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Equilibrium vapor pressure may differ significantly from saturation vapor pressure depending on the size of droplets and presence of other particles which act as cloud condensation nuclei.However, these terms are used inconsistently, and some authors use "saturation vapor pressure" outside the narrow meaning given by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_pressure |
In meteorology, to see how effectively a mathematical model predicts the behavior of the atmosphere. In bioinformatics, the root-mean-square deviation of atomic positions is the measure of the average distance between the atoms of superimposed proteins. In structure based drug design, the RMSD is a measure of the diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squared_error |
In economics, the RMSD is used to determine whether an economic model fits economic indicators. Some experts have argued that RMSD is less reliable than Relative Absolute Error. In experimental psychology, the RMSD is used to assess how well mathematical or computational models of behavior explain the empirically obser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squared_error |
In GIS, the RMSD is one measure used to assess the accuracy of spatial analysis and remote sensing. In hydrogeology, RMSD and NRMSD are used to evaluate the calibration of a groundwater model. In imaging science, the RMSD is part of the peak signal-to-noise ratio, a measure used to assess how well a method to reconstru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squared_error |
In computational neuroscience, the RMSD is used to assess how well a system learns a given model. In protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the RMSD is used as a measure to estimate the quality of the obtained bundle of structures. Submissions for the Netflix Prize were judged using the RMSD from the test dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squared_error |
In the simulation of energy consumption of buildings, the RMSE and CV(RMSE) are used to calibrate models to measured building performance. In X-ray crystallography, RMSD (and RMSZ) is used to measure the deviation of the molecular internal coordinates deviate from the restraints library values. In control theory, the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squared_error |
In meteorology, training denotes repeated areas of rain, typically associated with thunderstorms, that move over the same region in a relatively short period of time. Training thunderstorms are capable of producing excessive rainfall totals, often causing flash flooding. The name training is derived from how a train an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_(meteorology) |
In meteorology, weather datasets are acquired over many years of record and, as part of this, measurements at certain stations may cease occasionally while, at around the same time, measurements may start at nearby locations. There are then questions as to whether, if the records are combined to form a single longer se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneity_(statistics) |
In meteorology, where changes and effects of complex interactions in the atmosphere are studied, the weather reports often use fuzzy expressions indicating a broad trend, likelihood or level. The main reason is that the forecast can rarely be totally exact for any given location. In biology, protein complexes with mult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
The different conformations can result in different, even opposite functions. The conformational ensemble is modulated by the environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Post-translational modifications or alternative splicing can also impact the ensemble and thereby the affinity or specificity of interactions. Genetic fuzzy systems use algorithms or genetic programming which simulate natural evolutionary processes, in order to understand their structures and parameters. In medical dia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Different symptoms may also overlap to some extent. These gradations can be difficult to measure, it may cost a lot of time and money, and so the medical professionals might use approximate "fuzzy" categories in their judgement of a medical condition or a patient's condition. Although it may not be exact, the diagnosis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Fuzzy logic is increasingly employed in diagnostic and medical equipment capable of measuring gradations of a condition. In information services, fuzzy concepts are frequently encountered because a customer or client asks a question about something which could be interpreted in different ways, or, a document is transmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
In phenomenology, which aims to study the structure of subjective experience without preconceptions, an important insight is that how someone experiences something can be influenced both by the influence of the thing being experienced itself, but also by how the person responds to it. Thus, the actual experience the pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
In translation work, fuzzy concepts are analyzed for the purpose of good translation. A concept in one language may not have quite the same meaning or significance in another language, or it may not be feasible to translate it literally, or at all. Some languages have concepts which do not exist in another language, ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
In computer-assisted translation, a technique called fuzzy matching is used to find the most likely translation of a piece of text, using previous translated texts as a basis. In hypnotherapy, fuzzy language is deliberately used for the purpose of trance induction. Hypnotic suggestions are often couched in a somewhat v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
The intention is to distract and shift the conscious awareness of the subject away from external reality to her own internal state. In response to the somewhat confusing signals she gets, the awareness of the subject spontaneously tends to withdraw inward, in search of understanding or escape. In business and economics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Thus, economic preferences are often fuzzy preferences, a highly important point for suppliers of products and services. Fuzzy set empirical methodologies are increasingly used by economic analysts to analyze the extent to which members of a population belong to a specific market category, because that can make a big d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Thus, the idea that people are either heterosexual men, heterosexual women, gay, lesbian, bisexual or transsexual is far too simplistic; gender identity is a matter of degree, a graded concept, which for that very reason is a fuzzy concept with unsharp boundaries. For example, somebody who is "mainly" heterosexual, may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
In the course of history, typical male or female gender roles and gender characteristics can also gradually change, so that the extent to which they express "masculine" or "feminine" traits is, at any time, a matter of degree, i.e. fuzzy. In politics, it can be highly important and problematic how exactly a conceptual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
In statistical research, it is an aim to measure the magnitudes of phenomena. For this purpose, phenomena have to be grouped and categorized, so that distinct and discrete counting units can be defined. It must be possible to allocate all observations to mutually exclusive categories, so that they are properly quantifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Survey observations do not spontaneously transform themselves into countable data; they have to be identified, categorized and classified in such a way, that identical observations can be grouped together, and that observations are not counted twice or more. A well-designed questionnaire ensures that the questions are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
There could be a margin of measurement error, but the amount of error must be kept within tolerable limits, and preferably its magnitude should be known. In theology an attempt is made to define more precisely the meaning of spiritual concepts, which refer to how human beings construct the meaning of human existence, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
A similar situation occurs in psychotherapy. The Dutch theologian Kees de Groot has explored the imprecise notion that psychotherapy is like an "implicit religion", defined as a "fuzzy concept" (it all depends on what one means by "psychotherapy" and "religion"). The philosopher of spirituality Ken Wilber argued that "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
This insight suggests, that all human valuations can be considered as graded concepts, where each qualitative judgement has at least implicitly a sense of quantitative proportion attached to it. In the legal system, it is essential that rules are interpreted and applied in a standard way, so that the same sorts of case... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
Consequently, lawmakers aim to devise definitions and categories which are sufficiently precise, so that they are not open to different interpretations. For this purpose, it is critically important to remove fuzziness, and differences of interpretation are typically resolved through a court ruling based on evidence. Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_concept |
In meteorology, wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed is now commonly measured with an anemometer. Wind speed affects weather forecasting, aviation and maritime operations, construction proj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_velocity |
In method of action, the preparation is identical to that of caffeine base as the citrate counter ion dissociates in water. Doses of caffeine citrate, due to the added weight of the citrate moiety, are understandably higher than with caffeine base, i.e., it takes a larger dose to get the same amount of caffeine. The ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine_citrate |
In method of moments, an alternative to the original (non-generalized) Method of Moments (MoM) is described, and references to some applications and a list of theoretical advantages and disadvantages relative to the traditional method are provided. This Bayesian-Like MoM (BL-MoM) is distinct from all the related method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Method_of_Moments |
In method ringing, a branch of change ringing, the ringing pattern known as plain hunt is the simplest method of generating continuously changing sequences, and is a fundamental building-block of method ringing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_hunt |
In method ringing, plain hunt is the simplest form of generating changing permutations in a continuous fashion, and is a fundamental building-block of change ringing methods. It consists of a plain undeviating course of a bell between the first and last places in the striking order, with two strikes in the first and la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_ringing |
In method ringing, plain hunt is the simplest form of generating changing permutations in a continuous fashion, and is a fundamental building-block of many change ringing methods. The accompanying diagram shows plain hunt on six bells. The course of two bells only are shown for clarity. Each row in the diagram shows th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_ringing |
Plain hunt consists of a plain undeviating course of a bell between the first and last places in the striking order, by moving a place in the sequence at each change, but with two strikes in the first and last position to enable a turn-around as the internal bells change over. Thus each bell moves one position at each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_ringing |
In methods of general perturbations, general differential equations, either of motion or of change in the orbital elements, are solved analytically, usually by series expansions. The result is usually expressed in terms of algebraic and trigonometric functions of the orbital elements of the body in question and the per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_perturbation_analysis_(spacecraft) |
Historically, general perturbations were investigated first. The classical methods are known as variation of the elements, variation of parameters or variation of the constants of integration. In these methods, it is considered that the body is always moving in a conic section, however the conic section is constantly c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_perturbation_analysis_(spacecraft) |
If all perturbations were to cease at any particular instant, the body would continue in this (now unchanging) conic section indefinitely; this conic is known as the osculating orbit and its orbital elements at any particular time are what are sought by the methods of general perturbations.General perturbations takes a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_perturbation_analysis_(spacecraft) |
In methods of special perturbations, numerical datasets, representing values for the positions, velocities and accelerative forces on the bodies of interest, are made the basis of numerical integration of the differential equations of motion. In effect, the positions and velocities are perturbed directly, and no attemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_perturbation |
In methylmalonic acidemia, the body is unable to break down the amino acids methionine, threonine, isoleucine and valine; as a result methylmalonic acid builds up in the blood and tissues. Those afflicted with this disorder are either lacking functional copies or adequate levels of one or more of the following enzymes:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonic_aciduria |
In metric f(R) gravity, one arrives at the field equations by varying the action with respect to the metric and not treating the connection Γ α β μ {\displaystyle \Gamma _{\alpha \beta }^{\mu }} independently. For completeness we will now briefly mention the basic steps of the variation of the action. The main steps ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F(R)_theory |
The variation of the determinant is as always: The Ricci scalar is defined as Therefore, its variation with respect to the inverse metric g μ ν {\displaystyle g^{\mu \nu }} is given by For the second step see the article about the Einstein–Hilbert action. Since δ Γ μ ν λ {\displaystyle \delta \Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F(R)_theory |
In metric geometry, a geodesic bicombing distinguishes a class of geodesics of a metric space. The study of metric spaces with distinguished geodesics traces back to the work of the mathematician Herbert Busemann. The convention to call a collection of paths of a metric space bicombing is due to William Thurston. By im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_bicombing |
In metric geometry, a geodesic is a curve which is everywhere locally a distance minimizer. More precisely, a curve γ: I → M from an interval I of the reals to the metric space M is a geodesic if there is a constant v ≥ 0 such that for any t ∈ I there is a neighborhood J of t in I such that for any t1, t2 ∈ J we have d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic |
However, in metric geometry the geodesic considered is often equipped with natural parameterization, i.e. in the above identity v = 1 and d ( γ ( t 1 ) , γ ( t 2 ) ) = | t 1 − t 2 | . {\displaystyle d(\gamma (t_{1}),\gamma (t_{2}))=\left|t_{1}-t_{2}\right|.} If the last equality is satisfied for all t1, t2 ∈ I, the geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic |
In metric geometry, an injective metric space, or equivalently a hyperconvex metric space, is a metric space with certain properties generalizing those of the real line and of L∞ distances in higher-dimensional vector spaces. These properties can be defined in two seemingly different ways: hyperconvexity involves the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_metric_space |
In metric geometry, asymptotic dimension of a metric space is a large-scale analog of Lebesgue covering dimension. The notion of asymptotic dimension was introduced by Mikhail Gromov in his 1993 monograph Asymptotic invariants of infinite groups in the context of geometric group theory, as a quasi-isometry invariant of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_dimension |
In metric geometry, the Karlsruhe metric is a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along rays through the origin and circular arcs centered at the origin. The name alludes to the layout of the city of Karlsruhe, which has radial streets and circular avenues around a central point. This metric is als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_metric |
One possibility, when the two points are on nearby rays, combines a circular arc through the nearer to the origin of the two points and a segment of a ray through the farther of the two points. Alternatively, for points on rays that are nearly opposite, it is shorter to follow one ray all the way to the origin and then... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe_metric |
In metric geometry, the Reshetnyak gluing theorem gives information on the structure of a geometric object built by using as building blocks other geometric objects, belonging to a well defined class. Intuitively, it states that a manifold obtained by joining (i.e. "gluing") together, in a precisely defined way, other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshetnyak_gluing_theorem |
In metric geometry, the discrete metric takes the value one for distinct points and zero otherwise. When applied coordinate-wise to the elements of a vector space, the discrete distance defines the Hamming distance, which is important in coding and information theory. In the field of real or complex numbers, the distan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_norm |
When applied component-wise to vectors, the discrete distance from zero behaves like a non-homogeneous "norm", which counts the number of non-zero components in its vector argument; again, this non-homogeneous "norm" is discontinuous. In signal processing and statistics, David Donoho referred to the zero "norm" with qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_norm |
When this "norm" is localized to a bounded set, it is the limit of p {\displaystyle p} -norms as p {\displaystyle p} approaches 0. Of course, the zero "norm" is not truly a norm, because it is not positive homogeneous. Indeed, it is not even an F-norm in the sense described above, since it is discontinuous, jointly and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_norm |
In metric geometry, the metric envelope or tight span of a metric space M is an injective metric space into which M can be embedded. In some sense it consists of all points "between" the points of M, analogous to the convex hull of a point set in a Euclidean space. The tight span is also sometimes known as the injectiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperconvex_hull |
In metric graph theory, a convex subgraph of an undirected graph G is a subgraph that includes every shortest path in G between two of its vertices. Thus, it is analogous to the definition of a convex set in geometry, a set that contains the line segment between every pair of its points. Convex subgraphs play an import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_subgraph |
In metric space theory and Riemannian geometry, the Riemannian circle is a great circle with a characteristic length. It is the circle equipped with the intrinsic Riemannian metric of a compact one-dimensional manifold of total length 2π, or the extrinsic metric obtained by restriction of the intrinsic metric to the tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_circle |
In metric spaces, a set is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded; without the axiom of choice only the forward direction holds. Precompact sets share a number of properties with compact sets. Like compact sets, a finite union of totally bounded sets is totally bounded. Unlike compact sets, every sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally_bounded |
In metric theories of gravitation such as general relativity, curvature scalars play an important role in telling distinct spacetimes apart. Two of the most basic curvature invariants in general relativity are the Kretschmann scalar R a b c d R a b c d {\displaystyle R_{abcd}\,R^{abcd}} and the Chern–Pontryagin scalar,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_invariant |
In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solution (a term which is often abbreviated as ssspf) is a spacetime equipped with suitable tensor fields which models a static round ball of a fluid with isotropic pressure. Such solutions are often used as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_spherically_symmetric_perfect_fluid |
These two pieces must be carefully matched across the world sheet of a spherical surface, the surface of zero pressure. (There are various mathematical criteria called matching conditions for checking that the required matching has been successfully achieved.) Similar statements hold for other metric theories of gravit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_spherically_symmetric_perfect_fluid |
In this article, we will focus on the construction of exact ssspf solutions in our current Gold Standard theory of gravitation, the theory of general relativity. To anticipate, the figure at right depicts (by means of an embedding diagram) the spatial geometry of a simple example of a stellar model in general relativit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_spherically_symmetric_perfect_fluid |
In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a test particle is an idealized model of a small object whose mass is so small that it does not appreciably disturb the ambient gravitational field. According to the Einstein field equations, the gravitational field is locally coupled not only to the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_body |
In metric-affine f(R) gravity, one generalizes things even further, treating both the metric and connection independently, and assuming the matter Lagrangian depends on the connection as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F(R)_gravity |
In metrology (test and measurement science), a synthetic instrument is software that performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function. A Synthetic Measurement System (SMS) is a common, general purpose, physical hardware platform that is intended to perform many kinds of synthesis, analysis, or measureme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
One cascade is for stimulus, one for response. Sandwiched between them is the device under test (DUT) that is being measured. A synthetic instrument is the opposite of the retronym natural instrument. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
Although the word “synthetic” in the phrase synthetic instrument might seem to imply that synthetic instruments are synthesizers: that they only do synthesis; this is incorrect. The instrument itself is being synthesized; nothing is implied about what the instrument does. A synthetic instrument might indeed be a synthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
Synthetic instruments are implemented on generic hardware, i.e., generic meaning that the underlying hardware is not explicitly designed to perform the particular measurement. This is probably the most salient characteristic of a synthetic instrument. Measurement specificity is encapsulated totally in software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
The hardware does not define the measurement. An analogy to this relationship between specific measurement hardware versus generic hardware with its function totally defined in software is the relationship between specific digital circuits and a general purpose CPU. A specific digital circuit can be designed and hardwi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
Alternatively, a microprocessor (or, better yet, a gate array) could be used to perform the same calculation using appropriate software. One case is specific, the other generic, with the specificity encapsulated in software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
At the software level, portability of measurement description is the key attribute that distinguishes a synthetic instrument from the more commonly found instrumentation software—software that is limited to hardware scripting and data flow processing. Not all measurement related software systems inherently provide for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
Application software packages such as Measure Foundry and LabVIEW are typically used with explicit structural links to the natural measurements made by specific hardware and therefore usually are not synthesizing measurements from an abstract description. On the other hand, should a software system be used to synthesiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
Synthetic instruments in test and measurement are conceptually related to the software synthesizer in audio or music. A musical instrument synthesizer synthesizes the sound of specific instruments from generic hardware. Of course, a significant difference in these concepts is that musical instrument synthesizers typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
A similar term commonly used in test and measurement, Virtual instrumentation, is a superset of synthetic instrumentation. All synthetic instruments are virtual instruments; however, the two terms are different when virtual instrument software mirrors and augments non-generic instrument hardware, providing a soft front... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
The essential point is this: synthetic instruments are synthesized. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. To use Buckminster Fuller's word, synthetic instruments are synergistic instruments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
Like a triangle is more than three lines, synthetic instruments are more than the triangle of hardware (Control, Codec, Conditioning) they are implemented on. Therefore, one way to tell if you have a true synthetic instrument is to examine the hardware design alone and to try to figure out what sort of instrument it mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument |
In metrology (the science of measurement), a standard (or etalon) is an object, system, or experiment that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity. Standards are the fundamental reference for a system of weights and measures, against which all other measuring devices are compared. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_standard |
In metrology and the fields that it serves (such as manufacturing, machining, and engineering), total indicator reading (TIR), also known by the newer name full indicator movement (FIM), is the difference between the maximum and minimum measurements, that is, readings of an indicator, on the planar, cylindrical, or con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_indicator_reading |
These conditions include being out-of-round (that is, lacking sufficient roundness); eccentricity (that is, lacking sufficient concentricity); or being bent axially (regardless of whether the surfaces are perfectly round and concentric at every cross-sectional point). The purpose of emphasizing the "total" in TIR was t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_indicator_reading |
Similarly, in shaft-straightening operations, where calibrated amounts of bending force are applied laterally to the shaft, the "total" emphasis corresponds to a bend of half that magnitude. If a shaft has 0.1 mm TIR, it is "out of straightness" by half that total, i.e., 0.05 mm. Today TIR in its more inclusive expansi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_indicator_reading |
One example of how the "total" emphasis can apply to flat surfaces as well as round ones is in the topic of surface roughness, where both peaks and valleys count toward an assessment of the magnitude of roughness. Statistical methods such as root mean square (RMS) duly address the "total" idea in this respect. The newe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_indicator_reading |
Whereas dial test indicators will give a foreshortened reading if their tips are on an angle to the surface being measured (cosine error), a drawing callout of FIM is defined as referring to the distance traveled by the extremity of the tip—not by the lesser amount that its lever-like action moves the needle. Thus a FI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_indicator_reading |
In metrology at macro scale achieving traceability is quite easy and artefacts like scales, laser interferometers, step gauges, and straight edges are used. At nanoscale a crystalline highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), mica or silicon surface is considered suitable used as calibration artefact for achieving tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrology |
This so because the requisite internationally or nationally accepted reference standards are not always there. Also the measurement equipment required to ensure traceability has not been developed. The generally used for traceability are miniaturisation of traditional metrology standards hence there is a need for estab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrology |
In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty |
It is a non-negative parameter.The measurement uncertainty is often taken as the standard deviation of a state-of-knowledge probability distribution over the possible values that could be attributed to a measured quantity. Relative uncertainty is the measurement uncertainty relative to the magnitude of a particular sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty |
In metrology, specifically axial-flow turbine meters, the Strouhal number is used in combination with the Roshko number to give a correlation between flow rate and frequency. The advantage of this method over the frequency/viscosity versus K-factor method is that it takes into account temperature effects on the meter. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouhal_number |
This relationship between flow and frequency can also be found in the aeronautical field. Considering pulsating methane-air coflow jet diffusion flames, we get St = a w j U j {\displaystyle {\text{St}}={\dfrac {aw_{j}}{U_{j}}}} ,where, a = fuel jet radius w = the modulation frequency U = exit velocity of the fuel jetFo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouhal_number |
In metrology, such as when performed in support of science, engineering or manufacturing objectives, dynamic range refers to the range of values that can be measured by a sensor or metrology instrument. Often this dynamic range of measurement is limited at one end of the range by saturation of a sensing signal sensor o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range |
For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 212 = 4096. Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range. These methods include averaging and other f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range |
In metropolitan areas, FOMA uses the UMTS band I around 2100 MHz, which has been originally assigned to IMT-2000 services worldwide, except in the Americas. In order to improve coverage in rural and mountainous areas, NTT DoCoMo also offers FOMA services in the 800 MHz band originally assigned to the 2G PDC mova servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Mobile_Multimedia_Access |
In metropolitan areas, stray voltage issues have become a major concern. Many of these areas have large amounts of aging underground and aboveground electrical distribution equipment in crowded public spaces. Even a low rate of insulation failures or current leakage can result in hazardous exposure to the general publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_voltage |
In 2009, the Jodie S. Lane Public Safety Foundation announced a publicly accessible website with maps showing thousands of reported stray voltage locations in New York City. In addition, the Foundation sponsors the "Jodie S. Lane Stray Voltage Detection, Mitigation & Prevention Conference", an annual meeting attended b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_voltage |
In Boston, NSTAR Electric (formerly Boston Edison) has also had problems with hazardous stray voltages, which have killed several dogs during the 1990s. As a result, the City of Boston government started a program to detect, report on, and repair stray voltage hazards.Toronto Hydro pulled all employees off regular duty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_voltage |
In metropolitan areas, the scale and intensity of collaboration is a key determinant of whether or not polycentric networks function properly. Metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) have given researchers a unique opportunity to study the scale and intensity of collaboration. A 2015 study of 381 MPOs in the United ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycentric_networks |
The study concluded that more intense MPO collaboration across both vertical and horizontal stakeholders improved performance. The study found that MPOs that focused more on vertical collaboration (between the state and higher-up agencies) saw a decrease in their perceived performance. The study looked at 15 indicators... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycentric_networks |
In mice (Mus musculus), laterality in paw usage has been shown to be a learned behavior (rather than inherited), due to which, in any population, half of the mice become left-handed while the other half becomes right-handed. The learning occurs by a gradual reinforcement of randomly occurring weak asymmetries in paw ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterality |
In mice T is expressed in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage embryo (but not in the majority of mouse embryonic stem cells) followed by the primitive streak (see image). In later development expression is localised to the node and notochord. In Xenopus laevis Xbra (the Xenopus T homologue, also recently rename... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-box_transcription_factor_T |
In mice and humans the spontaneous mutation rate in the male germ line is significantly lower than in somatic cells. Furthermore, although the spontaneous mutation rate in the male germ line increases with age, the rate of increase is lower than in somatic tissues. Within the testicular spermatogonial stem cell populat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline_mutation |
The progressive increase in the mutation rate with age in the male germ line may be a result of a decline in the accuracy of the repair of DNA damages, or of an increase in DNA replication errors. Once spermatogenesis is complete, the differentiated spermatozoa that are formed no longer have the capability for DNA repa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline_mutation |
In mice and humans, alterations in serotonin levels and signalling have been shown to regulate bone mass. Mice that lack brain serotonin have osteopenia, while mice that lack gut serotonin have high bone density. In humans, increased blood serotonin levels have been shown to be a significant negative predictor of low b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin |
It mediates its actions on bone cells using three different receptors. Through 5-HT1B receptors, it negatively regulates bone mass, while it does so positively through 5-HT2B receptors and 5-HT2C receptors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin |
There is very delicate balance between physiological role of gut serotonin and its pathology. Increase in the extracellular content of serotonin results in a complex relay of signals in the osteoblasts culminating in FoxO1/ Creb and ATF4 dependent transcriptional events. Following the 2008 findings that gut serotonin r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin |
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