text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
In model theory, a first-order theory is called model complete if every embedding of its models is an elementary embedding. Equivalently, every first-order formula is equivalent to a universal formula. This notion was introduced by Abraham Robinson. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-complete_theory |
In model theory, a forking extension of a type is an extension of that type that is not free whereas a non-forking extension is an extension that is as free as possible. This can be used to extend the notions of linear or algebraic independence to stable theories. These concepts were introduced by S. Shelah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forking_extension |
In model theory, a mathematical discipline, a β-model (from the French "bon ordre", well-ordering) is a model which is correct about statements of the form "X is well-ordered". The term was introduced by Mostowski (1959) as a strengthening of the notion of ω-model. In contrast to the notation for set-theoretic properties named by ordinals, such as ξ {\displaystyle \xi } -indescribability, the letter β here is only denotational. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-model |
In model theory, a stable group is a group that is stable in the sense of stability theory. An important class of examples is provided by groups of finite Morley rank (see below). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraicity_conjecture |
In model theory, a subfield of mathematical logic, an atomic model is a model such that the complete type of every tuple is axiomatized by a single formula. Such types are called principal types, and the formulas that axiomatize them are called complete formulas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_model_(mathematical_logic) |
In model theory, a transfer principle states that all statements of some language that are true for some structure are true for another structure. One of the first examples was the Lefschetz principle, which states that any sentence in the first-order language of fields that is true for the complex numbers is also true for any algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_principles |
In model theory, a weakly o-minimal structure is a model-theoretic structure whose definable sets in the domain are just finite unions of convex sets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_o-minimal_structure |
In model theory, an atomic formula is satisfiable if there is a collection of elements of a structure that render the formula true. If A is a structure, φ is a formula, and a is a collection of elements, taken from the structure, that satisfy φ, then it is commonly written that A ⊧ φ If φ has no free variables, that is, if φ is an atomic sentence, and it is satisfied by A, then one writes A ⊧ φIn this case, one may also say that A is a model for φ, or that φ is true in A. If T is a collection of atomic sentences (a theory) satisfied by A, one writes A ⊧ T | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfiability_problem |
In model theory, definable sets are important objects of study. For instance, in N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } the formula ∀ u ∀ v ( ∃ w ( x × w = u × v ) → ( ∃ w ( x × w = u ) ∨ ∃ w ( x × w = v ) ) ) ∧ x ≠ 0 ∧ x ≠ 1 {\displaystyle \forall u\forall v(\exists w(x\times w=u\times v)\rightarrow (\exists w(x\times w=u)\lor \exists w(x\times w=v)))\land x\neq 0\land x\neq 1} defines the subset of prime numbers, while the formula ∃ y ( 2 × y = x ) {\displaystyle \exists y(2\times y=x)} defines the subset of even numbers. In a similar way, formulas with n free variables define subsets of M n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}^{n}} . For example, in a field, the formula y = x × x {\displaystyle y=x\times x} defines the curve of all ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} such that y = x 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-theoretic_approach |
Both of the definitions mentioned here are parameter-free, that is, the defining formulas don't mention any fixed domain elements. However, one can also consider definitions with parameters from the model. For instance, in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , the formula y = x × x + π {\displaystyle y=x\times x+\pi } uses the parameter π {\displaystyle \pi } from R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } to define a curve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-theoretic_approach |
In model theory, given a structure M which is a model of a theory T, a submodel of M in a narrower sense is a substructure of M which is also a model of T. For example, if T is the theory of abelian groups in the signature (+, 0), then the submodels of the group of integers (Z, +, 0) are the substructures which are also abelian groups. Thus the natural numbers (N, +, 0) form a substructure of (Z, +, 0) which is not a submodel, while the even numbers (2Z, +, 0) form a submodel. Other examples: The algebraic numbers form a submodel of the complex numbers in the theory of algebraically closed fields. The rational numbers form a submodel of the real numbers in the theory of fields. Every elementary substructure of a model of a theory T also satisfies T; hence it is a submodel.In the category of models of a theory and embeddings between them, the submodels of a model are its subobjects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension_(model_theory) |
In model theory, interpretation of a structure M in another structure N (typically of a different signature) is a technical notion that approximates the idea of representing M inside N. For example, every reduct or definitional expansion of a structure N has an interpretation in N. Many model-theoretic properties are preserved under interpretability. For example, if the theory of N is stable and M is interpretable in N, then the theory of M is also stable. Note that in other areas of mathematical logic, the term "interpretation" may refer to a structure, rather than being used in the sense defined here. These two notions of "interpretation" are related but nevertheless distinct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_(model_theory) |
In model theory, the notion of an algebraic structure is generalized to structures involving both operations and relations. Let L be a signature consisting of function and relation symbols, and A, B be two L-structures. Then a homomorphism from A to B is a mapping h from the domain of A to the domain of B such that h(FA(a1,…,an)) = FB(h(a1),…,h(an)) for each n-ary function symbol F in L, RA(a1,…,an) implies RB(h(a1),…,h(an)) for each n-ary relation symbol R in L.In the special case with just one binary relation, we obtain the notion of a graph homomorphism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjective_homomorphism |
In model theory, there are several general results and definitions related to absoluteness. A fundamental example of downward absoluteness is that universal sentences (those with only universal quantifiers) that are true in a structure are also true in every substructure of the original structure. Conversely, existential sentences are upward absolute from a structure to any structure containing it. Two structures are defined to be elementarily equivalent if they agree about the truth value of all sentences in their shared language, that is, if all sentences in their language are absolute between the two structures. A theory is defined to be model complete if whenever M and N are models of the theory and M is a substructure of N, then M is an elementary substructure of N. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoenfield_absoluteness_theorem |
In model theory—a branch of mathematical logic—a minimal structure is an infinite one-sorted structure such that every subset of its domain that is definable with parameters is either finite or cofinite. A strongly minimal theory is a complete theory all models of which are minimal. A strongly minimal structure is a structure whose theory is strongly minimal. Thus a structure is minimal only if the parametrically definable subsets of its domain cannot be avoided, because they are already parametrically definable in the pure language of equality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_minimal_theory |
Strong minimality was one of the early notions in the new field of classification theory and stability theory that was opened up by Morley's theorem on totally categorical structures. The nontrivial standard examples of strongly minimal theories are the one-sorted theories of infinite-dimensional vector spaces, and the theories ACFp of algebraically closed fields of characteristic p. As the example ACFp shows, the parametrically definable subsets of the square of the domain of a minimal structure can be relatively complicated ("curves"). More generally, a subset of a structure that is defined as the set of realizations of a formula φ(x) is called a minimal set if every parametrically definable subset of it is either finite or cofinite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_minimal_theory |
It is called a strongly minimal set if this is true even in all elementary extensions. A strongly minimal set, equipped with the closure operator given by algebraic closure in the model-theoretic sense, is an infinite matroid, or pregeometry. A model of a strongly minimal theory is determined up to isomorphism by its dimension as a matroid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_minimal_theory |
Totally categorical theories are controlled by a strongly minimal set; this fact explains (and is used in the proof of) Morley's theorem. Boris Zilber conjectured that the only pregeometries that can arise from strongly minimal sets are those that arise in vector spaces, projective spaces, or algebraically closed fields. This conjecture was refuted by Ehud Hrushovski, who developed a method known as "Hrushovski construction" to build new strongly minimal structures from finite structures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_minimal_theory |
In model-based FDI techniques some model of the system is used to decide about the occurrence of fault. The system model may be mathematical or knowledge based. Some of the model-based FDI techniques include observer-based approach, parity-space approach, and parameter identification based methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_isolation |
There is another trend of model-based FDI schemes, which is called set-membership methods. These methods guarantee the detection of fault under certain conditions. The main difference is that instead of finding the most likely model, these techniques omit the models, which are not compatible with data.The example shown in the figure on the right illustrates a model-based FDI technique for an aircraft elevator reactive controller through the use of a truth table and a state chart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_isolation |
The truth table defines how the controller reacts to detected faults, and the state chart defines how the controller switches between the different modes of operation (passive, active, standby, off, and isolated) of each actuator. For example, if a fault is detected in hydraulic system 1, then the truth table sends an event to the state chart that the left inner actuator should be turned off. One of the benefits of this model-based FDI technique is that this reactive controller can also be connected to a continuous-time model of the actuator hydraulics, allowing the study of switching transients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_isolation |
In modeling cancer and various other diseases, the stem cells in the basal layer of the tracheal epithelium (basal stem cells) were isolated and used in developing 3D organoids that could be used for various studies, including tumor studies. The cell culture method used involves the isolation of cells into culturing with growth factors to grow over time. Once the cells had been grown, they were mixed with Matrigel and cultured to form 3D organoids. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-liquid_interface_cell_culture |
In modeling of psychological systems the systematization and classification play a very important role. With the development of statistics in the description of weight of the trait (or type) in society, the character of the trait (type) distribution becomes very important. It is also important, if the distinctions of trait have a quantitative or qualitative character for the adequate interpretation of practically every research in the field of differential psychology, understanding of certain fundamental statistical concepts is required. "There are at least three various theories of the psychological types worked out by psychologists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_typologies |
Some authors represent types as separate classes that exclude each other. Some others psychologists accept the theory of types as more or less detailed trait theory, defining the types as poles of one and same continuum between which people may be ranked by the law of normal distribution. The adepts of the third view believe that the types differ from the traits by having multimodal distributions in which the people are grouped with in definite points, representing pure types". Stagner, 1948. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_typologies |
In modeling the pseudostratified epithelium in vitro, more cellular studies have been performed in order to determine the nature of the cells – their differentiation pathways, their growth mechanism, and their repair/response mechanism in the state of post-injury. One recent study has shown that differentiated cells in the respiratory epithelium (secretory cells and ciliated cells primarily) can dedifferentiate into their naive status, and become stem-like again. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-liquid_interface_cell_culture |
In modeling we aim to simplify enormously. This example uses a slow manifold to simplify the 'infinite dimensional' dynamics of a partial differential equation to a model of one ordinary differential equation. Consider a field u ( x , t ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)} undergoing the nonlinear diffusion ∂ u ∂ t = u ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 on the domain − 1 < x < 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=u{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\quad {\text{on the domain }}-1 0 {\displaystyle a>0} all the rest are negative (less than − π 2 a / 4 {\displaystyle -\pi ^{2}a/4} ). Thus the two-dimensional dynamics on the slow manifolds emerge (see emergence) from the nonlinear diffusion no matter how complicated the initial conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_manifold |
Here one can straightforwardly verify the slow manifold to be precisely the field u ( x , t ) = a ( t ) ( 1 − b x 2 ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=a(t)(1-bx^{2})} where amplitude a {\displaystyle a} evolves according to d a d t = − 2 a 2 b and d b d t = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {da}{dt}}=-2a^{2}b\quad {\text{and }}{\frac {db}{dt}}=0.} That is, after the initial transients that by diffusion smooth internal structures, the emergent behavior is one of relatively slow decay of the amplitude ( a {\displaystyle a} ) at a rate controlled by the type of boundary condition (constant b {\displaystyle b} ). Notice that this slow manifold model is global in a {\displaystyle a} as each equilibria is necessarily in the slow subspace of each other equilibria, but is only local in parameter b {\displaystyle b} . We cannot yet be sure how large b {\displaystyle b} may be taken, but the theory assures us the results do hold for some finite parameter b {\displaystyle b} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_manifold |
In models of planetary motion that precede Ptolemy, generally attributed to Hipparchus, the eccentric and epicycles were already a feature. The Roman writer Pliny in the 1st century CE, who apparently had access to writings of late Greek astronomers, and not being an astronomer himself, still correctly identified the lines of apsides for the five known planets and where they pointed in the zodiac. Such data requires the concept of eccentric centers of motion. Before around the year 430 BCE, Meton and Euktemon of Athens observed differences in the lengths of the seasons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equant |
This can be observed in the lengths of seasons, given by equinoxes and solstices that indicate when the sun traveled 90 degrees along its path. Though others tried, Hipparchos calculated and presented the most exact lengths of seasons around 130 BCE. According to these calculations, Spring lasted about 94+1/ 2 days, Summer about 92+1/ 2 , Fall about 88+1/ 8 , and Winter about 90+1/ 8 , showing that seasons did indeed have differences in lengths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equant |
This was later used as evidence for the zodiacal inequality, or the appearance of the sun to move at a rate that is not constant, with some parts of its orbit including it moving faster or slower. The sun's annual motion as understood by Greek astronomy up to this point did not account for this, as it assumed the sun had a perfectly circular orbit that was centered around the Earth that it traveled around at a constant speed. According to the astronomer Hipparchos, moving the center of the sun's path slightly away from earth would satisfy the observed motion of the sun rather painlessly, thus making the sun's orbit eccentric.Most of what we know about Hipparchus comes to us through citations of his works by Ptolemy. Hipparchus' models' features explained differences in the length of the seasons on Earth (known as the "first anomaly"), and the appearance of retrograde motion in the planets (known as the "second anomaly"). But Hipparchus was unable to make the predictions about the location and duration of retrograde motions of the planets match observations; he could match location, or he could match duration, but not both simultaneously. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equant |
In models of radiative transfer, the two-stream approximation is a discrete ordinate approximation in which radiation propagating along only two discrete directions is considered. It was first used by Arthur Schuster in 1905. The two ordinates are chosen such that the model captures the essence of radiative transport in light scattering atmospheres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stream_approximation |
A practical benefit of the approach is that it reduces the computational cost of integrating the radiative transfer equation. The two-stream approximation is commonly used in parameterizations of radiative transport in global circulation models and in weather forecasting models, such as the WRF. There is a large number of applications of the two-stream approximation, including variants such as the Kubelka-Munk approximation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stream_approximation |
It is the simplest approximation that can be used to explain common observations inexplicable by single-scattering arguments, such as the brightness and color of the clear sky, the brightness of clouds, the whiteness of a glass of milk, and the darkening of sand upon wetting. The two-stream approximation comes in many variants, including the Eddington approximation, as well as the modified Eddington, Quadrature, and Hemispheric constant models. Mathematical descriptions of the two-stream approximation are given in several books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stream_approximation |
In moderated regression analysis, a new interaction predictor ( x 1 x 2 {\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}} ) is calculated. However, the new interaction term may be correlated with the two main effects terms used to calculate it. This is the problem of multicollinearity in moderated regression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderating_variable |
Multicollinearity tends to cause coefficients to be estimated with higher standard errors and hence greater uncertainty. Mean-centering (subtracting raw scores from the mean) may reduce multicollinearity, resulting in more interpretable regression coefficients. However, it does not affect the overall model fit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderating_variable |
In modern (20th century) theoretical physics, angular momentum (not including any intrinsic angular momentum – see below) is described using a different formalism, instead of a classical pseudovector. In this formalism, angular momentum is the 2-form Noether charge associated with rotational invariance. As a result, angular momentum is not conserved for general curved spacetimes, unless it happens to be asymptotically rotationally invariant.In classical mechanics, the angular momentum of a particle can be reinterpreted as a plane element: in which the exterior product (∧) replaces the cross product (×) (these products have similar characteristics but are nonequivalent). This has the advantage of a clearer geometric interpretation as a plane element, defined using the vectors x and p, and the expression is true in any number of dimensions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_Angular_Momentum |
In Cartesian coordinates: or more compactly in index notation: The angular velocity can also be defined as an anti-symmetric second order tensor, with components ωij. The relation between the two anti-symmetric tensors is given by the moment of inertia which must now be a fourth order tensor: Again, this equation in L and ω as tensors is true in any number of dimensions. This equation also appears in the geometric algebra formalism, in which L and ω are bivectors, and the moment of inertia is a mapping between them. In relativistic mechanics, the relativistic angular momentum of a particle is expressed as an anti-symmetric tensor of second order: in terms of four-vectors, namely the four-position X and the four-momentum P, and absorbs the above L together with the moment of mass, i.e., the product of the relativistic mass of the particle and its centre of mass, which can be thought of as describing the motion of its centre of mass, since mass–energy is conserved. In each of the above cases, for a system of particles the total angular momentum is just the sum of the individual particle angular momenta, and the centre of mass is for the system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_Angular_Momentum |
In modern American beekeeping, a Langstroth hive is any vertically modular beehive that has the key features of vertically hung frames, a bottom board with entrance for the bees, boxes containing frames for brood and honey (the lowest box for the queen to lay eggs, and boxes above where honey may be stored) and an inner cover and top cap to provide weather protection. In a Langstroth hive, the bees build honeycomb into frames, which can be moved with ease. The frames are designed to prevent bees from attaching honeycombs where they would either connect adjacent frames, or connect frames to the walls of the hive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langstroth_hive |
The movable frames allow the beekeeper to manage the bees in a way which was formerly impossible. The key innovation responsible for the hive's design was the discovery of bee space, a gap size between 6.4 and 9.5 mm (1⁄4 and 3⁄8 in) in which bees would not build comb, nor would they close it with propolis. Modern Langstroth hives have different dimensions from L. L. Langstroth's beehive that was originally patented in 1852 and manufactured until circa 1920, but retain the main features of allowing bee space, as well as easy access, which works well for the bees, but also makes management of the beehive easier for the beekeeper. The standard beehive used in many parts of the world for beekeeping is based on the Langstroth hive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langstroth_hive |
In modern China, Manichaean groups are still active in southern provinces, especially in Quanzhou and the rest of Fujian and around the Cao'an, the most noted Manichaean temple that has survived until today.Today, rituals conducted for the Lin Deng 林瞪 (1003–1059), a Chinese Manichaean leader who lived during the Song dynasty, are still conducted in the three villages of Baiyang 柏洋村, Shangwan 上万村, and Tahou 塔后村 in Baiyang Township, Xiapu County, Fujian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism |
In modern China, virtually every dwelling has a set of tea implements for brewing a cup of hot tea. They are symbols of welcome for visitors or neighbors. Traditionally, a visitor to a Chinese home is expected to sit down and drink tea while talking; visiting while remaining standing is considered uncouth. Folding the napkin in tea ceremonies is a traditional act in China performed to keep away bad qi energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture |
In Taiwan, tea ceremonies are held not only in daily life but also on important occasions.Tea was regarded as one of the seven daily necessities, the others being firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar. There are many different types of tea such as: green tea, oolong tea, red tea, black tea, white tea, yellow tea, puerh tea and flower tea. Traditionally, fresh tea leaves are regularly turned over in a deep bowl. This process allows the leaves dry in a way that preserves their full flavor, ready for use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture |
In modern Chinese politics, a leadership core or core leader (Chinese: 领导核心; pinyin: lǐngdǎo héxīn) refers to a person who is recognized as central to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Four individuals so far have been given this designation: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Xi Jinping. The leader of the fourth generation, Hu Jintao, has never been referred to as core throughout his term as General Secretary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core |
The designation is not a formal title and does not hold legal weight, but its use in official party documentation gives its holder a precisely defined place in theory on their relative standing to the rest of the CCP leadership. The leadership core operates as part of the Leninist concept of democratic centralism, and is intended to represent a vital center rather than a hierarchical peak, which differentiates it from the role of paramount leader. Although all core leaders have also been paramount leaders, not all paramount leaders are or have been designated 'leadership core'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_core |
In modern Chinese societies, elder care has changed. Studies show a discrepancy between parents' filial expectations and the behaviors of their children. The discrepancy with regard to respect shown by the children makes elderly people especially unhappy. Industrialization and urbanization have affected the practice of filial piety, with care being given more in financial than in personal ways. As of 2009, care-giving of elderly people by the young had not undergone any revolutionary changes in the PRC, and family obligations still remained strong, "almost automatic". Respect to elders remains a central value for East Asian people.Comparing data from the 1990s from Taiwan and the PRC, sociologist Martin Whyte concluded that the elderly in Taiwan often received less support from the government, but more assistance from their children, than in China. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety |
In modern Chinese, this radical is used to form characters representing gaseous chemical elements and compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_84 |
In modern Chinese, topic markers have been completely lost and are not used anywhere. For example, Note: 是 can be omitted in some occasions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_marker |
In modern DAWs every parameter that exists can usually be automatised, be it settings for a track's volume, applied filters or a virtual instruments. Either the user turns some knobs/faders/etc on a physical controller connected to the computer or the user can set keyframes with the mouse, between which the computer interpolates, or the user can draw entire data curves. Some examples: The volume of a track can sometimes or constantly change (fade-in/out/over) The panning of a sound might change A filter sweep (more or less intensive filter, or the frequency limits might change) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_automation |
In modern English clinamen is defined as an inclination or a bias. It implies that one is inclined or biased towards introducing a plausible but unprovable clinamen when a specific mechanism cannot be found to refute a credible argument against one's hypothesis or theory. The OED gives its first recorded use in English by Jonathan Swift in his 1704 Tale of a Tub ix.166, satirizing the atomistic theory of Epicurus: Epicurus modestly hoped that one time or other, a certain fortuitous concourse of all men's opinions—after perpetual justlings, the sharp with the smooth, the light and the heavy, the round and the square—would, by certain clinamina, unite in the notions of atoms and void, as these did in the originals of all things. The term was taken up by Harold Bloom to describe the inclinations of writers to "swerve" from the influence of their predecessors; it is the first of his "Ratios of Revision" as described in The Anxiety of Influence.In Difference and Repetition, Gilles Deleuze employs the term in his description of "multiplicities". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinamen |
In addition, other French writers such as Simone de Beauvoir, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, Alain Badiou, Louis Althusser, and Michel Serres have made extensive use of the word 'clinamen' in their writings, albeit with very different meanings. Lucretius' concept is central to the book The Swerve: How the World Became Modern, written by Stephen Greenblatt. "Clinamen" is defined by Alfred Jarry in Chapter 33 of his Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician. The notion later figured in the imaginary science of the Jarry-inspired College of Pataphysics, notably in the pataphysical calendar and the experimental literature of OuLiPo. The clinamen figures as a motif in the artistic practice of Rodney Graham – who has said it informs his work in general.Clinamen is also a term used in systems theory applied to biology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinamen |
In modern English orthography, it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized. The few clear exceptions include summer and winter (contrast July and Christmas). It is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See Letter case § Title case. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nouns |
Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis" is often capitalized ("Cuban Missile Crisis") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most style guides give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not.Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day English: Dr, Baptist, Congregationalism, His and He in reference to the Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context: northerner or Northerner; aboriginal trees but Aboriginal land rights in Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nouns |
When the comes at the start of a proper name, as in the White House, it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in The Keys to the Kingdom). Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example, Mountain Bluebird does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called common name (somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with the term proper name). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nouns |
Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species (Sialia currucoides), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains.Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, Londoner is capitalized because it derives from the proper name London, but it is not itself a proper name (it can be limited: the Londoner, some Londoners). Similarly, African, Africanize, and Africanism are not proper names, but are capitalized because Africa is a proper name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nouns |
Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized (Swiss in Swiss cheese; Anglicize; Calvinistically; Petrarchism) are sometimes loosely called proper adjectives (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. Abrahamic, Buddhist, Hollywoodize, Freudianism, and Reagonomics are capitalized; quixotic, bowdlerize, mesmerism, and pasteurization are not; aeolian and alpinism may be capitalized or not. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nouns |
Some words or some homonyms (depending on how a body of study defines "word") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the Moon; dedicated to God; Smith's apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third moon of Saturn; a Greek god; the smith's apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a swede in the soup; a Swede who came to see me). Such words that vary according to case are sometimes called capitonyms (although only rarely: this term is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_nouns |
In modern English usage, a complete sentence precedes a colon, while a list, description, explanation, or definition follows it. The elements which follow the colon may or may not be a complete sentence: since the colon is preceded by a sentence, it is a complete sentence whether what follows the colon is another sentence or not. While it is acceptable to capitalise the first letter after the colon in American English, it is not the case in British English, except where a proper noun immediately follows a colon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_colon |
Colon used before list Daequan was so hungry that he ate everything in the house: chips, cold pizza, pretzels and dip, hot dogs, peanut butter, and candy.Colon used before a description Bertha is so desperate that she'll date anyone, even William: he's uglier than a squashed toad on the highway, and that's on his good days.Colon before definition For years while I was reading Shakespeare's Othello and criticism on it, I had to constantly look up the word "egregious" since the villain uses that word: outstandingly bad or shocking.Colon before explanation I guess I can say I had a rough weekend: I had chest pain and spent all Saturday and Sunday in the emergency room.Some writers use fragments (incomplete sentences) before a colon for emphasis or stylistic preferences (to show a character's voice in literature), as in this example: Dinner: chips and juice. What a well-rounded diet I have.The Bedford Handbook describes several uses of a colon. For example, one can use a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an appositive, or a quotation, and it can be used between independent clauses if the second summarizes or explains the first. In non-literary or non-expository uses, one may use a colon after the salutation in a formal letter, to indicate hours and minutes, to show proportions, between a title and subtitle, and between city and publisher in bibliographic entries.Luca Serianni, an Italian scholar who helped to define and develop the colon as a punctuation mark, identified four punctuational modes for it: syntactical-deductive, syntactical-descriptive, appositive, and segmental. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_colon |
In modern English, a shibboleth can have a sociological meaning, referring to any in-group word or phrase that can distinguish members from outsiders. It is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean jargon, the proper use of which identifies speakers as members of a particular group or subculture. In information technology, a shibboleth is a community-wide password that enables members of that community to access an online resource without revealing their individual identities. The origin server can vouch for the identity of the individual user without giving the target server any further identifying information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibboleth |
Hence the individual user does not know the password that is actually employed – it is generated internally by the origin server – and so cannot betray it to outsiders. The term can also be used pejoratively, suggesting that the original meaning of a symbol has in effect been lost and that the symbol now serves merely to identify allegiance, being described as "nothing more than a shibboleth". In 1956, Nobel Prize-laureate economist Paul Samuelson applied the term "shibboleth" in works including Foundations of Economic Analysis to an idea for which "the means becomes the end, and the letter of the law takes precedence over the spirit." Samuelson admitted that "shibboleth" is an imperfect term for this phenomenon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibboleth |
In modern English, sycophant denotes an "insincere flatterer" and is used to refer to someone practising sycophancy (i.e., insincere flattery to gain advantage). The word has its origin in the legal system of Classical Athens. Most legal cases of the time were brought by private litigants as there was no police force and only a limited number of officially appointed public prosecutors. By the fifth century BC this practice had given rise to abuse by "sycophants": litigants who brought unjustified prosecutions. The word retains the same meaning ('slanderer') in Modern Greek, French, (where it also can mean 'informer') and Italian. In modern English, the meaning of the word has shifted to its present usage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycophancy |
In modern English, the expression "YOLO", meaning "you only live once", expresses a similar sentiment.In the 1989 American film Dead Poets Society, the English teacher John Keating, played by Robin Williams, famously says: "Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary." Later, this line was voted as the 95th greatest movie quote by the American Film Institute.In 2011 the Phineas and Ferb Episode Roller Coaster the musical ended with a song titled "Carpe diem" in which Before Phineas tells Isabella what "Carpe Diem means". In the 2017 Korean drama series Chicago Typewriter, the club "Carpe Diem" is owned by Shin Yool and is the scene of revolutionary activities of the Joseon Youth Liberation Alliance spearheaded by Seo Hwi-young.Social philosopher Roman Krznaric suggested in his book Carpe Diem Regained (2017) that carpe diem is the answer to consumer cultures schedules, timed work days, consumer culture and planning out our actions over the course of weeks and the weekends, instead of "just do it", with thought experiments for seizing the day rather than placing into calendars.The song "Carpe Diem" by Joker Out was used to represent Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2023. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpe_diem |
In modern English, the term physician is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_medical_practitioner |
In the United States and Canada, the term physician describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The American Medical Association, established in 1847, as well as the American Osteopathic Association, founded in 1897, both currently use the term physician to describe members. However, the American College of Physicians, established in 1915, does not: its title uses physician in its original sense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_medical_practitioner |
In modern English, there are several conventions for abbreviations, and the choice may be confusing. The only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent, and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a style guide. Some questions which arise are shown below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_abbreviation |
In modern European Russia, a traditional wolf hunting method involves encircling the located wolf pack with a 3–5 kilometers (1.9–3.1 miles) fladry, a long rope with small swatches of fabric stitched to it every few feet. The fabric is usually red in order to be easier spotted over the background of snow by the guides. Since it retains a human scent for several days, wolves tend to stay within the encircled area. When the hunters arrive, the pack of wolves is already "flagged". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_hunt |
In modern FRC experiments, the plasma current that reverses the magnetic field can be induced in a variety of ways. When a field-reversed configuration is formed using the theta-pinch (or inductive electric field) method, a cylindrical coil first produces an axial magnetic field. Then the gas is pre-ionized, which "freezes in" the bias field from a magnetohydrodynamic standpoint, finally the axial field is reversed, hence "field-reversed configuration." At the ends, reconnection of the bias field and the main field occurs, producing closed field lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Reversed_Configuration |
The main field is raised further, compressing and heating the plasma and providing a vacuum field between the plasma and the wall.Neutral beams are known to drive current in Tokamaks by directly injecting charged particles. FRCs can also be formed, sustained, and heated by application of neutral beams. In such experiments, as above, a cylindrical coil produces a uniform axial magnetic field and gas is introduced and ionized, creating a background plasma. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Reversed_Configuration |
Neutral particles are then injected into the plasma. They ionize and the heavier, positively-charged particles form a current ring which reverses the magnetic field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Reversed_Configuration |
Spheromaks are FRC-like configurations with finite toroidal magnetic field. FRCs have been formed through the merging of spheromaks of opposite and canceling toroidal field.Rotating magnetic fields have also been used to drive current. In such experiments, as above, gas is ionized and an axial magnetic field is produced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Reversed_Configuration |
A rotating magnetic field is produced by external magnetic coils perpendicular to the axis of the machine, and the direction of this field is rotated about the axis. When the rotation frequency is between the ion and electron gyro-frequencies, the electrons in the plasma co-rotate with the magnetic field (are "dragged"), producing current and reversing the magnetic field. More recently, so-called odd parity rotating magnetic fields have been used to preserve the closed topology of the FRC. It was analytically shown that the at a very high critical threshold magnitude of 'odd parity' rotating magnetic field, the axisymmetric equilibrium magnetic field lines loses closure and fundamentally changes field topology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Reversed_Configuration |
In modern French, the interpunct is sometimes used for gender-neutral writing, as in « les salarié·e·s » for « les salariés et les salariées ». | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered_dot |
In modern Gaelic, person inflections have almost disappeared, but the negative and interrogative are marked by distinctive forms. In Irish, particularly in the south, person inflections are still very common for the tá/bhí series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_copula |
In modern Greek the accent is for the most part in the same syllable of the words as it was in ancient Greek, but is one of stress rather than pitch, so that an accented syllable, such as the first syllable in the word ἄνθρωπος, can be pronounced sometimes on a high pitch, and sometimes on a low pitch. It is believed that this change took place around 2nd–4th century AD, at around the same time that the distinction between long and short vowels was also lost. One of the first writers to compose poetry based on a stress accent was the 4th-century Gregory of Nazianzus, who wrote two hymns in which syllable quantities play no part in the metre, but almost every line is accented on the penultimate syllable.In modern Greek there is no difference in pronunciation between the former acute, grave, and circumflex accents, and in the modern 'monotonic' spelling introduced in Greek schools in 1982 only one accent is used, the acute, while monosyllables are left unaccented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent |
In modern Hindi literature, Kamayani by Jaishankar Prasad has attained the status of an epic. The narrative of Kamayani is based on a popular mythological story, first mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana. It is a story of the great flood and the central characters of the epic poem are Manu (a male) and Shraddha (a female). Manu is representative of the human psyche and Shradha represents love. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_epics |
Another female character is Ida, who represents rationality. Some critics surmise that the three lead characters of Kamayani symbolize a synthesis of knowledge, action and desires in human life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_epics |
It inspires humans to live a life based on "karm" and not on fortunes. Apart from Kamayani, Kurukshetra (Epic Poetry) (1946), Rashmirathi (1952) and Urvashi (1961) by Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' have attained the status of epic poetry. Likewise Lalita Ke Aansoo by Krant M. L. Verma (1978) narrates the tragic story about the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri through his wife Lalita Shastri. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_epics |
In modern Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani), the Sanskrit verb अस् (as) (to be) which is derived from the Indo-European root *h1es- has developed into the present indicative forms of the verb होना ہونا (honā) (to be). The infinitive होना ہونا (honā) itself is derived from the Sanskrit verb root भू (bʱū) which is derived from Indo-European root *bhuH-. The indicative imperfect forms of होना ہونا (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂- (“to stand”). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_copula |
होना ہونا (honā) is the only verb in Hindi-Urdu to have the present indicative, imperfect indicative, presumptive mood and the present subjunctive conjugations, and all the other verbs in Hindi-Urdu lack them.The verb होना / ہونا (honā) can be translated as "to be", "to exist", "to happen" or "to have" depending on the context, and when used in the third person it could also be translated as "there is/are". Many verbs conjugations in Hindi-Urdu are derived from participles and hence are gendered and numbered, and they agree with either the object or the subject of the sentence depending on the grammatical case of the subject of the sentence. When the subject is in the ergative or the dative case (seeː dative construction & quirky subject) the verb agrees in gender and number with the object of the sentence and with the subject when the subject is in the nominative case. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_copula |
In modern Hungarian, the script is known formally as Székely rovásírás ('Szekler script'). The writing system is generally known as rovásírás, székely rovásírás, and székely-magyar írás (or simply rovás 'notch, score'). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_runes |
In modern Information Technology environments, many systems are now built using some degree of Rapid Application Development (not necessarily the James Martin approach). In addition to Martin's method, agile methods and the Rational Unified Process are often used for RAD development. The purported advantages of RAD include: Better quality. By having users interact with evolving prototypes the business functionality from a RAD project can often be much higher than that achieved via a waterfall model. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development |
The software can be more usable and has a better chance to focus on business problems that are critical to end users rather than technical problems of interest to developers. However, this excludes other categories of what are usually known as Non-functional requirements (AKA constraints or quality attributes) including security and portability. Risk control. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development |
Although much of the literature on RAD focuses on speed and user involvement a critical feature of RAD done correctly is risk mitigation. It's worth remembering that Boehm initially characterized the spiral model as a risk based approach. A RAD approach can focus in early on the key risk factors and adjust to them based on empirical evidence collected in the early part of the process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development |
E.g., the complexity of prototyping some of the most complex parts of the system. More projects completed on time and within budget. By focusing on the development of incremental units the chances for catastrophic failures that have dogged large waterfall projects is reduced. In the Waterfall model it was common to come to a realization after six months or more of analysis and development that required a radical rethinking of the entire system. With RAD this kind of information can be discovered and acted upon earlier in the process. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Application_Development |
In modern Israeli orthography, vowel and consonant pointing is seldom used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes—/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and /u/—but many more written symbols for them. Niqqud distinguish the following vowels and consonants; for more detail, see the main article. Note 1: The symbol "ס" represents whatever Hebrew letter is used.Note 2: The letter "ש" is used since it can only be represented by that letter.Note 3: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk are different, however, they look the same and are inputted in the same manner. Also, they are represented by the same Unicode character.Note 4: The letter "ו" is used since it can only be represented by that letter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics |
In modern Japanese usage, the loanword nyoi 如意 "as desired; as wishes" means "ease; comfort; freedom" or "(Buddhist) priest's staff". A few Buddhist temples in Japan are named with Nyoi. Nyoi-ji 如意寺, a Tendai temple in Kobe, and a Shingon temple in Kyōtango, Kyoto Nyoirin-ji 如意輪寺, a Pure Land Buddhism temple in Yoshino, Nara, famous for a Nyoi-rin image by En no GyōjaBesides temples, some other proper names include Nyoigatake 如意ケ嶽 "as-desired peak" is located near Kyoto, and the site of a 1509 AD battle, the Nyoi-gatake no Tatakai 如意ケ嶽の戦い Nyoi-jizai 如意自在 "as-desired carefree, completely free and unconstrained" is the name of a yōkai spirit in Toriyama Sekien's 1781 AD Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro Nyoi no Watashi 如意の渡し "as-desired crossing" is a ferry on the Oyabe River in Toyama Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruyi_(scepter) |
In modern Japanese, loanwords are generally represented phonetically via katakana. However, in earlier times loanwords were often represented by kanji (Chinese characters), a process called ateji when used for phonetic matching, or jukujikun when used for semantic matching. Some of these continue to be used; the characters chosen may correspond to the sound, the meaning, or both. In most cases the characters used were chosen only for their matching sound or only for their matching meaning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching |
For example, in the word 寿司 (sushi), the two characters are respectively read as su and shi, but the character 寿 means "one's natural life span" and 司 means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food – this is ateji. Conversely, in the word 煙草 (tabako) for "tobacco", the individual kanji respectively mean "smoke" and "herb", which corresponds to the meaning, while none of their possible readings have a phonetic relationship to the word tabako – this is jukujikun. In some cases, however, the kanji were chosen for both their semantic and phonetic values, a form of phono-semantic matching. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching |
A stock example is 倶楽部 (kurabu) for "club", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together-fun-place" (which has since been borrowed into Chinese during the early 20th century with the same meaning, including the individual characters, but with a pronunciation that differs considerably from the original English and the Japanese, jùlèbù). Another example is 合羽 (kappa) for the Portuguese capa, a kind of raincoat. The characters can mean "wings coming together", as the pointed capa resembles a bird with wings folded together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching |
In modern Korea, vertical writing is uncommon. Modern Korean is usually written in left-to-right horizontally. Vertical writing is used when the writing space is long vertically and narrow horizontally. For example, titles on the spines of books are usually written vertically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts |
When a foreign language film is subtitled into Korean, the subtitles are sometimes written vertically at the right side of the screen. In the Standard language (표준어; 標準語) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese/Eastern-style punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts |
In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to wol, the Sino-Korean word for "month". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean name of the animal associated with each Earthly Branch in the Chinese zodiac to dal, the native Korean word for "month". Additionally, the first, eleventh, and twelfth months have other Korean names which are similar to traditional Chinese month names. However, the other traditional Chinese month names, such as Xìngyuè ("apricot month") for the second month, are not used in Korean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_calendar |
In modern Lithuania, an ethnographic village (Lithuanian: etnografinis kaimas) is defined as a rural settlement which maintains traditional, historical, ethnic cultural characteristics specific to the particular region. These characteristic include traditional architecture, farmstead planning, relation to the natural landscape, as well as traditional life, including farming traditions, arts and crafts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographic_village |
In modern Microsoft Windows text editing applications, the End key is primarily used to move the cursor to the end of the line in which it is positioned. When the text is not editable, it is used to scroll to the end of the document; this can also be done in editable text if the key is pressed along with Control. The End key can also be used to highlight all the characters after the cursor in a certain line if pressed along with ⇧ Shift in editable text. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_key |
In modern PCs the BIOS is stored in rewritable EEPROM or NOR flash memory, allowing the contents to be replaced and modified. This rewriting of the contents is sometimes termed flashing. It can be done by a special program, usually provided by the system's manufacturer, or at POST, with a BIOS image in a hard drive or USB flash drive. A file containing such contents is sometimes termed "a BIOS image". A BIOS might be reflashed in order to upgrade to a newer version to fix bugs or provide improved performance or to support newer hardware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_BIOS |
In modern RC servos the angle of mechanical rotation is determined by the width of an electrical pulse that is applied to the control wire. This is a form of pulse-width modulation. The typical RC servo expects to see a pulse every 20 ms, however this can vary within a wide range that differs from servo to servo. The width of the pulse will determine how far the motor turns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_control |
For example, in many RC servos a 1.5 ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position (neutral position). The low time (and the total period) can vary over a wide range, and vary from one pulse to the next, without any effect on the position of the servo motor. Modern RC servo position is not defined by the PWM duty cycle (i.e., ON vs OFF time) but only by the width of the pulse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_control |
(This is different from the PWM used, for example, in some DC motor speed control). Most RC servos move to the same position when they receive a 1.5 ms pulse every 6 ms (a duty cycle of 25%) as when they receive a 1.5 ms pulse every 25 ms (a duty cycle of 6%) – in both cases, they turn to the central position (neutral position). With many RC servos, as long as the refresh rate (how many times per second the pulse is sent, aka the pulse repetition rate) is in a range of 40 Hz to 200 Hz, the exact value of the refresh rate is irrelevant.The period of 20 ms (50 Hz) comes from the days where the signal was encoded in PPM (pulse-position modulation) format to be sent over the air. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_control |
The PPM period was around 22.5 ms, and the conversion to PWM was trivial: the time of the PWM high state was the time position of the PPM pulse for that servo. Most RC receivers send pulses to the RC servo at some constant frame rate, changing only the high time. However, it is possible to command an RC servo to move over its entire range with a function generator set to a constant 10% duty cycle by changing only the frequency (frame rate). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo_control |
In modern Romance languages, nouns, adjectives and articles are declined according to number (singular or plural only). Verbs are conjugated for number as well as person. French treats zero as using the singular number, not the plural. In its written form, French declines nouns for number (singular or plural). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_number |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.