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In mountain biking the line of greatest slope defines the fall line, which is the path a trail will follow to descend a hill or mountain with the shortest path, and will also cause the rider to gain the most velocity (assuming brakes are not used, and other factors such as rolling resistance are equal). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_greatest_slope |
In mountain climbing, the line of greatest slope defines the fall line, which is the path a climber will take to gain the most elevation with the shortest possible path. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_greatest_slope |
In mountaineering and climbing, a first ascent (abbreviated to FA in guide books), is the first successful documented climb to the top of a mountain or the top of a particular climbing route. Early 20th-century mountaineers and climbers were focused on reaching the tops of iconic mountains (e.g. the eight-thousanders) and climbing routes (e.g. the great north faces of the Alps) by whatever means possible, often using considerable amounts of aid climbing, or with large expedition style support teams that laid "siege" to the climb. As all the key tops were summited, the manner in which the top was reached became important, particularly the ability to complete the ascent without artificial aid, which is called free climbing. In free climbing, the term first free ascent (abbreviated FFA) is used where a mountain or climbing route was ascended without any artificial aid (devices for protection in the event of a fall could be used as long as they did not aid progression). Completing the FFA of a climbing route is often called freeing (or more latterly sending) a route. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent |
In mountaineering, a fixed-rope (or fixed-line) is the practice of fixing in place bolted ropes to assist climbers and walkers in exposed mountain locations. They are used widely on American and European climbing routes, where they may be called via ferrata routes, but are not used in "Alpine style" mountaineering. Many guided expeditions to any of the eight-thousanders normally set up fixed rope on steep or icy sections of the route. For example, on the Hillary Step of Mount Everest, fixed rope was used to reduce the bottleneck of climbers that typically results from climbing this technical section just below the summit. In changing mountain environments such as glaciers, ice falls and areas with significant snow, fixed lines must generally be established anew at the start of each climbing season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_rope |
In mountaineering, the death zone refers to altitudes above a certain point where the pressure of oxygen is insufficient to sustain human life for an extended time span. This point is generally tagged as 8,000 m (26,000 ft), where atmospheric pressure is less than 356 millibars (10.5 inHg; 5.16 psi). The concept was conceived in 1953 by Edouard Wyss-Dunant, a Swiss doctor, who called it the lethal zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone |
All 14 peaks above 8000 m in the death zone are located in the Himalaya and Karakoram of Asia. Many deaths in high-altitude mountaineering have been caused by the effects of the death zone, either directly by loss of vital functions or indirectly by wrong decisions made under stress, or physical weakening leading to accidents. An extended stay above 8,000 m (26,000 ft) without supplementary oxygen will result in deterioration of bodily functions and death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_zone |
In mountainous areas of Myanmar, terrace farming is known locally as the staircase or ladder farming (in Myanmar: mm:လှေခါးထစ်တောင်ယာ) and the agriculture technique of that kind is known as လှေခါးထစ်စိုက်ပျိုးနည်း. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_terrace |
In mouse models, IL-10-producing Bregs have been shown to control autoimmune diabetes. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the evidence suggests that IL-10–producing Bregs are numerically and functionally defective in patients compared to healthy donors. Bregs in T1D have decreased production of IL-10 and are unable to suppress Th1 and Th17 immune responses. Moreover, these defective Bregs are unable to convert naive CD4+ T cells in Tregs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_B_cell |
In mouse myotubes, dedifferentiation was induced upon the suppression of two tumor suppressor genes, encoding the retinoblastoma protein and alternative reading frame protein. These murine primary myotube cells then exhibited a decrease in differentiated cardiomyocyte gene expression, an increase in proliferation, and a change in morphology. Moreover, mouse Schwann cells were shown to have a capability to differentiate when the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway is activated. In this study, the addition of Ras blocks Schwann cell differentiation and induces dedifferentiation. A decrease in Schwann cell gene expression marks this transition. After dedifferentiation, new cells can be generated by re-entering the cell cycle and proliferating, then redifferentiating to myelinate the mice neurons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedifferentiation |
In mouse neocortical neurons, hoiamide A acts as a partial agonist to site two of the mammalian voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC). In electrically excitable cells VGSC allow the influx of sodium that causes the rising phase of the action potential. Hoiamide A stimulated sodium influx with EC50 of 1.7 micromolar in mouse neocortical neurons VGSC have at least six neurotoxic sites that act as targets for small molecules. By using a radioligand probe BTX known to bind to neurotoxic site two on the VGSC alpha subunit, a group found that hoiamide A must bind to site two as well, given its inhibition of BTX. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoiamides |
A full agonist of VGSC site two, batrachotoxin, was then used to determine to what extent hoiamide A acted as an agonist. The experiments demonstrated that hoiamide A is a partial agonist because the maximum sodium influx hoiamide A binding caused was less than that of batrachotoxin. Another study found that hoiamide A stimulated capspase-3 activity, lactic acid dehydrogenase efflux, and nuclear condensation. These processes are specifically and uniquely involved in necrosis and apoptosis, suggesting that hoiamide A is involved neuronal death by both necrosis and apoptosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoiamides |
In mouse primordial germ cells, genome-wide reprogramming leading to totipotency involves erasure of epigenetic imprints. Reprogramming is facilitated by active DNA demethylation involving the DNA base excision repair enzymatic pathway. This pathway entails erasure of CpG methylation (5mC) in primordial germ cells via the initial conversion of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), a reaction driven by high levels of the ten-eleven dioxygenase enzymes TET-1 and TET-2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluripotent_stem_cell |
In mouse, frog and fish, Dapper2, is a negative regulator of mesoderm formation acting through the down-regulation of the Wnt and TGFβ / nodal signaling pathways. In zebrafish, nodal is known to activate the gene expression of dapper2. In the cell surface Dapper2 tightly binds to the active form of the activin type 1 receptors and targets the receptor for lysosomal degradation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodal_signaling |
Dapper2 overexpression mimics nodal co-receptor loss of function because nodal signal cannot be transduced and therefore it produces less mesoderm. In the mouse embryo, dpr2 mRNA is located across all the embryo 7.5 days post conception (dpc) however its location changes at 8.5-dpc where it is observed at the prospective somites and by 10-dpc, neural tube, otic vesicle and gut; because Dapper2 and Nodal are expressed in the same region, this suggests that Dapper antagonizes mesoderm induction signals derived from Nodal. Somehow the reduction of activin receptors would lead to the decrease in activity of different TGFb pathways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodal_signaling |
In mouse, variegating coat colour has been observed. When an autosomal region carrying a fur color gene is inserted onto the X chromosome, variable silencing of the allele is seen. Variegation is, however, observed only in the female having this insertion along with a homozygous mutation in the original coat color gene. The wild-type allele gets inactivated due to heterochromatinization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-effect_variegation |
In movie projection, the shutter admits light from the lamphouse to illuminate the film across to the projection screen. To avoid brightness flicker, a double-bladed rotary disc shutter admits light two times per frame of film in 24 fps projection, resulting in 24 * 2 = 48 Hz, which is the lower brightness flicker fusion threshold. For 16fps (most silent films and Regular 8mm) and 18fps (Super 8), a triple-bladed shutter is used instead, as 16 * 3 = 48 Hz and 18 * 3 = 54 Hz. Shutters are also used simply to regulate pulses of light, with no film being used, as in a signal lamp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_shutter |
In movie trailers and television and radio commercials, voice actors are often recruited through voice acting agencies. Mel Blanc, June Foray, Daws Butler, Don Messick, Phil Harris, Paul Winchell, Dan Castellaneta, Bill Farmer, Jim Cummings, Frank Welker, Mary Kay Bergman, Billy West, Charlie Adler, Maurice LaMarche, Jeff Bennett, Dee Bradley Baker, Grey DeLisle, Rob Paulsen, Tress MacNeille, Jason Marsden, Jessica DiCicco, Pamela Adlon, Kath Soucie, Debi Derryberry, Alan Tudyk, Tara Strong, Phil Lamarr, Tom Kenny, Nancy Cartwright, Jeff Bergman, Fred Tatasciore, Kate Higgins, Jennifer Hale, John DiMaggio, Steve Blum, Troy Baker, Mark Hamill, Kevin Conroy, Charles Martinet, Eric Bauza, Lauren Tom, and others have made careers in this field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_actress |
In moving picture (TV) the number of frames scanned per second is known as the frame rate. The higher the frame rate, the better the sense of motion. But again, increasing the frame rate introduces technical difficulties. So the frame rate is fixed at 25 (System B/G) or 29.97 (System M). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_frame |
To increase the sense of motion it is customary to scan the very same frame in two consecutive phases. In each phase only half of the lines are scanned; only the lines with odd numbers in the first phase and only the lines with even numbers in the second phase. Each scan is known as a field. So the field rate is two times the frame rate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_frame |
In moving to a higher order QAM constellation (higher data rate and mode) in hostile RF/microwave QAM application environments, such as in broadcasting or telecommunications, multipath interference typically increases. There is a spreading of the spots in the constellation, decreasing the separation between adjacent states, making it difficult for the receiver to decode the signal appropriately. In other words, there is reduced noise immunity. There are several test parameter measurements which help determine an optimal QAM mode for a specific operating environment. The following three are most significant: Carrier/interference ratio Carrier-to-noise ratio Threshold-to-noise ratio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_Amplitude_Modulation |
In moving up to a greater production scale, laboratory processing steps such as the use of electron beam lithography are slow and expensive. Therefore, a roll-to-roll manufacturing method was devised using a new manufacturing technique based on a master pattern. This master pattern mechanically stamps the precision pattern onto an inexpensive flexible substrate and thereby creates the metallic loop elements seen in the laboratory processing steps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rectenna |
The master template fabricated by Idaho National Laboratories consists of approximately 10 billion antenna elements on an 8-inch round silicon wafer. Using this semi-automated process, Idaho National Labs has produced a number of 4-inch square coupons. These coupons were combined to form a broad flexible sheet of antenna arrays. This work did not include production of the diode component. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_rectenna |
In moving-bed biofilm reactors, biofilms grow on small plastic or sponge-based carriers that circulate in the bioreactors using aeration or mechanical stirring. This allows for high contact between contaminants in the wastewater and adding more carriers can increase the rate of biodegradation. However, this also requires an increase in stirring or aeration and thus an increase in energy usage. This technology in particular has been used in industry as an alternative to conventional activated sludge processes in order to remove organic matter and nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm_factory |
In moving-cable type cable-suspended camera systems, cables are attached to winches at their ends to allow movement of an attached camera head between multiple cables. There are several variants of moving-cable type cable-suspended camera systems, including: 3D moving-cable type cable-suspended camera systems, a.k.a. suspended flying camera systems, with four cables moving an attached camera head in three dimensions; 2D moving-cable type cable-suspended camera systems, with two cables moving an attached camera head vertically and horizontally; Point-to-point (1D) moving-cable type cable-suspended camera systems where there is one cable pulling an attached camera head between two fixed points. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-suspended_camera_system |
In much Chinese architecture, buildings or building complexes surround open spaces. These enclosed spaces come in two forms: Courtyard (院): Open courtyards are a common feature in many projects. This is best exemplified in Siheyuan: It consisted of an empty space surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture |
"Sky well" (天井): Although large open courtyards are less commonly found in southern Chinese architecture, the concept of an "open space" surrounded by buildings can be seen in the southern building structure known as the "sky well". This structure is essentially a relatively enclosed courtyard formed from the intersections of closely spaced buildings and offers a small opening to the sky through the roof space.These enclosures aid in temperature regulation and in ventilation. Northern courtyards are typically open and face south to allow the maximum exposure of the building windows and walls to the sun while keeping out the cold north winds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture |
Southern sky wells are relatively small and collect rainwater from the roof tops. They perform the same duties as the Roman impluvium while restricting the amount of sunlight that enters the building. Sky wells also vent hot air skyward, which draws cool air from the lower areas and the outside. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecture |
In much of China, it is traditional to eat noodles on Xiazhi; a popular saying says "jiaozi on Dongzhi; noodles on Xiazhi" (冬至饺子夏至面). An alternative saying about Xiazhi foods goes "Dumplings for the first nine days, noodles for the second nine days, and pancake with eggs for the third nine days" (头伏饺子二伏面，三伏烙饼摊鸡蛋).Other Xiazhi foods vary by region: for instance in Taizhou, Zhejiang, it is traditional to eat maiyouzhi (麦油脂; màiyóuzhī; a kind of spring roll), yanggao (漾糕; yànggāo; a kind of small sticky cake), and dumplings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiazhi |
In much of Europe, Dépakine and Depakine Chrono (tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate_semisodium |
In much of Europe, television broadcasting has historically been state dominated, rather than commercially organised, although commercial stations have grown in number recently. In most countries, the public broadcasters were the only television services available until the 1980s. These were usually funded by the state or a television license, but many countries have eventually adopted advertising in the public channels. The United Kingdom was an early adopter of private television, launching the ITV network in 1955. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_usage_of_television |
Italy followed in the 1970s. Most countries got commercial broadcasters in the 1980s and 1990s, either by allowing private broadcasters to broadcast terrestrially or from broadcasters located in other countries. Some countries made room for private television by closing down or selling one of the state channels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_usage_of_television |
Most countries had two to six national broadcasters in the days of analogue television. Digital television has however allowed the number of terrestrial channels to multiply. Cable and satellite are also contributing to the increased number of channels, with hundreds of channels available to those willing to pay for it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_usage_of_television |
Every country has a public broadcaster and about one-four dominating commercial broadcasters (excluding smaller countries where local commercial broadcasters haven't been profitable), which are listed in the table below. The largest commercial European broadcaster is the Luxembourg-based RTL Group. Other media groups controlling European television broadcasters are ProSiebenSat.1 Media, News Corporation, Central European Media Enterprises and Modern Times Group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_usage_of_television |
In much of Israel's general population, especially where Ashkenazic pronunciation is prevalent, many letters have the same pronunciation. They are as follows: * Varyingly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Hebrew_alphabet |
In much of Tibet, primary education is conducted either primarily or entirely in the Tibetan language, and bilingual education is rarely introduced before students reach middle school. However, Chinese is the language of instruction of most Tibetan secondary schools. In April 2020, classroom instruction was switched from Tibetan to Mandarin Chinese in Ngaba, Sichuan. Students who continue on to tertiary education have the option of studying humanistic disciplines in Tibetan at a number of minority colleges in China. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan |
This contrasts with Tibetan schools in Dharamsala, India, where the Ministry of Human Resource Development curriculum requires academic subjects to be taught in English from middle school. Literacy and enrollment rates continue to be the main concern of the Chinese government. Much of the adult population in Tibet remains illiterate, and despite compulsory education policies, many parents in rural areas are unable to send their children to school.In February 2008, Norman Baker, a UK MP, released a statement to mark International Mother Language Day claiming, "The Chinese government are following a deliberate policy of extinguishing all that is Tibetan, including their own language in their own country" and he asserted a right for Tibetans to express themselves "in their mother tongue". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan |
However, Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has noted that "within certain limits the PRC does make efforts to accommodate Tibetan cultural expression" and "the cultural activity taking place all over the Tibetan plateau cannot be ignored. "Some scholars also question such claims because most Tibetans continue to reside in rural areas where Chinese is rarely spoken, as opposed to Lhasa and other Tibetan cities where Chinese can often be heard. In the Texas Journal of International Law, Barry Sautman stated that "none of the many recent studies of endangered languages deems Tibetan to be imperiled, and language maintenance among Tibetans contrasts with language loss even in the remote areas of Western states renowned for liberal policies... claims that primary schools in Tibet teach Mandarin are in error. Tibetan was the main language of instruction in 98% of TAR primary schools in 1996; today, Mandarin is introduced in early grades only in urban schools.... Because less than four out of ten TAR Tibetans reach secondary school, primary school matters most for their cultural formation." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Tibetan |
In much of West Africa, rectangular houses with peaked roofs and courtyards, sometimes consisting of several rooms and courtyards, are also traditionally found (sometimes decorated, with adobe reliefs as among the Ashanti of Ghana, or carved pillars as among the Yoruba people of Nigeria, especially in palaces and the dwellings of the wealthy) Besides the regular rectangular type of dwelling with a sharp roof, widespread in West Africa and Madagascar, there also other types of houses: beehive houses made from a circle of stones topped with a domed roof, and the round one, with a cone-shaped roof. The first type, which also existed in America, is characteristic especially for Southern Africa. These were used by Bantu-speaking groups in southern and parts of east Africa, which was made with mud, poles, thatch, and cow dung (rectangular houses were more common among the Bantu-speaking peoples of the greater Congo region and central Africa). The round hut with a cone-shaped roof is widespread especially in Sudan and Eastern Africa, but is also present in Colombia and New Caledonia, as well as in the Western Sudan and Sahel regions of west Africa, where they are sometimes arranged into compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_history |
A distinct style of traditional wooden architecture exists among the Grassland peoples of Cameroon, such as the Bamileke. In several West African societies, including the kingdom of Benin (and of other Edo peoples), and the kingdoms of the Yoruba, Hausa, at sites like Jenne-Jeno (a pre-Islamic city in Mali), and elsewhere, towns and cities were surrounded by large walls of mud brick or adobe, and sometimes by monumental moats and earthworks, such as Sungbo's Eredo (in the Nigerian Yoruba kingdom of Ijebu) and the Walls of Benin (of the Nigerian Kingdom of Benin). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_history |
In medieval southern Africa, a tradition existed of fortified stone settlements such as Great Zimbabwe and Khami. The famed Benin City of southwest Nigeria (capital of the Kingdom of Benin) destroyed by the Punitive Expedition, was a large complex of homes in coursed clay, with hipped roofs of shingles or palm leaves. The Palace had a sequence of ceremonial rooms, and was decorated with brass plaques. It was surrounded by a monumental complex of earthworks and walls whose construction is thought to have begun by the early Middle Ages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_history |
In much of contemporary Western popular culture, blonde women are stereotyped as being more sexually attractive to men than women with other hair colors. For example, Anita Loos popularized this idea in her 1925 novel Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Some women have reported they feel other people expect them to be more fun-loving after having lightened their hair.Singer-songwriter Madonna popularized the short, bleached-blond haircut after the release of her 1986 studio album True Blue, and influenced both the 1980s fashion scene as well as many future female musicians such as Christina Aguilera, Lady Gaga and Miley Cyrus.Similarly in many eastern cultures (Asia, The Middle East) blond men are often seen as symbolizing western masculinity: excessively manly, flirtatious, and sexually attractive. Depictions of relations between blond European men and dark-haired Arab women have even been used as an allegory for European colonialism, specifically in regards to French Algeria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxide_blonde |
In much of probability, especially when conditional expectation is involved, one is concerned with sets that represent only part of all the possible information that can be observed. This partial information can be characterized with a smaller σ-algebra which is a subset of the principal σ-algebra; it consists of the collection of subsets relevant only to and determined only by the partial information. A simple example suffices to illustrate this idea. Imagine you and another person are betting on a game that involves flipping a coin repeatedly and observing whether it comes up Heads ( H {\displaystyle H} ) or Tails ( T {\displaystyle T} ). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(sigma_algebra) |
Since you and your opponent are each infinitely wealthy, there is no limit to how long the game can last. This means the sample space Ω must consist of all possible infinite sequences of H {\displaystyle H} or T: {\displaystyle T:} However, after n {\displaystyle n} flips of the coin, you may want to determine or revise your betting strategy in advance of the next flip. The observed information at that point can be described in terms of the 2n possibilities for the first n {\displaystyle n} flips. Formally, since you need to use subsets of Ω, this is codified as the σ-algebra Observe that then where G ∞ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}_{\infty }} is the smallest σ-algebra containing all the others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(sigma_algebra) |
In much of the Western world, the introduction of the pill in the 1960s was associated with a decline in condom use. : 267–9, 272–5 In Japan, oral contraceptives were not approved for use until September 1999, and even then access was more restricted than in other industrialized nations. Perhaps because of this restricted access to hormonal contraception, Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world: in 2008, 80% of contraceptive users relied on condoms.Cultural attitudes toward gender roles, contraception, and sexual activity vary greatly around the world, and range from extremely conservative to extremely liberal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_condom |
But in places where condoms are misunderstood, mischaracterised, demonised, or looked upon with overall cultural disapproval, the prevalence of condom use is directly affected. In less-developed countries and among less-educated populations, misperceptions about how disease transmission and conception work negatively affect the use of condoms; additionally, in cultures with more traditional gender roles, women may feel uncomfortable demanding that their partners use condoms. As an example, Latino immigrants in the United States often face cultural barriers to condom use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_condom |
A study on female HIV prevention published in the Journal of Sex Health Research asserts that Latino women often lack the attitudes needed to negotiate safe sex due to traditional gender-role norms in the Latino community, and may be afraid to bring up the subject of condom use with their partners. Women who participated in the study often reported that because of the general machismo subtly encouraged in Latino culture, their male partners would be angry or possibly violent at the woman's suggestion that they use condoms. A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low-income American black women; the women in this study also reported a fear of violence at the suggestion to their male partners that condoms be used.A telephone survey conducted by Rand Corporation and Oregon State University, and published in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes showed that belief in AIDS conspiracy theories among United States black men is linked to rates of condom use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_condom |
As conspiracy beliefs about AIDS grow in a given sector of these black men, consistent condom use drops in that same sector. Female use of condoms was not similarly affected.In the African continent, condom promotion in some areas has been impeded by anti-condom campaigns by some Muslim and Catholic clerics. Among the Maasai in Tanzania, condom use is hampered by an aversion to "wasting" sperm, which is given sociocultural importance beyond reproduction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_condom |
Sperm is believed to be an "elixir" to women and to have beneficial health effects. Maasai women believe that, after conceiving a child, they must have sexual intercourse repeatedly so that the additional sperm aids the child's development. Frequent condom use is also considered by some Maasai to cause impotence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_condom |
Some women in Africa believe that condoms are "for prostitutes" and that respectable women should not use them. A few clerics even promote the lie that condoms are deliberately laced with HIV. In the United States, possession of many condoms has been used by police to accuse women of engaging in prostitution. The Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS has condemned this practice and there are efforts to end it.Middle-Eastern couples who have not had children, because of the strong desire and social pressure to establish fertility as soon as possible within marriage, rarely use condoms.In 2017, India restricted TV advertisements for condoms to between the hours of 10 pm to 6 am. Family planning advocates were against this, saying it was liable to "undo decades of progress on sexual and reproductive health". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_condom |
In much of the developed world, changes from distinct men's work and women's work to more gender equal patterns have been economically important since the mid-20th century. Both men and women are considered to be great contributors to social change worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_transition |
In much of the developed world, there is a heavy reliance on a grid for power and gas. These grids are the main source of energy for many societies, and while they generally do not get interrupted, they are constantly prone to events that may cause disruption, such as natural disasters. In California, there have even been intentional power outages as a preventative measure in response to wildfires caused by power lines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_survivability |
When a power outage occurs, most mechanical heating and cooling can no longer operate. The aim of passive survivability is to be prepared for when such an event may occur, and maintain safe indoor temperatures. While back-up generators can provide some power during an outage, it is often not enough for heating and cooling needs or adequate lighting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_survivability |
In much of the range it is strictly coastal, growing on sandy soils. In some areas, it also occurs in alpine habitats, along mountain streams. Some of the physiology and metabolism of this species has been described, of particular note is how the metabolism of this species is altered with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_maritima |
In much of the research currently conducted upon various phenomena of non-referential indexicality, there is an increased interest in not only what is called first-order indexicality, but subsequent second-order as well as "higher-order" levels of indexical meaning. First-order indexicality can be defined as the first level of pragmatic meaning that is drawn from an utterance. For example, instances of deference indexicality, such as the variation between informal tu and formal vous in French, indicate a speaker/addressee communicative relationship built upon the values of power and solidarity possessed by the interlocutors. When a speaker addresses somebody using the V form instead of the T form, they index (via first-order indexicality) their understanding of the need for deference to the addressee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexical_information |
In other words, they perceive or recognize an incongruence between their levels of power and/or solidarity and employ a more formal way of addressing that person to suit the contextual constraints of the speech event. Second-Order Indexicality is concerned with the connection between linguistic variables and the metapragmatic meanings that they encode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexical_information |
For example, a woman is walking down the street in Manhattan and she stops to ask somebody where a McDonald's is. He responds to her talking in a heavy "Brooklyn" accent. She notices this accent and considers a set of possible personal characteristics that might be indexed by it (such as the man's intelligence, economic situation, and other non-linguistic aspects of his life). The power of language to encode these preconceived "stereotypes" based solely on accent is an example of second-order indexicality (representative of a more complex and subtle system of indexical form than that of first-order indexicality). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexical_information |
In much of the world, calcium chloride is derived from limestone as a by-product of the Solvay process, which follows the net reaction below: 2 NaCl + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaCl2North American consumption in 2002 was 1,529,000 tonnes (3.37 billion pounds). In the US, most of calcium chloride is obtained by purification from brine. As with most bulk commodity salt products, trace amounts of other cations from the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (groups 1 and 2) and other anions from the halogens (group 17) typically occur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_chloride |
In much of the world, plaster veneer is a very rare wall surface. Consequently, it can be difficult to find a local trade worker skilled in the practice. However, in some regions, such as Ireland, or Massachusetts this situation is reversed, with plaster veneer a common standard, and mud-and-tape the less common alternative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster_veneer |
Plaster veneer is well-suited to the renovation of older buildings, since it is an easier option than full re-creation of the original lath and plaster. The veneer surface will closely mimic antique walls, with their hand-applied variations. In contrast, properly finished mud-and-tape drywall can be very planar, and industrially uniform in character. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster_veneer |
Drywall feels relatively warm and soft to the touch, while plaster feels cooler and very hard. Consequently, plaster veneer might be an appropriate choice in the renovation of an older house with existing lath-and-plaster walls. Bare mud-and-tape drywall is generally only acceptable as a final decorating finish in utility spaces such as attics or garages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster_veneer |
In most rooms, such walls are finished with paint or wallpaper. Plaster veneer walls are usually similarly decorated, but unpainted plaster can also serve as a finish. Because bare plaster can be appealing to the touch, and paint would add an additional layer, some decorators opt to leave exposed plaster in some or all of a room, as a creative choice. In such cases, if the plaster's natural color is not desired, tints can be added as part of the mixing process, or can be introduced unevenly for artistic color effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster_veneer |
In much of the world, the modesty of women is a matter not only of social custom but of the legal definition of indecent exposure. In the United States, the exposure of female nipples is a criminal offense in many states and is not usually allowed in public. Individual women who have contested indecency laws by baring their breasts in public assert that their behavior is not sexual. In Canada, the law was changed to include a definition of a sexual context in order for behavior to be indecent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nudity |
The topfreedom movement in the United States promotes equal rights for women to be naked above the waist in public on the same basis that would apply to men in the same circumstances. The illegality of topfreedom is viewed as institutionalization of negative cultural values that affect women's body image. The legal justifications for topfreedom include equal protection, the right to privacy, and freedom of expression.The law in New York State was challenged in 1986 by nine women who exposed their breasts in a public park, which led to nine years of litigation culminating with an opinion by the Court of Appeals that overturned the convictions on the basis of the women's actions not being lewd, rather than overturning the law as unconstitutional on the basis of equal protection, which is what the women sought. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nudity |
While the decision gave women more freedom to be topfree (e.g. while sunbathing), it did not give them equality with men. Other court decisions have given individuals the right to be briefly nude in public as a form of expression protected by the First Amendment, but not on a continuing basis for their own comfort or enjoyment as men are allowed to do. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nudity |
In 2020 the US Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal of three women after the New Hampshire Supreme Court found that the state law does not discriminate against women because it bans nudity, which has traditionally included female breasts.Survey research was done in Australia, where women not covering their breasts is common on some public beaches, such as in Sydney. Of the 165 women surveyed, 116 had been topless. Women who had sunbathed topless responded that they experienced this behavior as pure and natural rather than sexual. They also had generally positive attitudes toward sexuality compared to those who had never been topfree. However, 76% of women who had not sunbathed topless said women had the right to do so. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nudity |
In much the same way as the IA is difficult to define, it can be utilised in a range of contexts by the information professional, from complying with freedom of information legislation to identifying any existing gaps, duplications, bottlenecks or other inefficiencies in information flows and to understand how existing channels can be used for knowledge transfer In 2007 Buchanan and Gibb developed upon their 1998 examination of the IA process by outlining a summary of its main objectives: To identify an organisation’s information resource To identify an organisation’s information needsFurthermore, Buchanan and Gibb went on to state that the IA also had to meet the following additional objectives: To identify the cost/benefits of information resources To identify the opportunities to use the information resources for strategic competitive advantage To integrate IT investment with strategic business initiatives To identify information flow and processes To develop an integrated information strategy and/or policy To create an awareness of the importance of Information Resource Management (IRM) To monitor/evaluate conformance to information related standards, legislations, policy and guidelines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_audit |
In much the same way as the analogue ammeter formed the basis for a wide variety of derived meters, including voltmeters, the basic mechanism for a digital meter is a digital voltmeter mechanism, and other types of meter are built around this. Digital ammeter designs use a shunt resistor to produce a calibrated voltage proportional to the current flowing. This voltage is then measured by a digital voltmeter, through use of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC); the digital display is calibrated to display the current through the shunt. Such instruments are often calibrated to indicate the RMS value for a sine wave only, but many designs will indicate true RMS within limitations of the wave crest factor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_coil_meter |
In much the same way that BI technology synthesizes business application data from a variety of sources for business visibility and better decision-making, NI technology correlates network traffic data from a variety of data communication vehicles for network visibility, enabling better cyber security and IP services. With ongoing changes in communications networks and how information can be exchanged, people are no longer linked exclusively to physical subscriber lines. The same person can communicate in multiple ways – FTP, Webmail, VoIP, instant messaging, online chat, blogs, social networks – and from different access points via desktops, laptops and mobile devices. NI provides the means to quickly identify, examine and correlate interactions involving Internet users, applications, and protocols whether or not the protocols are tunneled or follow the OSI model. The technology enables a global understanding of network traffic for applications that need to correlate information such as who contacts whom, when, where and how, or who accesses what database, when, and the information viewed. When combined with traditional BI tools that examine service quality and customer care, NI creates a powerful nexus of subscriber and network data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_intelligence |
In much the same way that Rachel Carson’s bellwether manuscript Silent Spring changed the realm of how and which chemicals are used in nature, Aldo Leopold forever changed the way we view our ecological impact on the environment around us with the introduction of the term “Thinking Like a Mountain” in his book A Sand County Almanac in 1949. Since then, the phrase and the particular mindset it generates has greatly influenced people in all walks of life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_like_a_mountain |
In much the same way that two fermions (e.g. both of spin 1/2) can be looked at together as a composite boson (with total spin in a superposition of 0 and 1), two or more anyons together make up a composite anyon (possibly a boson or fermion). The composite anyon is said to be the result of the fusion of its components. If N {\displaystyle N} identical abelian anyons each with individual statistics α {\displaystyle \alpha } (that is, the system picks up a phase e i α {\displaystyle e^{i\alpha }} when two individual anyons undergo adiabatic counterclockwise exchange) all fuse together, they together have statistics N 2 α {\displaystyle N^{2}\alpha } . This can be seen by noting that upon counterclockwise rotation of two composite anyons about each other, there are N 2 {\displaystyle N^{2}} pairs of individual anyons (one in the first composite anyon, one in the second composite anyon) that each contribute a phase e i α {\displaystyle e^{i\alpha }} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon |
An analogous analysis applies to the fusion of non-identical abelian anyons. The statistics of the composite anyon is uniquely determined by the statistics of its components. Non-abelian anyons have more complicated fusion relations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon |
As a rule, in a system with non-abelian anyons, there is a composite particle whose statistics label is not uniquely determined by the statistics labels of its components, but rather exists as a quantum superposition (this is completely analogous to how two fermions known to have spin 1/2 are together in quantum superposition of total spin 1 and 0). If the overall statistics of the fusion of all of several anyons is known, there is still ambiguity in the fusion of some subsets of those anyons, and each possibility is a unique quantum state. These multiple states provide a Hilbert space on which quantum computation can be done. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon |
In mucous membrane pemphigoid, the autoimmune reaction occurs in the skin, specifically at the level of the basement membrane, which connects the lower skin layer (dermis) to the upper skin layer (epidermis) and keeps it attached to the body. When the condition is active, the basement membrane is dissolved by the antibodies produced, and areas of skin lift away at the base, causing hard blisters which scar if they burst. In other words, this is a desquamating/blistering disease in which the epithelium "unzips" from the underlying connective tissue, allowing fluid to gather that subsequently manifest as bullae, or blisters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localized_cicatricial_pemphigoid |
In multi-agent reinforcement learning experiments, researchers try to optimize the performance of a learning agent on a given task, in cooperation or competition with one or more agents. These agents learn by trial-and-error, and researchers may choose to have the learning algorithm play the role of two or more of the different agents. When successfully executed, this technique has a double advantage: It provides a straightforward way to determine the actions of the other agents, resulting in a meaningful challenge. It increases the amount of experience that can be used to improve the policy, by a factor of two or more, since the viewpoints of each of the different agents can be used for learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique) |
argues that most of the games that people play for fun are "Games of Skill", meaning games whose space of all possible strategies looks like a spinning top. In more detail, we can partition the space of strategies into sets L 1 , L 2 , . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique) |
. . , L n {\displaystyle L_{1},L_{2},...,L_{n}} , such that any i < j , π i ∈ L i , π j ∈ L j {\displaystyle i | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-play_(reinforcement_learning_technique) |
In multi-agent system research, distributed knowledge is all the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem. Distributed knowledge is approximately what "a wise man knows", or what someone who has complete knowledge of what each member of the community knows knows. Distributed knowledge might also be called the aggregate knowledge of a community, as it represents all the knowledge that a community might bring to bear to solve a problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_knowledge |
Other related phrasings include cumulative knowledge, collective knowledge or pooled knowledge. Distributed knowledge is the union of all the knowledge of individuals in a community of agents. Distributed knowledge differs from the concept of Wisdom of the crowd, in that the latter is concerned with opinions, not knowledge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_knowledge |
Wisdom of the crowd is the emergent opinion arising from multiple actors. It is not the union of all the knowledge of these actors, it does not necessarily include the contribution of all the actors, it does not refer to all the knowledge of these actors, and typically broadly includes opinions and guesswork. Wisdom of the crowd is a concept useful in the context of social sciences, rather than in the more formal multi-agent systems or Knowledge-based systems research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_knowledge |
In multi-armed bandit, a lower bound on the minimax regret of any bandit algorithm can be proved using Bretagnolle–Huber and its consequence on hypothesis testing (see Chapter 15 of Bandit Algorithms). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagnolle–Huber_inequality |
In multi-channel systems, channels are used for separate purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_way_radio |
In multi-drop mode the analog loop current is fixed at 4 mA and it is possible to have more than one instrument on a signal loop. HART revisions 3 through 5 allowed polling addresses of the instruments to be in the range 1–15. HART revision 6 allowed addresses 1 to 63; HART revision 7 allows addresses 0 to 63. Each instrument must have a unique address. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Addressable_Remote_Transducer_Protocol |
In multi-exponential fitting, the time-resolved curves are fitted with an exponential decay model to determine the decay constants. While this method is straightforward, it has low accuracy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump-probe_microscopy |
In multi-hop networks, Adaptive Quality of Service routing (AQoS or AQR) protocols have become increasingly popular and have numerous applications. One application in which it may be useful is in Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET). Adaptive QoS routing is a cross-layer optimization adaptive routing mechanism. The cross-layer mechanism provides up-to-date local QoS information for the adaptive routing algorithm, by considering the impacts of node mobility and lower-layer link performance. The multiple QoS requirements are satisfied by adaptively using forward error correction and multipath routing mechanisms, based on the current network status. The complete routing mechanism includes three parts: (1) a modified dynamic source routing algorithm that handles route discovery and the collection of QoS related parameters; (2) a local statistical computation and link monitoring function located in each node; and (3) an integrated decision-making system to calculate the number of routing paths, coding parity length, and traffic distribution rates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_quality_of_service_multi-hop_routing |
In multi-match games, match scores are reset to zero with the start of each match, while game scores accumulate until a predetermined winning score is reached, perhaps 500 or higher. Each individual match ends when one player scores 100 match points. At the end of the match, players' match scores are credited toward their game scores, as well as: 25 game points for each individual round won, 100 game points to the winner of the match, and 100 bonus game points to the match winner if the loser won no rounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Rummy |
In multi-objective optimization, the Pareto front (also called Pareto frontier or Pareto curve) is the set of all Pareto efficient solutions. The concept is widely used in engineering. : 111–148 It allows the designer to restrict attention to the set of efficient choices, and to make tradeoffs within this set, rather than considering the full range of every parameter. : 63–65: 399–412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_front |
In multi-party states, a coalition agreement is an agreement negotiated between the parties that form a coalition government. It codifies the most important shared goals and objectives of the cabinet. It is often written by the leaders of the parliamentary groups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_agreement |
In multi-photon ionization (MPI), several photons of energy below the ionization threshold may actually combine their energies to ionize an atom. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is a form of MPI in which one or more of the photons accesses a bound-bound transition that is resonant in the atom or molecule being ionized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_sources |
In multi-printhead and multi-material printing, multiple ingredients are printed at the same time or in succession. There are different ways to support multi-material printing. In one instance, multiple printheads are used to print multiple materials/ingredients, as this can speed up production, efficiency, and lead to interesting design patterns. In another instance, there is one printhead, and when a different ingredient is required, the printer exchanges the material being printed. Multiple materials/ingredients equates to a more diverse range of meals available to print, a broader nutritional range, and is quite common for food printers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_food_printing |
In multi-processor systems (more than one Opteron on a single motherboard), the CPUs communicate using the Direct Connect Architecture over high-speed HyperTransport links. Each CPU can access the main memory of another processor, transparent to the programmer. The Opteron approach to multi-processing is not the same as standard symmetric multiprocessing; instead of having one bank of memory for all CPUs, each CPU has its own memory. Thus the Opteron is a Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Opteron |
The Opteron CPU directly supports up to an 8-way configuration, which can be found in mid-level servers. Enterprise-level servers use additional (and expensive) routing chips to support more than 8 CPUs per box. In a variety of computing benchmarks, the Opteron architecture has demonstrated better multi-processor scaling than the Intel Xeon which didn't have a point to point system until QPI and integrated memory controllers with the Nehalem design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Opteron |
This is primarily because adding another Opteron processor increases memory bandwidth, while that is not always the case for Xeon systems, and the fact that the Opterons use a switched fabric, rather than a shared bus. In particular, the Opteron's integrated memory controller allows the CPU to access local RAM very quickly. In contrast, multiprocessor Xeon system CPUs share only two common buses for both processor-processor and processor-memory communication. As the number of CPUs increases in a typical Xeon system, contention for the shared bus causes computing efficiency to drop. Intel migrated to a memory architecture similar to the Opteron's for the Intel Core i7 family of processors and their Xeon derivatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Opteron |
In multi-programming or in a multi-user environment, many users may execute the same program, written so that its code and data are in separate pages. To minimize RAM use, all users share a single copy of the program. Each process's page table is set up so that the pages that address code point to the single shared copy, while the pages that address data point to different physical pages for each process. Different programs might also use the same libraries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_space |
To save space, only one copy of the shared library is loaded into physical memory. Programs which use the same library have virtual addresses that map to the same pages (which contain the library's code and data). When programs want to modify the library's code, they use copy-on-write, so memory is only allocated when needed. Shared memory is an efficient means of communication between programs. Programs can share pages in memory, and then write and read to exchange data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swap_space |
In multi-state models, the recurrent event processes of individuals are described by different states. The different states may describe the recurrence number, or whether the subject is at risk of recurrence. A change of state is called a transition (or an event) and is central in this framework, which is fully characterized through estimation of transition probabilities between states and transition intensities that are defined as instantaneous hazards of progression to one state, conditional on occupying another state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_event_analysis |
In multi-step jobs, a later step can use a referback instead of specifying in full a file which has already been specified in an earlier step. For example: Here, MYPR02 uses the file identified as NEWFILE in step MYPR01 (DSN means "dataset name" and specifies the name of the file; a DSN could not exceed 44 characters). In jobs which contain a mixture of job-specific JCL and procedure calls, a job-specific step can refer back to a file which was fully specified in a procedure, for example: where DSN=*.STEP01.MYPR01.NEWFILE means "use the file identified as NEWFILE in step MYPR01 of the procedure used by step STEP01 of this job". Using the name of the step which called the procedure rather than the name of the procedure allows a programmer to use the same procedure several times in the same job without confusion about which instance of the procedure is used in the referback. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Control_Language |
In multi-threaded programs some threads can be executing inside infinite loops without causing the entire program to be stuck in an infinite loop. If the main thread exits all threads of the process are forcefully stopped thus all execution ends and the process/program terminates. The threads inside the infinite loops can perform "housekeeping" tasks or they can be in a blocked state waiting for input (from socket/queue) and resume execution every time input is received. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_loop |
In multicellular eukaryotes, cells in different organs and tissues have different patterns of gene expression and therefore have different sets of enzymes (known as isozymes) available for metabolic reactions. This provides a mechanism for regulating the overall metabolism of the organism. For example, hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, has a specialized form called glucokinase expressed in the liver and pancreas that has a lower affinity for glucose yet is more sensitive to glucose concentration. This enzyme is involved in sensing blood sugar and regulating insulin production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzymes_and_cofactors |
In multicellular organisms therefore, specialised respiratory organs such as gills or lungs are often used to provide the additional surface area for the required rate of gas exchange with the external environment. However the distances between the gas exchanger and the deeper tissues are often too great for diffusion to meet gaseous requirements of these tissues. The gas exchangers are therefore frequently coupled to gas-distributing circulatory systems, which transport the gases evenly to all the body tissues regardless of their distance from the gas exchanger.Some multicellular organisms such as flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are relatively large but very thin, allowing their outer body surface to act as a gas exchange surface without the need for a specialised gas exchange organ. Flatworms therefore lack gills or lungs, and also lack a circulatory system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange |
Other multicellular organisms such as sponges (Porifera) have an inherently high surface area, because they are very porous and/or branched. Sponges do not require a circulatory system or specialised gas exchange organs, because their feeding strategy involves one-way pumping of water through their porous bodies using flagellated collar cells. Each cell of the sponge's body is therefore exposed to a constant flow of fresh oxygenated water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange |
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