10: Copenhagen, Denmark, 15-18 June. Chair: Phoebus Madianos. Scientific chair: David Herrera.EuroPerio10 is due to take place in Vienna, Austria, 14-17 May 2025. Chair: Anton Sculean. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_po0e0kkfap28 | Perio Workshop (originally called the European Workshop on Periodontology) is a scientific meeting in which a group of international experts discuss the latest evidence on topics of relevance to periodontology and implant dentistry and draw up an evidence-based consensus. The findings of each workshop have been publish... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_910hxeza1m7f | Since 2009, the workshops have taken place at La Granja de San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain, chaired by Mariano Sanz (2009-2019). The 2017 workshop was held in Chicago, USA. Workshops from 2021 are chaired by David Herrera. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_ul1p0lqsaoxy | The workshops of 2012 and 2017 were “world workshops”, jointly organised by the EFP and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP). Several other workshops were held in collaboration with other dental and medical organisations. The 16 editions of Perio Workshop/European Workshop on Periodontology have covered a wide ... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_5i12c2r1ev5o | 1996: Chemicals in periodontics. 1999: Implant dentistry. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_eyv12s6xywtg | 2002: Periodontal practice. 2005: Aetiology and pathogenesis leading to preventive concepts. 2008: Contemporary periodontics. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_rr27w4pu4cxp | 2009: EFP-ADEE (European Association of Dental Education). Periodontal education. 2010: The biology of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_z95ak8imab70 | 2011: Quality of reporting of experimental research in implant dentistry. 2012: EFP-AAP (American Academy of Periodontology). Periodontitis and systemic diseases. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_jkge4xc5y2eb | 2013: Periodontal plastic surgery and soft-tissue regeneration. 2014: Effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. 2016: EFP-ORCA (European Organisation for Caries Research). | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_lhm3510kt2ao | Boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. 2017: EFP-APP. World Workshop on the Classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_f3xsba55bjxh | 2018: EFP-Osteology Foundation. Bone regeneration. 2019: Evidence-based guideline for management of stages I-III periodontitis. 2021: Evidence-based guideline for management of stage IV periodontitis. 2022: Evidence-based guideline for management of peri-implant diseases. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_ow88h5meuup0 | Perio Master Clinic is an EFP-organised meeting focused on periodontal clinicians' training and expertise. It was created to “bridge the gap” between the triennial EuroPerio congresses and offers a more intimate environment, with hands-on training by leading clinical practitioners of periodontology and implant dentistr... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_a9ulv7xmc2up | Theme: Peri-implant plastic and reconstructive surgery (Chair: Jean-Louis Giovannoli, Scientific Chair: PierPaolo Cortellini ). Perio Master Clinic 2017: Valletta, Malta. Theme: Peri-implantitis: from aetiology to treatment (Chair: Korkud Demirel, Scientific Chair: Stefan Renvert). | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_evmsxuyjzqj8 | Perio Master Clinic 2019: Hong Kong. Theme: Peri-implantitis: prevention and treatment of soft- and hard-tissue defects (Chairs: Maurizio Tonetti and Stanley Lai, Scientific Chair: Stefan Renvert). Perio Master Clinic 2020: Dublin, Ireland. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_zmbramyuj2i1 | Theme: “Hard- and soft-tissue aesthetic reconstructions around teeth and implants – current and future challenges.” (Chair: Declan Corcoran, Scientific Chair: Anton Sculean). Perio Master Clinic 2023: Antwerp, Belgium. Theme: Perio-Ortho Surgery (Chair: Peter Garmyn, Scientific Chair: Virginie Monnet-Corti). Internatio... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_a1811elyx1j0 | At the World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases and Conditions, held in Chicago in November 2017, the EFP and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) drew up a new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions after reviewing the scientific evidence and... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_ncz4a9rulzxs | At Perio Workshop 2019, the process of drawing up a formal S3-level clinical practice guideline for the treatment of periodontitis stages I-III was started. This guideline was published in July 2020 in a special supplement of the Journal of Clinical Periodontology. This guideline approaches the treatment of periodontit... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_luc8y3mhw5w0 | Consensus was achieved on recommendations covering different interventions, aimed at: (a) behavioural changes, supragingival biofilm, gingival inflammation, and risk factor control. (b) supra- and sub-gingival instrumentation, with and without adjunctive therapies. (c) different types of periodontal surgical interventi... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_pjgskqv9n6xf | The EFP organises, together with its affiliated national societies of periodontology, an annual periodontal-health awareness day held on May 12. Launched in 2014 as the European Day of Periodontology, this awareness day subsequently evolved into Gum Health Day, which aims to be a global event that raises the visibility... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_d641ru6kym4b | Slogan: “Association between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions.” European Periodontology Day 2015. Slogan: “Gum health links with oral and general health.” European Periodontology Day 2016. Slogan: “Healthy gums for a better life.” European Gum Heath Day 2017. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_zai7uc6rv5dz | Slogan: “Fighting periodontal disease together.” European Gum Health Day 2018. Slogan: “Health begins with healthy gums.” Gum Health Day 2019. Slogan: “Healthy gums, beautiful smile.” Gum Health Day 2020. Slogan: “Say no to bleeding gums.” Gum Health Day 2021. Slogan: “Gum diseases are preventable.” | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_yurl9o9x8lhr | Education has been fundamental to the EFP’s mission since the federation’s inception. At a meeting in May 1990 in Maastricht, the Netherlands, where the constitution and rules of procedure of what would the following year become the EFP were proposed, among the aims of the new organisation were:“To promote equal and hi... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_ggzbthfkyg4a | University of Liège, Belgium. Paris Diderot University, Paris, France. University of Strasbourg, France. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_855vcf0qluot | University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_74ngqe3s64zc | Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel. University of Turin, Italy. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_sl4zwm40dyjv | Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), the Netherlands. International University of Catalonia (UIC), Barcelona, Spain. Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_0zm3b5reye4y | Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. University of Bern, Switzerland. Yeditepe University, Turkey. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_2yxgmiqx0twz | UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom.The EFP organises a biennial Postgraduate Symposium involving second- and third-year students of the programmes, together with the programme directors and co-ordinators. The symposium provides opportunities for the postgraduate students to present their clinical or r... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_52wgbqmt8cd1 | Each symposium is organised by a different programme. Eight symposia have been held in Switzerland (2005), the Netherlands (2007), Turkey (2009), the United Kingdom (2011), Belgium (2013), Spain (2015), Ireland (2017), and Sweden (2019). The symposium due to be held in September 2021 in Belgium was postponed until Sept... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_5iua2rdhc5p5 | In terms of undergraduate education, the EFP issued the booklet “Curricular Guidelines in Undergraduate Education” in 1996, which was distributed to dental schools and periodontal departments in Europe, and to national societies of periodontology, the Association for Dental Education in Europe, and the American Academy... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_n2xphogl7kzz | The EFP’s Journal of Clinical Periodontology, published monthly, is a leading scientific publication and has the highest impact factor of journals in dentistry, oral surgery, and medicine. Its impact factor for 2020 was 8.728.Since April 2020, the Journal of Clinical Periodontology (JCP) has been edited by Panos N. Pap... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_efofbc7vq1bq | The JCP also aims to facilitate the application of new scientific knowledge to the daily practice of the concerned disciplines and addresses both practicing clinicians and members of the academic community. The Journal is the official publication of the European Federation of Periodontology but serves an international ... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_1lb8b1t79cth | The journal’s scope encompasses the physiology and pathology of the periodontal and peri-implant tissues, the biology and the modulation of periodontal and peri-implant tissue healing and regeneration, the diagnosis, aetiology, epidemiology, prevention and therapy of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_k9ik0bpnij28 | Edited by Phoebus Madianos and Andreas Stavropoulos (EFP scientific affairs committee), with the co-operation of the JCP editor-in-chief, each issue of the digest is prepared by a team of students at one of the EFP-accredited postgraduate periodontology courses. The publication is published first in English and then tr... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_zpkptu9hab35 | The editor of these EFP publications, from 2003, has been Joanna Kamma.Other, one-off, publications by the EFP include: Time to take gum disease seriously: the societal and economic impact of periodontitis (2021), a report commissioned by the EFP from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) which analyses in depth the fi... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_fnzd3cbdbdc2 | The EFP’s work is supported by its partners, commercial companies involved in the periodontal and dental sector whether as consumer brands or as providers of equipment and materials to dental practitioners. Their support helps the EFP in performing its work of serving the development of periodontal science and clinical... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_xnusofgidlsx | Since 2017, the EFP has organised workshops and outreach campaigns with its partners focusing on specific areas of concern within periodontology. The materials produced by these campaigns are written by experts and based on the latest scientific evidence. Materials include scientific reports, recommendations, graphics,... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_acymz2ryzgvk | Oral Health and Pregnancy (2017), sponsored by Oral-B. Perio & Diabetes (2018), sponsored by Sunstar, based on the findings of Perio-Diabetes Workshop (2017) organised by the EFP with the International Diabetes Federation, also sponsored by Sunstar. Perio & Caries (2018), sponsored by Colgate. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_x07e59e3n8l4 | Based on the findings of Perio Workshop 2016. Perio & Cardio (2020), sponsored by Dentaid. Based on the findings the Perio & Cardio Workshop (2019) organised by the EFP with the World Heart Federation, also sponsored by Dentaid. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_v9h2go5b30fi | In April 2020, the EFP launched its first series of interactive webinars, called Perio Sessions, as a way to provide continuing education online. Perio Sessions features expert presentations on important scientific and clinical issues in periodontology and implant dentistry. Topics covered have included the EFP’s S3-le... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_4royfst18ccz | The EFP awards two prizes: the Jaccard/EFP Prize for Periodontal Research, awarded every three years at the EuroPerio congress, and the annual Postgraduate Research Prize in EFP-accredited Postgraduate Programmes in Periodontology. The EFP makes two annual awards: the EFP Distinguished Scientist Award and the EFP Disti... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_yu7dpcxgnvyp | In 2005 the European Directive on the Recognition of Professional Qualifications was approved. It was noted that periodontology was recognized as a speciality in 11 European Union member states. Since then, the EFP has been actively seeking recognition of periodontology as a speciality at the European level, starting w... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_ogtwxam7v1lo | The EFP believes that official recognition as a speciality frees periodontists from bureaucratic problems by enabling greater professional mobility and would also boost the exchange of knowledge, increase graduate applications, aid training, and increase access for patients.At present, periodontology is recognised as a... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_un1czh6bu7o1 | The EFP actively communicates via social media on the platforms Facebook (@efp.org), Instagram (@perioeurope), LinkedIn (The European Federation of Periodontology), Twitter (@perioeurope), and YouTube (EFP European Federation of Periodontology). | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_wwt0q92ns1o1 | Articles about the EFP, its work, and its campaigns have appeared in both the specialist and the general media in various countries. Such articles include: "Why the health of your gums could save your life".The Times, February 16, 2021. "Time to take gum disease seriously: the societal and economic impact of periodonti... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_g0f5w0q3lg24 | "Interview: 'Periodontics was never a static field'". Dental Tribune. May 4, 2021. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_hqkjftuwvoov | "El israelí Lior Shapira, nuevo presidente de la Federación Europea de Periodoncia" (in Spanish). Gaceta Dental, April 5, 2021.On Covid-19: "Un estudio relaciona la salud de las encías con el riesgo de complicaciones por coronavirus" (in Spanish). El País, February 3, 2021. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_8uxjyhq35qox | "EFP devises SARS-CoV-2 safety protocol for dental patients and practices". Dental Tribune. May 11, 2020. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_s9hoffuklefa | "New EFP president on Covid-19: “Remain positive and safe”. Dental Tribune. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_dehs690isb43 | April 6, 2020. "Coronavirus, senza dentista raddoppia il rischio di problemi alle gengive" (in Italian). La Repubblica. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_widlp2fba6fk | May 5, 2020. "Los periodoncistas europeos sugieren un triaje telefónico antes de dar cita" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_dgerk9rffw4r | May 7, 2020.On Perio Workshop 2019: "Workshop yields new guideline for periodontitis treatment". Dentistry Today. December 12, 2019. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_1jt7tyjvdbqm | "Neue evidenzbasierte Leitlinie für die Parodontaltherapie" (in German). Quintessenz, December 5, 2019.On Perio & Cardio campaign: "Campaign highlights links between periodontal and cardiovascular diseases". Dental Tribune. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_1h08ybc8bax4 | September 22, 2020. "Parodontitis und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen" (in German). Dental Magazin. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_fxy4ojyvs9l7 | February 21, 2020. "Cardiologues et parodontistes: dialogue européen pour actualiser les connaissances" (in French). Information Dentaire. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_b3a2ts9gijnq | March 13, 2020.On Perio Master Clinic 2020: "Interview: Prof. Anton Sculean on the Perio Master Clinic 2020". Dental Tribune. February 27, 2020. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_wa68smadr9r8 | Neueste Erkenntnisse zum „Heiligen Gral“ der Zahnmedizin" (in German). Quintessenz. March 16, 2020.On Gum Health Day: "Gum Health Day 2020 takes digital approach". | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_tm6pouxlkl8m | Dental Tribune. May 12, 2020. "Gum Health Day 2021: promouvere la salute parodontale per una vita migliore" (in Italian). | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_oplri14pz2kh | Odontoiatria33. May 11, 2021. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_yn2yeknekzc2 | "Cuidado de los dientes: los minutos que debe durar tu cepillado para que sea efectivo" (in Spanish). ABC. September 9, 2020. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_xem5korwolyp | "Gengive infiammate, sanguinamenti? La nostra dentatura è a rischio" (in Italian). Il Corriere della Sera. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_sc247vapqgo9 | April 12, 2021. "Von 1991 bis 2021: EFP feiert 30-jähriges Bestehen"(in German). ZWP. March, 2021. | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_ihdi9ik4w3pc | The EFP’s executive committee consists of the president, the president-elect, the two most recent past presidents, the secretary general, the treasurer, and two elected members. The president serves a one-year term, while the other committee members are elected for terms of three years. The executive committee discusse... | European Federation of Periodontology |
c_5isjilfk3rxz | Neuroarchaeology is a sub-discipline of archaeology that uses neuroscientific data to infer things about brain form and function in human cognitive evolution. The term was first suggested and thus coined by Colin Renfrew and Lambros Malafouris. | Neuroarchaeology |
c_ocshgt8ycp5u | As explained by archaeologist Dietrich Stout and evolutionary neuroscientist Erin E. Hecht,: 146 neuroarchaoelogy "has specific theoretical implications that extend beyond the general sense of the neologism. It is thus useful to distinguish between Neuroarchaeology (narrow sense) and neuroarchaeology (general sense). A... | Neuroarchaeology |
c_t6lk1smmc3fu | Neuroarchaeology explicitly aims to: (1) incorporate neuroscience findings into cognitive archaeology, (2) promote 'critical reflection on neuroscience’s claims on the basis of our current archaeological knowledge', and (3) facilitate cross-disciplinary dialog. "Neuroarchaeology combines the words "neuro-" as in "neuro... | Neuroarchaeology |
c_0i3wqqix9lk0 | In the 21st century, significant gains in understanding the brain through the cognitive sciences opened up new areas of collaboration between archaeology and neuroscience. This has enabled archaeologists to base hypotheses about the biological and neural substrates of human cognitive abilities on archaeological data, e... | Neuroarchaeology |
c_8iuzp0ustu5v | However, the theories and methods of the two disciplines differ significantly. Neuroscience collects data on brain form and function in extant populations, while neuroarchaeolgy uses archaeological and neuroscientific data to examine change in brain form and function in extinct populations. To reconcile these theoretic... | Neuroarchaeology |
c_hflpbdz9799l | ": 49 Over the past several decades, neuroscientific data have been an essential component of neuroarchaeological analyses. The converse is less certain, as neuroscience has yet to make much use of archaeology's ability to furnish critical data on the timing and context of developments in human cognitive evolution, pro... | Neuroarchaeology |
c_agqeqnqlsqfm | In psychology and social research, unmatched count, or item count, is a technique to improve, through anonymity, the number of true answers to possibly embarrassing or self-incriminating questions. It is very simple to use but yields only the number of people bearing the property of interest and leads to a larger sampl... | Unmatched count |
c_cgztzsf2e8ga | The participants of the survey are divided into two groups at random. One group, the control group, is given a few harmless questions, while the other group gets an additional question regarding the property of interest. The respondents are to reveal only the number of "yes" answers they have given. Since the interview... | Unmatched count |
c_gvq1hk8muvt6 | The control group is asked how many of the following statements apply: I have changed my place of residence. I own a pet. I like to go to the theatre. I have never been in a traffic accident.Let the total number of "yes" answers from this group be 410. The second group additionally gets a question concerning the point ... | Unmatched count |
c_0gurr55gqox6 | The number of "yes" answers in the control group is called the baseline. It is assumed that the second group would have given the same number, were it not for the critical question. Thus, their additional "yes" answers (50 in the example) are due to the critical question. | Unmatched count |
c_21bxbaksi250 | This is used to estimate the percentage of cheaters in the population. Let the number of participants in each group be 300. As expectation value, 50 of them answered "yes" to the critical question, meaning that approximately 17% of the population have cheated on examinations. | Unmatched count |
c_pcmwy40tm6vr | Preferential looking is an experimental method in developmental psychology used to gain insight into the young mind/brain. The method as used today was developed by the developmental psychologist Robert L. Fantz in the 1960s. | Preferential looking |
c_lb9k3g4f8crs | According to the American Psychological Association, the preferential looking technique is "an experimental method for assessing the perceptual capabilities of nonverbal individuals (e.g., human infants, nonhuman animals)". If the average infant looks longer at a novel stimulus compared to a familiar stimulus, this sug... | Preferential looking |
c_7cvxpynbtmh6 | Robert L. Fantz (1925-1981) was a developmental psychologist who launched several studies on infant perception including the preferential looking paradigm. Fantz introduced this paradigm in 1961 while working at the Case Western Reserve University. The preferential looking paradigm is used in studies of infants regardi... | Preferential looking |
c_b4acrj7b0hts | Fantz's study showed that infants looked at patterned images longer than uniform images. He later built upon his study in 1964 to include habituation situations. These situations exhibited an infants preference for new or unusual stimuli. | Preferential looking |
c_63zgyfp0b1ls | Conclusions have been drawn from preferential looking experiments about the knowledge that infants possess. For example, if infants discriminate between rule-following and rule-violating stimuli—say, by looking longer, on average, at the latter than the former—then it has sometimes been concluded that infants know the ... | Preferential looking |
c_0570cu15s2ja | Another 100 similar infants are shown an object that behaves in a nearly identical manner to the object from group 1, except that this object does not teleport. If the former stimulus induces longer looking times than the latter, then, so the argument goes, infants expect that objects obey the continuity rule, and are ... | Preferential looking |
c_2d5zcw6p20cu | A 2018 study collected data using a preferential looking paradigm. The paradigm was analyzing eye movements and pupil dilation to assess children's recognition of different degrees of labels and objects with different degrees of mismatching qualities. The findings support a sensitivity to phonological mismatch in child... | Preferential looking |
c_0par42y8xzb6 | The study also provided support for the hypothesis that early comprehension and knowledge of root words aid in converting subphonemic detail to unfamiliar words. Using the preferential looking paradigm, Fantz and Simon B. Miranda conducted a study in 1974 that assessed recognition memory in infants with Down’s syndrome... | Preferential looking |
c_a9lmgz11gbnt | UIUC CWRU (Fantz, later Fagan et al.) | Preferential looking |
c_uxk18d3n9tvl | Ball, W.A. (April 1973). "The perception of causality in the infant". Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, Philadelphia. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) | Preferential looking |
c_aul1cnz2e3i4 | The semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce describes three distinct categories of signs: icons, indexes and symbols. | Symbol theory of semiotics |
c_yg3cq2tdsz7e | Kotava (sometimes also spelled Kodava) is a proposed international auxiliary language (IAL) that focuses especially on the principle of cultural neutrality. The name means "the language of one and all", and the Kotava community has adopted the slogan "a project humanistic and universal, utopian and realistic". The lang... | Kotava |
c_cqwdx0n9u481 | Kotava was invented by Staren Fetcey, a Canadian traveler and linguist, who began the project in the summer of 1975, on the basis of her study of previous IAL projects. The language was first made available to the public in 1978, and two major revisions were made in 1988 and 1993. Since then, the language has stabilize... | Kotava |
c_1o30jhdoh2ym | The overall goal was to create a potential IAL that was not based on a particular cultural substrate. To do this, a number of subgoals were established: A simple and limited phonetic system that can be pronounced easily by the majority of people. A simple and totally regular grammar that reflects the grammars of the ma... | Kotava |
c_2s1u7ww5i830 | A clear morphology, with each morpheme having a well-defined and exclusive function. An a priori lexicon that does not favor any language. (This appears to be of supreme importance to its creator.) | Kotava |
c_qrhtxfy42gy9 | A collection of basic roots that are clearly defined and homonym-free. They are completely invented and absolutely independent of any existing language (Staren Fetcey consideres the Western origin of Esperanto as a disadvantage). Mechanisms for productive derivation and composition to allow for maximum expressiveness, ... | Kotava |
c_5rdqvdxhign6 | As an a priori constructed language, Kotava is not related to any other language, natural or constructed. The word order is very free, but current practice leans toward object–subject–verb. All objects and other complements must be introduced by prepositions. There are also innovations involving conjunctions and prepos... | Kotava |
c_uw36u1uop9o1 | Kotava is written with the Latin alphabet but does not use the letters H or Q. The letter H, which was used only to palatalize a preceding L, M, or N, was eliminated and replaced by the letter Y in all cases. The only diacritic is an acute accent indicating stress on the final vowel in the first person of verbs. Like i... | Kotava |
c_txxh41u7kmpu | In Kotava, there are no irregular pronunciations; the sound is always predictable from the spelling and vice versa. Most consonants are pronounced as in the IPA, except for ⟨c⟩, pronounced ; ⟨j⟩, pronounced ; and ⟨y⟩, pronounced . The consonants (in IPA form) are: The vowels are pronounced as in Spanish, Swahili, or Ta... | Kotava |
c_oefi89jyjee6 | Kotava has strict morphological rules, which are outlined in a table that prescribes order and interaction. All parts of speech are marked and so there is no ambiguity. Nouns and pronouns are invariable, and there is no system of declensions. There are no affixes of gender or plurality, both of which can be indicated w... | Kotava |
c_lu2loqj4ui33 | The main personal pronouns are the following: The reflexive pronoun is int, and the reciprocal pronoun is sint. Possessives are created by adding -af to the personal pronoun. Other pronouns include coba (thing), tan (unknown person), tel (known person), and tol (one of two). | Kotava |
c_pvhkc9npe3cs | Verbs are conjugated into three tenses (present, past, and future) and four moods (realis, imperative, conditional, and relative). In addition, there are mechanisms for voices, aspects, modalities and other nuances, which permit a great deal of subtlety in expression. There are seven persons for verbs, including an inc... | Kotava |
c_cubfyh22v0sy | There is no grammatical gender. To indicate the sex or gender of a person or animal, -ya is used for females and -ye for males. | Kotava |
c_izw9poip5g9c | Kotava has five grammatical voices: active - doalié (I fight) passive - zo doalié (I am fought) reflexive - va int tcaté (I wash myself) reciprocal - va sint disuked (they look at each other) complementary - va mbi zilí (I am given a cake) | Kotava |
c_kjbmp537vfja | Numbers take the form of radical prefixes, which can be suffixed with certain attributes: Suffixes: -oy (cardinal numbers) -eaf (ordinal numbers) -da (years) -ka (days) jon- … -af (multiplied by) fuxe- … -af (divided by) vol- (negative numbers)Mathematical signs: = dum (equals) + do (plus) - bas (minus) × jon (times) /... | Kotava |
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