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c_gker4r2dbkua | It was during this century that tuberculosis was dubbed the White Plague, mal de vivre, and mal du siècle. It was seen as a "romantic disease". Individuals with tuberculosis were thought to have heightened sensitivity. The slow progress of the disease allowed for a "good death" as those affected could arrange their aff... | History of tuberculosis |
c_a2orkvyg7pef | The disease began to represent spiritual purity and temporal wealth, leading many young, upper-class women to purposefully pale their skin to achieve the consumptive appearance. British poet Lord Byron wrote, "I should like to die from consumption", helping to popularize the disease as the disease of artists. George Sa... | History of tuberculosis |
c_kzshh42wwt6s | The portrayals by Dumas and Murger in turn inspired operatic depictions of consumption in Verdi's La traviata and Puccini's La bohème. Even after medical knowledge of the disease had accumulated, the redemptive-spiritual perspective of the disease has remained popular (as seen in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge based in par... | History of tuberculosis |
c_qw0jdo13joie | Though removed from the cultural movement, the scientific understanding advanced considerably. By the end of the 19th century, several major breakthroughs gave hope that a cause and cure might be found. One of the most important physicians dedicated to the study of phthisiology was René Laennec, who died from the disea... | History of tuberculosis |
c_k1ndtxw3e550 | His most important work was Traité de l'Auscultation Médiate which detailed his discoveries on the utility of pulmonary auscultation in diagnosing tuberculosis. This book was promptly translated into English by John Forbes in 1821; it represents the beginning of the modern scientific understanding of tuberculosis. | History of tuberculosis |
c_vhjcfc65amyc | Laennec was named professional chair of Hôpital Necker in September 1816 and today he is considered the greatest French clinician.Laennec's work put him in contact with the vanguard of the French medical establishment, including Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. Louis would go on to use statistical methods to evaluate th... | History of tuberculosis |
c_eqpw2hx0lchk | Villemin's experiments had confirmed the contagious nature of the disease and had forced the medical community to accept that tuberculosis was indeed an infectious disease, transmitted by some etiological agent of unknown origin. In 1882, Prussian physician Robert Koch utilized a new staining method and applied it to t... | History of tuberculosis |
c_ghnvo91kesag | During this investigation he became friends with Ferdinand Cohn, the director of the Institute of Vegetable Physiology. Together they worked to develop methods of culturing tissue samples. | History of tuberculosis |
c_asbetmolm9sb | 18 August 1881, while staining tuberculous material with methylene blue, he noticed oblong structures, though he was not able to ascertain whether it was just a result of the coloring. To improve the contrast, he decided to add Bismarck Brown, after which the oblong structures were rendered bright and transparent. He i... | History of tuberculosis |
c_kkq5j3iwxugu | After numerous attempts he was able to incubate the bacteria in coagulated blood serum at 37 degrees Celsius. He then inoculated laboratory rabbits with the bacteria and observed that they died while exhibiting symptoms of tuberculosis, proving that the bacillus, which he named tuberculosis bacillus, was in fact the ca... | History of tuberculosis |
c_pe35vcect7nn | Data on experimental inquiry published in Deutsche Landwirthschafts-Zeitung provided immediate practical industry benefits in the form of the Tuberculin test as an aide to diagnosis in both sick and healthy cattle. Tuberculin proved to be an ineffective means of immunization but in 1908, Charles Mantoux found it was an... | History of tuberculosis |
c_uey2xq0dzhv1 | The advancement of scientific understanding of tuberculosis, and its contagious nature created the need for institutions to house affected individuals. The first proposal for a tuberculosis facility was made in paper by George Bodington entitled An essay on the treatment and cure of pulmonary consumption, on principles... | History of tuberculosis |
c_mog0gxt62iyw | Patients were lodged in stone huts, and each was supplied with a slave to bring meals. One patient, A. H. P. Anderson, wrote glowing reviews of the cave experience: ome of the invalids eat at their pavillions while others in better health attend regularly the table d'hote which is very good indeed, having a considerabl... | History of tuberculosis |
c_dibiqk16bg5m | By late January, early February 1843, two patients were dead and the rest had left. Departing patients died anywhere from three days to three weeks after resurfacing; John Croghan died of tuberculosis at his Louisville residence in 1849.Hermann Brehmer, a German physician, was convinced that tuberculosis arose from the... | History of tuberculosis |
c_koi8j1b7kfg5 | With the encouragement of explorer Alexander von Humboldt and his teacher J. L. Schönlein, the first anti-tuberculosis sanatorium was established in 1854, 650 meters above sea level, at Görbersdorf. Three years later he published his findings in a paper Die chronische Lungenschwindsucht und Tuberkulose der Lunge: Ihre ... | History of tuberculosis |
c_ixid647d25on | Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau subsequently founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanitorium in Saranac Lake, New York in 1884. One of Trudeau's early patients was author Robert Louis Stevenson; his fame helped establish Saranac Lake as a center for the treatment of tuberculosis. In 1894, after a fire destroyed Trudeau's small... | History of tuberculosis |
c_vjnesakqhwju | Eventually, sanatoriums began to appear near large cities and at low altitudes, like the Sharon Sanatorium in 1890 near Boston.Sanatoriums were not the only treatment facilities. Specialized tuberculosis clinics began to develop in major metropolitan areas. Sir Robert Philip established the Royal Victoria Dispensary fo... | History of tuberculosis |
c_1ycqjh91w5ul | At the beginning of the 20th century, tuberculosis was one of the UK's most urgent health problems. A royal commission was set up in 1901, The Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Relations of Human and Animal Tuberculosis. Its remit was to find out whether tuberculosis in animals and humans was the same dise... | History of tuberculosis |
c_taz4wb6qd0qe | In 1902, the International Conference on Tuberculosis convened in Berlin. Among various other acts, the conference proposed the Cross of Lorraine be the international symbol of the fight against tuberculosis. National campaigns spread across Europe and the United States to tamp down on the continued prevalence of tuber... | History of tuberculosis |
c_kud9uenxx7wv | After the establishment in the 1880s that the disease was contagious, TB was made a notifiable disease in Britain; there were campaigns to stop spitting in public places, and the infected poor were pressured to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons; the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care... | History of tuberculosis |
c_ppts5plcpqu2 | The first genuine success in immunizing against tuberculosis was developed from attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis by Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin in 1906. It was called "BCG" (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but it was not until after World War II that BCG... | History of tuberculosis |
c_wrpmztb06su2 | In the early days of the British National Health Service X-ray examination for TB increased dramatically but rates of vaccination were initially very low. In 1953 it was agreed that secondary school pupils should be vaccinated, but by the end of 1954 only 250,000 people had been vaccinated. By 1956 this had risen to 60... | History of tuberculosis |
c_1cy3gtatjh11 | As the century progressed, some surgical interventions, including the pneumothorax or plombage technique—collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and allow the lesions to heal—were used to treat tuberculosis. Pneumothorax was not a new technique by any means. In 1696, Giorgio Baglivi reported a general improvement in t... | History of tuberculosis |
c_mkzlsxmvxkup | F.H. Ramadge induced the first successful therapeutic pneumothorax in 1834, and reported subsequently the patient was cured. | History of tuberculosis |
c_4oeisihbeveh | It was in the 20th century, however, that scientists sought to rigorously investigate the effectiveness of such procedures. Carlo Forlanini experimented with his artificial pneumothorax technique from 1882 to 1888 and this started to be followed only years later. In 1939, the British Journal of Tuberculosis published a... | History of tuberculosis |
c_jyff5pr7d6xg | The search for a medicinal cure, however, continued in earnest. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Koppe organized the execution of more than 30,000 Polish patients with tuberculosis – little knowing or caring that a cure was nearly at hand. In Canada, doctors continued to surgically rem... | History of tuberculosis |
c_o9x0k6yzwdi9 | Streptomycin was the first effective antibiotic against M. tuberculosis. This discovery is generally considered the beginning of the modern era of tuberculosis. Para-aminosalicylic acid, discovered in 1946, was used in combination with Streptomycin to reduce the emergence of drug resistant variants, which greatly impro... | History of tuberculosis |
c_jn5i9d1bghs3 | The true revolution began some years later, in 1952, with the development of isoniazid, the first oral mycobactericidal drug. The advent of rifampin in the 1970s hastened recovery times, and significantly reduced the number of tuberculosis cases until the 1980s. The British epidemiologist Thomas McKeown had shown that ... | History of tuberculosis |
c_pnyxz1f0ng8w | However, he also showed that the mortality from TB in England and Wales had already declined by 90 to 95% before streptomycin and BCG-vaccination were widely available, and that the contribution of antibiotics to the decline of mortality from TB was actually very small: '...for the total period since cause of death was... | History of tuberculosis |
c_vlqslhtv8yir | McKeown, who is considered as the father of social medicine, has advocated for many years, that with drugs and vaccines we may win the battle but will lose the war against Diseases of Poverty. Thereto, efforts and resources should be primarily directed toward improving the standard of living of people in low resource c... | History of tuberculosis |
c_nspivrs6seyx | A negative confirmation of the McKeown thesis was that increased pressure on wages by IMF loans to post-communist Eastern Europe were strongly associated with a rise in TB incidence, prevalence and mortality.In the United States there was dramatic reduction in tuberculosis cases by the 1970s. As early as the 1900s, pub... | History of tuberculosis |
c_6lham8oz3vck | Though improved awareness of good hygiene practices reduced the number of cases, the situation was worse in the poor neighborhoods. Public clinics were set up to improve awareness and provide screenings. In Scotland, Dr Nora Wattie led the public health innovations both at local and national level. This resulted in sha... | History of tuberculosis |
c_o6yzv9tf5u04 | Hopes that the disease could be completely eliminated were dashed in the 1980s with the rise of drug-resistant strains. Tuberculosis cases in Britain, numbering around 117,000 in 1913, had fallen to around 5,000 in 1987, but cases rose again, reaching 6,300 in 2000 and 7,600 cases in 2005. Due to the elimination of pub... | History of tuberculosis |
c_90fexg91djcf | New York had to cope with more than 20,000 TB patients with multidrug-resistant strains (resistant to, at least, both rifampin and isoniazid). In response to the resurgence of tuberculosis, the World Health Organization issued a declaration of a global health emergency in 1993. Every year, nearly half a million new cas... | History of tuberculosis |
c_qwtzne7yhp78 | Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz (1982). A Short History of Medicine. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0471067627. | History of tuberculosis |
c_sd35avl4kd6g | Armus, Diego. The Ailing City: Health, Tuberculosis, and Culture in Buenos Aires, 1870–1950 (2011) Aufderheide, Arthur C.; Conrado Rodriguez-Martin; Odin Langsjoen (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. | History of tuberculosis |
c_gjbqctruuh8c | Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521552035. Barnes, David S. | History of tuberculosis |
c_q0gq0c4iox6b | (1995). The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth-century France. University of California Press. | History of tuberculosis |
c_myowfepd1ued | ISBN 978-0520087729. Bourdelais, Patrice; Bart K. Holland (2006). Epidemics Laid Low: A History of what Happened in Rich Countries. | History of tuberculosis |
c_h1is3lkug7cm | JHU Press. ISBN 978-0801882944. Brock, Thomas D. | History of tuberculosis |
c_gluz4edzzvqi | (1999). Milestones in Microbiology 1546 to 1940. ASM Press. | History of tuberculosis |
c_j1kvfmubxm6k | Brock, Thomas d. (1999). Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. | History of tuberculosis |
c_p3iln5yp6out | ASM Press. ISBN 978-0910239196. Bryder, Linda. | History of tuberculosis |
c_3pegge6v4gpp | Below the Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth-Century Britain (1988), 298p. Daniel, Thomas M. (2000). | History of tuberculosis |
c_0rcdjk86i4yy | Pioneers of Medicine and Their Impact on Tuberculosis. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1580460675. | History of tuberculosis |
c_n66gyief9q91 | Dubos, Rene Jules; Jean Dubos (1987). The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society. Rutgers University Press. | History of tuberculosis |
c_g0t124wijm7r | Debus, Allen G. (2001). Chemistry and Medical Debate: Van Helmont to Boerhaave. | History of tuberculosis |
c_jinvf3n26isa | Science History Publications. ISBN 978-0881352924. Elvin, Mark; Cuirong Liu; Tsʻui-jung Liu (1998). | History of tuberculosis |
c_uc9dprn2kqyf | Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History. Cambridge University Press. Ghose, Tarun K.; P. Ghosh; S K Basu (2003). | History of tuberculosis |
c_gdtfqho4zbt2 | Biotechnology in India. Springer. ISBN 9783540364887. | History of tuberculosis |
c_jmcn8eusjkow | Gosman, Martin; Alasdair A. MacDonald; Arie Johan Vanderjagt (2003). Princes and Princely Culture, 1450–1650: 1450 – 1650. BRILL. | History of tuberculosis |
c_idn5y57ixj4l | ISBN 978-9004135727. Macinnis, Peter (2002). Bittersweet: The Story of Sugar. | History of tuberculosis |
c_t2up010p0i4o | Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1865086576. McMillen, Christian W. Discovering Tuberculosis: A Global History, 1900 to the Present (2014) Madkour, M. Monir; D. A. Warrell (2004). | History of tuberculosis |
c_refayzkmjgne | Tuberculosis. Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-3540014416. | History of tuberculosis |
c_um0sgj5zhpve | Magner, Lois N. (2002). A History of the Life Sciences. | History of tuberculosis |
c_a12zlxeazlar | CRC Press. ISBN 978-0824789428. | History of tuberculosis |
c_1e8uymj25sow | Otis, Edward Osgood (1920). Pulmonary tuberculosis. | History of tuberculosis |
c_c6muyuzuunl5 | Porter, Roy (2006). The Cambridge History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. | History of tuberculosis |
c_6qu9ggf2i85h | ISBN 978-0521557917. Reber, Vera Blinn. Tuberculosis in the Americas, 1870-1945: Beneath the Anguish in Philadelphia and Buenos Aires (Routledge, 2018) online review Ryan, Frank (1992). | History of tuberculosis |
c_xhxewnevwus4 | Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told. Swift Publishers, England. ISBN 1-874082-00-6. | History of tuberculosis |
c_whan9z4u6rr7 | 446 + xxiii pages. Shorter, Edward (1991). Doctors and Their Patients: A Social History. | History of tuberculosis |
c_9s1ke62n8d70 | Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0887388712. Shryock, Richard Harrison (1988). | History of tuberculosis |
c_msi0qgd5ztgz | National Tuberculosis Association, 1904-1954: A Study of the Voluntary Health Movement in the United States. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0405098314. | History of tuberculosis |
c_ig7x0dar99mh | Smith, F. B. Retreat of Tuberculosis, 1850-1950 (1988) 271p Waksman, Selman A. (1964). The Conquest of Tuberculosis. | History of tuberculosis |
c_j4iee7dflmkk | University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles. Yancey, Diane (2007). Tuberculosis. | History of tuberculosis |
c_1un1xkpz04r6 | Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0761316244. Zysk, Kenneth G. | History of tuberculosis |
c_1dpfd0bpvwzz | (1998). Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | History of tuberculosis |
c_anilyfuymchl | ISBN 978-8120814004. Kolchinsky, Anna (2013). Tuberculosis as Disease and Politics in Germany, 1871-1961 (PhD thesis). Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. | History of tuberculosis |
c_06gfi17dt648 | Ancell, Henry (1852). A Treatise on Tuberculosis: The Constitutional Origin of Consumption and Scrofula. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans. Bodington, George (1840). | History of tuberculosis |
c_7vk0dvtkl3vx | An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption: On Principles Natural, Rational, and Successful; with Suggestions for an Improved Plan of Treatment of the Disease Amongst the Lower Classes of Society. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans. Unschuld, Paul U. and Hermann Tessenow (2011), Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen:... | History of tuberculosis |
c_ccvd80kae6je | Whytt, R (1768). Observations on the Dropsy in the Brain. Edinburgh: Balfour, Auld & Smellie. | History of tuberculosis |
c_uw2611bg1rb7 | Yang, Shou-zhong; Bob Flaws (1998). The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica: A Translation of the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing. Blue Poppy Enterprises, Inc. Zhang Zhibin and Paul U. Unschuld (2014), Dictionary of the Ben cao gang mu, Volume 1: Chinese Historical Illness Terminology, University of California Press. | History of tuberculosis |
c_a5bttw1pv3wb | Billings FT, Hillman JW, Regen EM (1957). "Spleleologic Management of Consumption in Mammoth Cave. An Early Effort in Climatologic Therapy". Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. | History of tuberculosis |
c_lu1ztxqopmit | 68: 10–15. PMC 2248950. PMID 13486602. | History of tuberculosis |
c_fnmvrfbns479 | Bonah C (2005). "The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933". Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. | History of tuberculosis |
c_3s6sjl6ewym5 | 36 (4): 696–721. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003. PMID 16337557. | History of tuberculosis |
c_2uzw32ok18hu | Chalke HD (1959). "Some historical aspects of tuberculosis". Public Health. | History of tuberculosis |
c_hzonfgfeyxj0 | 74 (3): 83–95. doi:10.1016/S0033-3506(59)80055-X. PMID 13809031. | History of tuberculosis |
c_te9pdlxvwcc7 | Comstock G (1994). "The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research". Clin Infect Dis. | History of tuberculosis |
c_9todpwjhvm3d | 19 (3): 528–40. doi:10.1093/clinids/19.3.528. PMID 7811874. | History of tuberculosis |
c_356n8by4aceo | Daniel T (2004). "The impact of tuberculosis on civilization". Infect Dis Clin N Am. | History of tuberculosis |
c_pf2yj6ftsmzl | 18 (1): 157–65. doi:10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00096-5. PMID 15081511. | History of tuberculosis |
c_q3k8scmgv1n4 | Egedesø, Peter Juul, Casper Worm Hansen, Peter Sandholt Jensen. 2020. "Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries." | History of tuberculosis |
c_zvdzunjeh95e | The Economic Journal Graham JE (1893). "The Treatment of Tuberculosis". The Montreal Medical Journal. | History of tuberculosis |
c_ge55kimo4q7x | Montreal: Gazette Printing Co. 21: 253–273. Henius, Kurt; Basch, Erich (25 December 1925). | History of tuberculosis |
c_n6wsoj4yx46k | "Erfahrungen mit dem Tuberkulomuzin Weleminsky (Experiences with tuberculomuzin Weleminsky)" (PDF). Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 51 (52): 2149–2150. | History of tuberculosis |
c_ymptgntwncoq | doi:10.1055/s-0028-1137468. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Koch R (10 April 1882). | History of tuberculosis |
c_wcqeewqo0603 | "Die Ätiologie der Tuberculose". Berliner Klinischen Wochenschrift. 15: 221–230. | History of tuberculosis |
c_y9zmru94w5ab | Jones Susan D (2004). "Mapping a zoonotic disease: Anglo-American efforts to control bovine tuberculosis before World War I.". Osiris. | History of tuberculosis |
c_eqmf6l9ds5yh | 19: 133–148. doi:10.1086/649398. PMID 15478271. | History of tuberculosis |
c_asyispwffuza | S2CID 37917248. Liu Ts'un-yan 柳存仁 (1971), "The Taoists' Knowledge of Tuberculosis in the Twelfth Century", T'oung Pao 57.5, 285-301. Maulitz RC, Maulitz SR (1973). | History of tuberculosis |
c_qay4rozq9g9k | "The King's Evil in Oxfordshire". Med Hist. 17 (1): 87–89. | History of tuberculosis |
c_7h6zrcupvr28 | doi:10.1017/s0025727300018251. PMC 1081423. PMID 4595538. | History of tuberculosis |
c_w5x8yl48n64e | McCarthy OR (2001). "The key to the sanatoria". J R Soc Med. | History of tuberculosis |
c_3q9xq88c9qku | 94 (8): 413–7. doi:10.1177/014107680109400813. PMC 1281640. | History of tuberculosis |
c_ijpqjv3xet70 | PMID 11461990. McClelland C (September 1909). "Galen on Tuberculosis". | History of tuberculosis |
c_zgzmyp05uzdr | The Physician and Surgeon. 31: 400–404. Paolo W, Nosanchuk J (2004). | History of tuberculosis |
c_ukcpc39xiba4 | "Tuberculosis in New York city: recent lessons and a look ahead". Lancet Infect Dis. 4 (5): 287–93. | History of tuberculosis |
c_j8wi0yo0q3sh | doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01004-7. PMID 15120345. Prat JG; SMFM Souza (2003). | History of tuberculosis |
c_fubi0ln6eatf | "Prehistoric Tuberculosis in America: Adding Comments to a Literature Review". Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 98 (Suppl. | History of tuberculosis |
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