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It is similarly interior, connective tissue, but it is more specifically the central layer of hyphae running from the underside of the mushroom cap to the lamella or gill, upon which the hymenium rests. Various types have been classified by their structure, including trametoid, cantharelloid, boletoid, and agaricoid, with agaricoid the most common by far. In the agarcoid type, the central trama's hyphae usually run parallel to each other, with a clear boundary area called a sub-hymenium followed by the hymenium itself on the outer layer facing the environment.The word "trama" is Latin for the "weft" or "woof" yarns in the weaving of cloth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trama_(mycology) |
This is related to the basidiocarp trama being "filler" tissue and that analogously the woof yarn in weaving is sometimes called "fill". Furthermore, the trama tends to be soft tissue, and in weaving, the woof yarn is not tightly stretched; it therefore need not as a rule be as strong as the warp yarn. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trama_(mycology) |
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota: Teleomorph: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a fruiting body. Anamorph: an asexual reproductive stage (morph), often mold-like. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called synanamorphs. Holomorph: the whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph |
In myelofibrosis, the most common side effects include thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet counts), anaemia (low red blood cell counts), neutropenia (low levels of neutrophils), urinary tract infections (infection of the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder or urethra), bleeding, bruising, weight gain, hypercholesterolaemia (high blood cholesterol levels), dizziness, headache and raised liver enzyme levels.In polycythaemia vera, the most common side effects include anemia (low red blood cell counts) and thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count), bleeding, bruising, hypercholesterolaemia (high blood cholesterol levels), hypertriglyceridemia (high blood fat levels), dizziness, raised liver enzyme levels and high blood pressure.In acute graft-versus-host disease, the most common hematologic adverse reactions include anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The most common nonhematologic adverse reactions include infections and edema.Immunologic side effects have included herpes zoster (shingles) and case reports of opportunistic infections. Metabolic side effects have included weight gain. Laboratory abnormalities have included alanine transaminase (ALT) abnormalities, aspartate transaminase (AST) abnormalities, and mildly elevated cholesterol levels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruxolitinib |
In myeloid cells, IRF8 regulates the expression of Bax and Fas to regulate apoptosis. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), IRF8 regulates acid ceramidase to mediate CML apoptosis.IRF8 is highly expressed in myeloid cells and was originally identified in as a critical lineage-specific transcription factor for myeloid cell differentiation, recent studies, however, have shown that IRF8 is also constitutively expressed in non-hematopoietic cancer cells, albeit at a lower level. Furthermore, IRF8 can also be up-regulated by IFN-γ in non-hemotopoietic cells. IRF8 mediates the expression of Fas, Bax, FLIP, Jak1 and STAT1 to mediate apoptosis in non-hemotopoietic cancer cells.Analysis of human cancer genomics database revealed that IRF8 is not significantly focally amplified across the entire dataset of 3131 tumors, but is significantly focally deleted across the entire dataset of 3131 tumors, suggesting that IRF8 is potentially a tumor suppressor in humans. Molecular analysis indicated that the IRF8 gene promoter is hypermethylated in human colon carcinoma cells, suggesting that these cells might use DNA methylation to silence IRF8 expression to advance the disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF8 |
In myocardial infarction, a limited region of the heart muscle has reduced or totally absent function. It has been shown to be at least as accurate as B-mode echocardiography. Deformation imaging has also been shown to be useful in following recovery of an infarcted myocardial area, to ascertain the amount of Myocardial stunning vs. necrosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_rate_imaging |
In myocytes (muscle cells) Ca2+ is normally sequestered (isolated) in a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is a Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation. In the skeletal muscles the calcium pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane works in harmony with similar calcium pumps in the plasma membrane. This ensures that the cytosolic concentration of free calcium in resting muscle is below 0.1µM. The sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps are closely related in structure and mechanism, and both are inhibited by the tumor-promoting agent thapsigargin, which does not affect the plasma membrane Ca2+ pumps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_ATPase |
In myocytes, sarcomeres adhere to the sarcolemma via costameres, which align at Z-discs and M-lines. The two primary cytoskeletal components of costameres are desmin intermediate filaments and gamma-actin microfilaments. It has been shown that gamma-actin interacting with another costameric protein dystrophin is critical for costameres forming mechanically strong links between the cytoskeleton and the sarcolemmal membrane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin,_cytoplasmic_2 |
Additional studies have shown that gamma-actin colocalizes with alpha-actinin and GFP-labeled gamma actin localized to Z-discs, whereas GFP-alpha-actin localized to pointed ends of thin filaments, indicating that gamma actin specifically localizes to Z-discs in striated muscle cells.During development of myocytes, gamma actin is thought to play a role in the organization and assembly of developing sarcomeres, evidenced in part by its early colocalization with alpha-actinin. Gamma-actin is eventually replaced by sarcomeric alpha-actin isoforms, with low levels of gamma-actin persisting in adult myocytes which associate with Z-disc and costamere domains.Insights into the function of gamma-actin in muscle have come from studies employing transgenesis. In a skeletal muscle-specific knockout of gamma-actin in mice, these animals showed no detectable abnormalities in development; however, knockout mice showed muscle weakness and fiber necrosis, along with decreased isometric twitch force, disrupted intrafibrillar and interfibrillar connections among myocytes, and myopathy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin,_cytoplasmic_2 |
In myrtles the hypanthium can either surround the ovary loosely or tightly; in some cases it can be fused to the walls of the ovary. It can vary in length. The rims around the outside of the hypanthium contain the calyx lobes or free sepals, petals and either the stamen or multiple stamen that are attached at one or two points. The flowers of the family Rosaceae, or the rose family, always have some type of hypanthium or at least a floral cup from which the sepals, petals and stamens all arise, and which is lined with nectar-producing tissue known as nectaries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanthium |
The nectar is a sugary substance that attracts birds and bees to the flower, who then take the pollen from the lining of the hypanthium and transfer it to the next flower they visit, usually a neighbouring plant.The stamens borne on the hypanthium are the pollen-producing reproductive organs of the flower. The hypanthium helps in many ways with the reproduction and cross pollination pathways of most plants. It provides weather protection and a medium to sustain the lost pollen, increasing the probability of fertility and cross-pollination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanthium |
The retained pollen can then attach to pollinators such as birds, bees, moths, beetles, bats, butterflies and other animals. Wind can act as an instigator for fertilisation. The hypanthium is also an adaptive feature for structural support. It helps the stem fuse with the flower, in turn strengthening the bond and overall stability and integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanthium |
In mystical and contemplative traditions, mystical experiences are not a goal in themselves, but part of a larger path of self-transformation. For example, the Zen Buddhist training does not end with kenshō, but practice is to be continued to deepen the insight and to express it in daily life. To deepen the initial insight of kensho, shikantaza and kōan-study are necessary. This trajectory of initial insight followed by a gradual deepening and ripening is expressed by Linji Yixuan in his Three mysterious Gates, the Five Ranks, the Four Ways of Knowing of Hakuin, and the Ten Ox-Herding Pictures which detail the steps on the Path. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystical_experience |
In myth, Marsyas the satyr was supposed to have invented the aulos, or else picked it up after Athena had thrown it away because it caused her cheeks to puff out and ruined her beauty. In any case, he challenged Apollo to a musical contest, where the winner would be able to "do whatever he wanted" to the loser—Marsyas's expectation, typical of a satyr, was that this would be sexual in nature. But Apollo and his lyre beat Marsyas and his aulos. And since the pure lord of Delphi's mind worked in different ways from Marsyas's, he celebrated his victory by stringing his opponent up from a tree and flaying him alive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulos |
King Midas was cursed with donkey's ears for judging Apollo as the lesser player. Marsyas's blood and the tears of the Muses formed the river Marsyas in Asia Minor.This tale was a warning against committing the sin of "hubris", or overweening pride, in that Marsyas thought he might win against a god. Strange and brutal as it is, this myth reflects a great many cultural tensions that the Greeks expressed in the opposition they often drew between the lyre and aulos: freedom vs. servility and tyranny, leisured amateurs vs. professionals, moderation (sophrosyne) vs. excess, etc. Some of this is a result of 19th century AD "classical interpretation", i.e. Apollo versus Dionysus, or "Reason" (represented by the kithara) opposed to "Madness" (represented by the aulos). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulos |
In the temple to Apollo at Delphi, there was also a shrine to Dionysus, and his Maenads are shown on drinking cups playing the aulos, but Dionysus is sometimes shown holding a kithara or lyre. So a modern interpretation can be a little more complicated than just simple duality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulos |
This opposition is mostly an Athenian one. It might be surmised that things were different at Thebes, which was a center of aulos-playing. At Sparta—which had no Bacchic or Korybantic cults to serve as contrast—the aulos was actually associated with Apollo, and accompanied the hoplites into battle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulos |
In mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the Thunderbirds, masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflict. : 60 The underwater panther was an amalgam of parts from many animals: the body of a wild feline, often a cougar or lynx; the horns of deer or bison; upright scales on its back;: 207 occasionally feathers; and parts from other animals as well, depending on the particular myth. Underwater panthers are represented with exceptionally long tails,: 59 occasionally with serpentine properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_panther |
: 60 The creatures are thought to roar or hiss in the sounds of storms or rushing rapids.Mishipizheu were said to live in the deepest parts of lakes and rivers, where they can cause storms. : 60 Some traditions believed the underwater panthers to be helpful, protective creatures, but more often they were viewed as malevolent beasts that brought death and misfortune. They often need to be placated for safe passage across a lake. As late as the 1950s, the Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians performed a traditional ceremony to placate the Underwater Panther and maintain balance with the Thunderbird.When ethnographer Johann Georg Kohl visited the United States in the 1850s, he spoke with a Fond du Lac chief, who showed Kohl a piece of copper kept in his medicine bag. The chief said it was a strand of hair from the mishibizhiw, and thus considered extremely powerful. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_panther |
In mythology and fantasy, a fire-breathing monster is a monster with the ability to shoot fire from its mouth. The concept of a fire-breathing monster is shared by various mythological traditions throughout history, and is also a common element of monsters in the fantasy genre, especially dragons, which are almost always given the ability to shoot fire, or some other type of breath-based attack. The origins of this power may vary, from magic to a biological explanation similar to an organic flamethrower. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster |
In mythology and folklore, a vengeful ghost or vengeful spirit is said to be the spirit of a dead person who returns from the afterlife to seek revenge for a cruel, unnatural or unjust death. In certain cultures where funeral and burial or cremation ceremonies are important, such vengeful spirits may also be considered as unhappy ghosts of individuals who have not been given a proper funeral. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malevolent_spirit |
In mythology and literature she is often called dread(ed) Persephone, and queen of the underworld, within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name. This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina (" mistress"), whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated into her mysteries. As goddess of death, she was also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx, the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld. In Homer's epics, she appears always together with Hades in the underworld, apparently sharing with Hades control over the dead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone |
In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus encounters the "dread Persephone" in Tartarus when he visits his dead mother. Odysseus sacrifices a ram to the chthonic goddess Persephone and the ghosts of the dead who drink the blood of the sacrificed animal. In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in the Orphic Hymns, Dionysus and Melinoë are separately called children of Zeus and Persephone. Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the earth on the frontiers of the lower world, which itself was called "house of Persephone".Her central myth served as the context for the secret rites of regeneration at Eleusis, which promised immortality to initiates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone |
In mythology and the study of folklore and religion, a trickster is a character in a story (god, goddess, spirit, human or anthropomorphisation) who exhibits a great degree of intellect or secret knowledge and uses it to play tricks or otherwise disobey normal rules and defy conventional behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster_god |
In mythology, a chimera is a creature such as a hippogriff or a gryphon formed from parts of different animals, thus the name for these viruses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_virus |
In mythology, creation or cosmogonic myths are narratives describing the beginning of the universe or cosmos. Some methods of the creation of the universe in mythology include: the will or action of a supreme being or beings, the process of metamorphosis, the copulation of female and male deities, from chaos, or via a cosmic egg.Creation myths may be etiological, attempting to provide explanations for the origin of the universe. For instance, Eridu Genesis, the oldest known creation myth, contains an account of the creation of the world in which the universe was created out of a primeval sea (Abzu). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony |
Creation myths vary, but they may share similar deities or symbols. For instance, the ruler of the gods in Greek mythology, Zeus, is similar to the ruler of the gods in Roman mythology, Jupiter. Another example is the ruler of the gods in Tagalog mythology, Bathala, who is similar to various rulers of certain pantheons within Philippine mythology such as the Bisaya's Kaptan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony |
In mythology, legend or fiction, a magic sword is a sword with magical powers or other supernatural qualities. Renowned swords appear in the folklore of every nation that used swords.In some traditions, the sword is ascribed no powers of its own. It is famous because it is the hero's sword, or because of its origin, as when a god gives it to the hero. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_sword |
Other swords keep their wielders safe or destroy their enemies. A more localized motif is the sword that has been broken and must be reforged, commonly found in Northern Europe. Such a sword symbolizes the initial defeat and loss of honor of its wielder. Subsequent victory and the restoration of honor is achieved by reforging it, either at the wielder's hand or that of his heir. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_sword |
In mythopoeia, an artificial mythology created by writers of prose or other fiction, traditional mythological themes and archetypes are integrated into fiction. Some works of mythopoeia also feature creation myths: Ainulindalë from Tolkien's The Silmarillion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_creation_myths |
In myths, the opening of the capsule releases the treasure of sesame seeds, as applied in the story of "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" when the phrase "Open Sesame" magically opens a sealed cave. Upon ripening, sesame pods split, releasing a pop and possibly indicating the origin of this phrase.Sesame seeds are used conceptually in Hindi literature, in the proverbs "til dharne ki jagah na hona", meaning a place so crowded that no room remains for a single seed of sesame, and "in tilon men tel nahin", referring to a person who appears to be useful, but is selfish when the time for need comes, literally meaning 'no oil (is left) in this sesame'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_seed |
In n dimensions, an affine space group, or Bieberbach group, is a discrete subgroup of isometries of n-dimensional Euclidean space with a compact fundamental domain. Bieberbach (1911, 1912) proved that the subgroup of translations of any such group contains n linearly independent translations, and is a free abelian subgroup of finite index, and is also the unique maximal normal abelian subgroup. He also showed that in any dimension n there are only a finite number of possibilities for the isomorphism class of the underlying group of a space group, and moreover the action of the group on Euclidean space is unique up to conjugation by affine transformations. This answers part of Hilbert's eighteenth problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic_group |
Zassenhaus (1948) showed that conversely any group that is the extension of Zn by a finite group acting faithfully is an affine space group. Combining these results shows that classifying space groups in n dimensions up to conjugation by affine transformations is essentially the same as classifying isomorphism classes for groups that are extensions of Zn by a finite group acting faithfully. It is essential in Bieberbach's theorems to assume that the group acts as isometries; the theorems do not generalize to discrete cocompact groups of affine transformations of Euclidean space. A counter-example is given by the 3-dimensional Heisenberg group of the integers acting by translations on the Heisenberg group of the reals, identified with 3-dimensional Euclidean space. This is a discrete cocompact group of affine transformations of space, but does not contain a subgroup Z3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic_group |
In n dimensions, when all i1, ...,in, j1, ..., jn take values 1, 2, ..., n: where the exclamation mark (!) denotes the factorial, and δα...β... is the generalized Kronecker delta. For any n, the property ∑ i , j , k , ⋯ = 1 n ε i j k … ε i j k … = n ! {\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,\dots =1}^{n}\varepsilon _{ijk\dots }\varepsilon _{ijk\dots }=n!} follows from the facts that every permutation is either even or odd, (+1)2 = (−1)2 = 1, and the number of permutations of any n-element set number is exactly n!.The particular case of (8) with k = n − 2 {\textstyle k=n-2} is | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi-Civita_symbol |
In n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Euclidean space, the maximum number of mutually tangent hyperspheres is n + 2 {\displaystyle n+2} . For example, in 3-dimensional space, five spheres can be mutually tangent. The curvatures of the hyperspheres satisfy with the case k i = 0 {\displaystyle k_{i}=0} corresponding to a flat hyperplane, generalizing the 2-dimensional version of the theorem. Although there is no 3-dimensional analogue of the complex numbers, the relationship between the positions of the centers can be re-expressed as a matrix equation, which also generalizes to n {\displaystyle n} dimensions.In three dimensions, suppose that three mutually tangent spheres are fixed, and a fourth sphere S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} is given, tangent to the three fixed spheres. The three-dimensional version of Descartes' theorem can be applied to find a sphere S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} tangent to S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and the fixed spheres, then applied again to find a new sphere S 3 {\displaystyle S_{3}} tangent to S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} and the fixed spheres, and so on. The result is a cyclic sequence of six spheres each tangent to its neighbors in the sequence and to the three fixed spheres, a configuration called Soddy's hexlet, after Soddy's discovery and publication of it in the form of another poem in 1936.Higher-dimensional configurations of mutually tangent hyperspheres in spherical or hyperbolic geometry, with curvatures defined as above, satisfy where C = 2 {\displaystyle C=2} in spherical geometry and C = − 2 {\displaystyle C=-2} in hyperbolic geometry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soddy_circle |
In n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional flat space, that is Euclidean space or pseudo-Euclidean space, there exist globally flat coordinates in which we have a constant metric g μ ν = η μ ν {\displaystyle g_{\mu \nu }=\eta _{\mu \nu }} where in space with signature ( p , q ) {\displaystyle (p,q)} , we have components ( η μ ν ) = diag ( + 1 , ⋯ , + 1 , − 1 , ⋯ , − 1 ) {\displaystyle (\eta _{\mu \nu })={\text{diag}}(+1,\cdots ,+1,-1,\cdots ,-1)} . In these coordinates, the connection components vanish, so the covariant derivative is the coordinate derivative. The conformal Killing equation in flat space is The solutions to the flat space conformal Killing equation includes the solutions to the flat space Killing equation discussed in the article on Killing vector fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_Killing_vector_field |
These generate the Poincaré group of isometries of flat space. Considering the ansatz X μ = M μ ν x ν , {\displaystyle X^{\mu }=M^{\mu \nu }x_{\nu },} , we remove the antisymmetric part of M μ ν {\displaystyle M^{\mu \nu }} as this corresponds to known solutions, and we're looking for new solutions. Then M μ ν {\displaystyle M^{\mu \nu }} is symmetric. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_Killing_vector_field |
It follows that this is a dilatation, with M ν μ = λ δ ν μ {\displaystyle M_{\nu }^{\mu }=\lambda \delta _{\nu }^{\mu }} for real λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , and corresponding Killing vector X μ = λ x μ {\displaystyle X^{\mu }=\lambda x^{\mu }} . From the general solution there are n {\displaystyle n} more generators, known as special conformal transformations, given by X μ = c μ ν ρ x ν x ρ , {\displaystyle X_{\mu }=c_{\mu \nu \rho }x^{\nu }x^{\rho },} where the traceless part of c μ ν ρ {\displaystyle c_{\mu \nu \rho }} over μ , ν {\displaystyle \mu ,\nu } vanishes, hence can be parametrised by c μ μ ν = b ν {\displaystyle c^{\mu }{}_{\mu \nu }=b_{\nu }} . Together, the n {\displaystyle n} translations, n ( n − 1 ) / 2 {\displaystyle n(n-1)/2} Lorentz transformations, 1 {\displaystyle 1} dilatation and n {\displaystyle n} special conformal transformations comprise the conformal algebra, which generate the conformal group of pseudo-Euclidean space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_Killing_vector_field |
In n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , uniform scaling by a factor v {\displaystyle v} is accomplished by scalar multiplication with v {\displaystyle v} , that is, multiplying each coordinate of each point by v {\displaystyle v} . As a special case of linear transformation, it can be achieved also by multiplying each point (viewed as a column vector) with a diagonal matrix whose entries on the diagonal are all equal to v {\displaystyle v} , namely v I {\displaystyle vI} . Non-uniform scaling is accomplished by multiplication with any symmetric matrix. The eigenvalues of the matrix are the scale factors, and the corresponding eigenvectors are the axes along which each scale factor applies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(geometry) |
A special case is a diagonal matrix, with arbitrary numbers v 1 , v 2 , … v n {\displaystyle v_{1},v_{2},\ldots v_{n}} along the diagonal: the axes of scaling are then the coordinate axes, and the transformation scales along each axis i {\displaystyle i} by the factor v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} . In uniform scaling with a non-zero scale factor, all non-zero vectors retain their direction (as seen from the origin), or all have the direction reversed, depending on the sign of the scaling factor. In non-uniform scaling only the vectors that belong to an eigenspace will retain their direction. A vector that is the sum of two or more non-zero vectors belonging to different eigenspaces will be tilted towards the eigenspace with largest eigenvalue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(geometry) |
In n-channel enhancement-mode devices, a conductive channel does not exist naturally within the transistor, and a positive gate-to-source voltage is necessary to create one such. The positive voltage attracts free-floating electrons within the body towards the gate, forming a conductive channel. But first, enough electrons must be attracted near the gate to counter the dopant ions added to the body of the FET; this forms a region with no mobile carriers called a depletion region, and the voltage at which this occurs is the threshold voltage of the FET. Further gate-to-source voltage increase will attract even more electrons towards the gate which are able to create a conductive channel from source to drain; this process is called inversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
The reverse is true for the p-channel "enhancement-mode" MOS transistor. When VGS = 0 the device is “OFF” and the channel is open / non-conducting. The application of a negative gate voltage to the p-type "enhancement-mode" MOSFET enhances the channels conductivity turning it “ON”. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
In contrast, n-channel depletion-mode devices have a conductive channel naturally existing within the transistor. Accordingly, the term threshold voltage does not readily apply to turning such devices on, but is used instead to denote the voltage level at which the channel is wide enough to allow electrons to flow easily. This ease-of-flow threshold also applies to p-channel depletion-mode devices, in which a negative voltage from gate to body/source creates a depletion layer by forcing the positively charged holes away from the gate-insulator/semiconductor interface, leaving exposed a carrier-free region of immobile, negatively charged acceptor ions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
For the n-channel depletion MOS transistor, a negative gate-source voltage will deplete (hence its name) the conductive channel of its free electrons switching the transistor “OFF”. Likewise for a p-channel "depletion-mode" MOS transistor a positive gate-source voltage will deplete the channel of its free holes, turning it “OFF”. In wide planar transistors the threshold voltage is essentially independent of the drain–source voltage and is therefore a well defined characteristic, however it is less clear in modern nanometer-sized MOSFETs due to drain-induced barrier lowering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
In the figures, the source (left side) and drain (right side) are labeled n+ to indicate heavily doped (blue) n-regions. The depletion layer dopant is labeled NA− to indicate that the ions in the (pink) depletion layer are negatively charged and there are very few holes. In the (red) bulk the number of holes p = NA making the bulk charge neutral. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
If the gate voltage is below the threshold voltage (left figure), the "enhancement-mode" transistor is turned off and ideally there is no current from the drain to the source of the transistor. In fact, there is a current even for gate biases below the threshold (subthreshold leakage) current, although it is small and varies exponentially with gate bias. Therefore, datasheets will specify threshold voltage according to a specified measurable amount of current (commonly 250 μA or 1 mA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
If the gate voltage is above the threshold voltage (right figure), the "enhancement-mode" transistor is turned on, due to there being many electrons in the channel at the oxide-silicon interface, creating a low-resistance channel where charge can flow from drain to source. For voltages significantly above the threshold, this situation is called strong inversion. The channel is tapered when VD > 0 because the voltage drop due to the current in the resistive channel reduces the oxide field supporting the channel as the drain is approached. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_voltage |
In n-dimensional Euclidean space over the real numbers, R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , the standard basis is denoted e1, e2, e3, ... en. Each basis vector ei points along the positive xi axis, with the basis being orthonormal. Component j of ei is given by the Kronecker delta: A vector in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} takes the form: Similarly for the order-2 tensor above, for each vector a and b in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}: or more generally: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tensor |
In n-dimensional space, Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution becomes: Speed distribution becomes: The following integral result is useful: where Γ ( z ) {\displaystyle \Gamma (z)} is the Gamma function. This result can be used to calculate the moments of speed distribution function: which is the mean speed itself v a v g = ⟨ v ⟩ = 2 k T m Γ ( n + 1 2 ) Γ ( n 2 ) . {\textstyle v_{\mathrm {avg} }=\langle v\rangle ={\sqrt {\frac {2kT}{m}}}\ {\frac {\Gamma \left({\frac {n+1}{2}}\right)}{\Gamma \left({\frac {n}{2}}\right)}}.} which gives root-mean-square speed v r m s = ⟨ v 2 ⟩ = n k T m . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square_speed |
{\textstyle v_{\rm {rms}}={\sqrt {\langle v^{2}\rangle }}={\sqrt {\frac {nkT}{m}}}.} The derivative of speed distribution function: This yields the most probable speed (mode) v p = ( n − 1 ) k T m . {\textstyle v_{\rm {p}}={\sqrt {\frac {(n-1)kT}{m}}}.} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square_speed |
In n-pentane, the terminal methyl groups experience additional pentane interference. Replacing hydrogen by fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene changes the stereochemistry from the zigzag geometry to that of a helix due to electrostatic repulsion of the fluorine atoms in the 1,3 positions. Evidence for the helix structure in the crystalline state is derived from X-ray crystallography and from NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism in solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_alkane_conformation |
In nail salons, employees can be exposed to dozens of chemicals found in nail polish and nail polish removers. Nail polishes have many ingredients which are considered toxic, including solvents, resins, colorants and pigments, among others. In the early 2000's some of the toxic components found in nail polish (toluene, formaldehyde and dibutyl phthalate) started being replaced by other substances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products |
One of the new components was triphenyl phosphate which is known as a endocrine-disrupting plasticizer. Now many labels are available including not only 3-Free but higher, for example 5-Free or 12-Free. There are few studies on the possible health outcomes of nail polish exposures; these include skin problems, respiratory disorders, neurologic disorders, and reproductive disorders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products |
In naive set theory, a set is described as a well-defined collection of objects. These objects are called the elements or members of the set. Objects can be anything: numbers, people, other sets, etc. For instance, 4 is a member of the set of all even integers. Clearly, the set of even numbers is infinitely large; there is no requirement that a set be finite. The definition of sets goes back to Georg Cantor. He wrote in his 1915 article Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre: “Unter einer 'Menge' verstehen wir jede Zusammenfassung M von bestimmten wohlunterschiedenen Objekten unserer Anschauung oder unseres Denkens (welche die 'Elemente' von M genannt werden) zu einem Ganzen.” – Georg Cantor “A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects of our perception or of our thought—which are called elements of the set.” – Georg Cantor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naïve_set_theory |
In name-based virtual hosting, also called shared IP hosting, the virtual hosts serve multiple hostnames on a single machine with a single IP address. This is possible because when a web browser requests a resource from a web server using HTTP/1.1 it includes the requested hostname as part of the request. The server uses this information to determine which website to show the user. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_hosting |
In names, the standard rule in the English language is to capitalize: The first word and last word in the title. All other words other than coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor), prepositions (to, over, in, for), articles (an, a, the), and the word to in infinitives. Note that short verbs (Is, Are, Be, Do) and pronouns (Me, It, His) are capitalized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians/Style |
In naming the species, Née compared it to a species illustrated in Leonard Plukenet's Phytographia under the descriptive name "Ilex folio agrifolii americana, forte agria, vel aquifolia glandifera" which Plukenet had compared, in his Almagestum botanicum, to Luigi Anguillara's Agrifolia glandifera, the noun 'Agrifolia' being a Medieval Latin form of 'Aquifolium' meaning a holly or holly-leaved oak, and related to the Modern Italian 'Agrifoglio,' meaning 'holly.' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_live_oak |
In nano-optics, a plasmonic lens generally refers to a lens for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), i.e. a device that redirects SPPs to converge towards a single focal point. Because SPPs can have very small wavelength, they can converge into a very small and very intense spot, much smaller than the free space wavelength and the diffraction limit.A simple example of a plasmonic lens is a series of concentric rings on a metal film. Any light that hits the film from free space at a 90 degree angle, known as the normal, will get coupled into a SPP (this part works like a diffraction grating coupler), and that SPP will be heading towards the center of the circles, which is the focal point. Another example is a tapered "dimple".In 2007, a novel, or technologically new, plasmonic lenses and waveguide by modulating light a mesoscale dielectric structure on a metallic film with arrayed nano-slits, which have constant depth but variant widths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_lens |
The slits transport electromagnetic energy in the form of SPPs in nano meter sized waveguides and provide desired phase adjustments for manipulating the beam of light. The scientists claim that it is an improvement over other subwavelength imaging techniques, such as "superlenses", where the object and image are confined to the near field.These devices have been suggested for various applications that take advantage of the small size and high intensity of the SPPs at the focal point. These include photolithography, heat-assisted magnetic recording, microscopy, biophotonics, biological molecule sensors, and solar cells, as well as other applications.The term "plasmonic lens" is also sometimes used to describe something different: Any free-space lens (i.e., a lens that focuses free-space light, rather than SPPs), that has something to do with plasmonics. These often come up in discussions of superlenses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_lens |
In nanobiotechnology, a peptoid nanosheet is a synthetic protein structure made from peptoids. Peptoid nanosheets have a thickness of about three nanometers and a length of up to 100 micrometers, meaning that they have a two-dimensional, flat shape that resembles paper on the nanoscale.This makes them one of the thinnest known two-dimensional organic crystalline materials with an area to thickness ratio of greater than 109 nm. Peptoid nanosheets were discovered in the laboratory of Dr. Ron Zuckermann at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 2010. Due to the ability to customize peptoids and therefore the properties of the peptoid nanosheet, it has possible applications in the areas of drug and small molecule delivery and biosensing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptoid_nanosheet |
In nanoelectronics, nanoscale thickness was demonstrated in the gate oxide and thin films used in transistors as early as the 1960s, but it was not until the late 1990s that MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) with nanoscale gate length were demonstrated. Nanotechnology and nanoscience got a boost in the early 1980s with two major developments: the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). These developments led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and the structural assignment of carbon nanotubes in 1991. The development of FinFET in the 1990s aldo laid the foundations for modern nanoelectronic semiconductor device fabrication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology |
In nanogap cells the high electric field can distribute uniformly across the entire gap (see section "Electric field distribution"). This is different from ion transport in the macrosystem: now newly generated OH− ions can immediately migrate from cathode to anode. In the case where the two electrodes are close enough, the mass transport rate can be even larger than the electron-transfer rate. This results in OH− ions clustering for electron-transfer at the anode, rather than accumulating at the cathode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_breakdown_mechanism |
In this way the entire reaction can keep going and not self-limit. Notice that for pure water electrolysis in nanogap cells, the net OH− ion accumulation near the anode not only increases the local reactant concentration but also decreases the overpotential requirement (as in the Frumkin effect). According to Butler–Volmer equation, such ion accumulation increases the electrolysis current, i.e. the water splitting throughput and efficiency. Thus even pure water can be efficiently electrolyzed, when the electrode gap is small enough. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_breakdown_mechanism |
In nanotechnology, a carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, forming "buds" attached to the tubes. Carbon nanobuds were discovered and synthesized in 2006.In this material, fullerenes are bonded with covalent bonds to the outer sidewalls of the underlying nanotube. Consequently, nanobuds exhibit properties of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. The mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity of the nanobuds are similar to those of carbon nanotubes.Canatu Oy, a Finnish company, claims the intellectual property rights for nanobuds, its synthesis processes, and several applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanobud |
In nanotechnology, a megalibrary is an assembly of millions of nanostructures. Its contents vary by size, composition, and shape. A single megalibrary may contain more new inorganic materials than have been synthesized and characterized to date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalibrary_(nanotech) |
In nanotechnology, carbon nanotube interconnects refer to the proposed use of carbon nanotubes in the interconnects between the elements of an integrated circuit. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be thought of as single atomic layer graphite sheets rolled up to form seamless cylinders. Depending on the direction on which they are rolled, CNTs can be semiconducting or metallic. Metallic carbon nanotubes have been identified as a possible interconnect material for the future technology generations and to replace copper interconnects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes_in_interconnects |
Electron transport can go over long nanotube lengths, 1 μm, enabling CNTs to carry very high currents (i.e. up to a current density of 109 A∙cm−2) with essentially no heating due to nearly one dimensional electronic structure. Despite the current saturation in CNTs at high fields, the mitigation of such effects is possible due to encapsulated nanowires.Carbon nanotubes for interconnects application in Integrated chips have been studied since 2001, however the extremely attractive performances of individual tubes are difficult to reach when they are assembled in large bundles necessary to make real via or lines in integrated chips. Two proposed approaches to overcome the to date limitations are either to make very tiny local connections that will be needed in future advanced chips or to make carbon metal composite structure that will be compatible with existing microelectronic processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes_in_interconnects |
Hybrid interconnects that employ CNT vias in tandem with copper interconnects may offer advantages in reliability and thermal-management. In 2016, the European Union has funded a four million euro project over three years to evaluate manufacturability and performance of composite interconnects employing both CNT and copper interconnects. The project named CONNECT (CarbON Nanotube compositE InterconneCTs) involves the joint efforts of seven European research and industry partners on fabrication techniques and processes to enable reliable carbon nanotubes for on-chip interconnects in ULSI microchip production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes_in_interconnects |
In nanotechnology, nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects. Each of their dimensions range from 1–100 nm. They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_nanorods |
Standard aspect ratios (length divided by width) are 3-5. Nanorods are produced by direct chemical synthesis. A combination of ligands act as shape control agents and bond to different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_nanorods |
This allows different faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an elongated object. One potential application of nanorods is in display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can be changed by changing their orientation with an applied electric field. Another application is for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_nanorods |
Nanorods, along with other noble metal nanoparticles, also function as theragnostic agents. Nanorods absorb in the near IR, and generate heat when excited with IR light. This property has led to the use of nanorods as cancer therapeutics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_nanorods |
Nanorods can be conjugated with tumor targeting motifs and ingested. When a patient is exposed to IR light (which passes through body tissue), nanorods selectively taken up by tumor cells are locally heated, destroying only the cancerous tissue while leaving healthy cells intact. Nanorods based on semiconducting materials have also been investigated for application as energy harvesting and light emitting devices. In 2006, Ramanathan et al. demonstrated1 electric-field mediated tunable photoluminescence from ZnO nanorods, with potential for application as novel sources of near-ultraviolet radiation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_nanorods |
In nanotechnology, particularly in nanobots, the need for a sound programming architecture is very important due to a potentially higher risk of damage in the event of a malfunction. A two-layer approach can be used to control nano-devices: (1) by providing a preprogrammed fail-safe functionality in case of anticipated failures; and (2) a remote-controlled override for use in unforeseen situations. The “remote”-controlled nano-device would require a specialist in the room, to guide the nanobot throughout the procedure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-safes_in_nanotechnology |
In nanotechnology, phased-array optics refers to arrays of lasers or SLMs with addressable phase and amplitude elements smaller than a wavelength of light. While still theoretical, such high-resolution arrays would permit extremely realistic three-dimensional image display by dynamic holography with no unwanted orders of diffraction. Applications for weapons, space communications, and invisibility by optical camouflage have also been suggested.DARPA's Excalibur program aims to provide realtime correction of atmospheric turbulence for a laser weapon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased-array_optics |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R1 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene from C4 raffinate stream and which, mainly consists of isobutylene 40~50 wt% and cis- or trans-2-butene 30~35 wt%. Normally C4R1 is a side product in 1,3-butadiene plant and feed to tert-butyl alcohol plant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinate |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R2 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene and isobutylene from C4 raffinate stream and which mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene 50~60 wt%, 1-butene 10~15 wt%, and n-butane ~20 wt%. Normally C4R2 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R1 is used for feed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinate |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R3 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, and 1-butene from C4 raffinate stream which mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene, n-butane, and unseparated 1-butene. Normally C4R3 is being process through a selective hydrogenation unit (SHU) and CDHydro deisobutenizer unit to produce isobutylene as a feed to tert-butyl alcohol plant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinate |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R4 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, 1-butene, and cis- or trans-2-butene from C4 raffinate stream which mainly consists of n-butane. Normally C4R4 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R3 is used for feed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffinate |
In narrative past tense, the events of the plot occur before the narrator's present. This is by far the most common tense in which stories are expressed. This could be in the narrator's distant past or their immediate past, which for practical purposes is the same as their present. Past tense can be used regardless of whether the setting is in the reader's past, present, or future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-person_narrative |
In narratives using present tense, the events of the plot are depicted as occurring in the narrator's current moment of time. A recent example of novels narrated in the present tense are those of the Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins. Present tense can also be used to narrate events in the reader's past. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-person_narrative |
This is known as "historical present". This tense is more common in spontaneous conversational narratives than in written literature, though it is sometimes used in literature to give a sense of immediacy of the actions. Screenplay action is also written in the present tense. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-person_narrative |
The future tense is the most rare, portraying the events of the plot as occurring some time after the narrator's present. Often, these upcoming events are described such that the narrator has foreknowledge (or supposed foreknowledge) of their future, so many future-tense stories have a prophetic tone. An example being Story of Your Life by Ted Chiang. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-person_narrative |
In narrative theory, actant is a term from the actantial model of semiotic analysis of narratives. It refers to a way of describing the roles different characters have in advancing a narrative. The term also has uses in linguistics, sociology, computer programming theory, and astrology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actant |
In narratology and new media studies, the term transmediality is frequently used to refer to the concept of transmedia storytelling, which was coined by Henry Jenkins in 2006. Transmedia storytelling is the technique of unfolding a story across multiple media platforms, “with each new text making a distinctive and valuable contribution to the whole.” This is often done, for instance, by extending the story of a film in a computer game or TV series. Less frequently, the term transmediality is also simply defined as ”the state of being represented in multiple media.” By this definition, any content which occurs in more than one medium is transmedial, which includes adaptations. For some scholars, the term expresses the process of the transfer of content from an origin medium to a target medium, the transition from one media specific expression to another. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmediality |
In national and sub-national governance, ad hoc bodies may be established to deal with specific problems not easily accommodated by the current structure of governance or to address multi-faceted issues spanning several areas of governance. In the UK and other commonwealth countries, ad hoc Royal Commissions may be set up to address specific questions as directed by parliament. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Hoc |
In national income accounting, net national income (NNI) is net national product (NNP) minus indirect taxes. Net national income encompasses the income of households, businesses, and the government. Net national income is defined as gross domestic product plus net receipts of wages, salaries and property income from abroad, minus the depreciation of fixed capital assets (dwellings, buildings, machinery, transport equipment and physical infrastructure) through wear and tear and obsolescence.It can be expressed as NNI = C + I + G + (NX) + net foreign factor income – indirect taxes – manufactured capital depreciationwhere: C = Consumption I = Investment G = Government spending NX = net exports (exports minus imports) = (X – M)This formula uses the expenditure method of national income accounting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_national_income |
When net national income is adjusted for natural resource depletion, it is called Adjusted Net National Income, expressed as NNI* = C + I + G + NX + Net Foreign Factor Income – Indirect Taxes – manufactured capital depreciation – Natural Resource DepletionNatural resources are non-critical natural capital such as minerals. NNI* does not take critical natural capital into account. Examples are air, water, land, etc. For reference, capital (K) is divided into four categories: K m {\displaystyle K_{m}}: manufactured capital (machines, factories, etc.) K h {\displaystyle K_{h}}: human capital (workers' skills) K n {\displaystyle K_{n}}: non-critical natural capital (minerals) K h ∗ {\displaystyle K_{h}*}: critical natural capital (air, water) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_national_income |
In national income accounting, per capita output can be calculated using the following factors: output per unit of labor input (labor productivity), hours worked (intensity), the percentage of the working-age population actually working (participation rate) and the proportion of the working-age population to the total population (demographics). "The rate of change of GDP/population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products. "Economists distinguish between long-run economic growth and short-run economic changes in production. Short-run variation in economic growth is termed the business cycle. Generally, economists attribute the ups and downs in the business cycle to fluctuations in aggregate demand. In contrast, economic growth is concerned with the long-run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_prosperity |
In national parks and state parks, feeding animals can result in malnourishment due to inappropriate diet and in disruption of natural hunting or food-gathering behavior. It can also be dangerous to the people doing the feeding.In the US, early 20th century park management actually encouraged animal feeding. For example, "the feeding of squirrels had been seen as a way to civilize the parks and rechannel the energies of young boys from aggression and vandalism toward compassion and charity." Park rangers once fed bears in front of crowds of tourists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals |
However, with a greater awareness of ecological and other issues, such pro-feeding policies are now viewed as detrimental, and US national parks now actively discourage animal feeding.In Canadian national parks, it is illegal to disturb or feed wildlife, and Parks Canada advises visitors not to leave out "food attractants" such as dirty dishes. Ironically, the "it is unlawful to feed animals" signs may themselves become food attractants for porcupines. Road salt and roadkill may also act as food attractants, and removing roadkill is considered good park management. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_not_feed_the_animals |
In national parks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, such as Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, heavily armed park rangers come into deadly conflict with the pygmy inhabitants who often cut the trees down to sell charcoal. The conservation efforts of national parks in the country are often financed by international organizations such as the WWF and often involve removing native inhabitants off the land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_conservation |
In nations such as Tanzania and Ethiopia, governments struggle to provide adequate social protection, and citizens must instead depend on non-state actors and informal provisioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_protection |
In nations that have fully converted to digital television, broadcast safe analogue television takes on a slightly different meaning. All broadcasting systems will have been mostly converted to digital only outputs, leaving fewer entry points for analogue television signals. What this means is that all devices that feed to the television transmitter must take in and feed standard analogue television signals into the transmission chain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast-safe |
Mostly it is up to the switcher to notify if there is non-broadcast safe video to the programmer. However, due to the limitations of many switchers for DTV and HDTV it ultimately is up to the automation systems to alert the programmer of non-broadcast safe video inputs. As a matter of broadcast engineering practice, 4:3 analogue television signals will always pose the most problems with broadcast safe compliance. The use of portable and cheap timebase-genlock systems for analogue television inputs in the digital television studio will be clearly mandatory for the next 50 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast-safe |
In nations where automobiles drive on the right side of a road, traffic traveling in a clockwise direction around a loop will always be in the "inner" lane(s) (assuming that there is no lane crossing). Likewise, traffic traveling in a counterclockwise direction will always be in the "outer" lane(s). "Inner" and "outer" labels stem from this reasoning, applying the concept of concentric loops to the geographic characteristics of circular road or rail. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner–outer_directions |
In nations with a reputation for having a high number of drug-related issues, including gang violence, drug trafficking, and overdose deaths, one common solution that government will enact is a collective campaign against drugs that spans the entirety of the state's establishment. Changes to address these issues encompass education, bureaucracy, and, most notably, law enforcement policy and tactics. Law enforcement agencies expand and receive more funding to attack drug problems in communities. Acceptance of harsher policing tactics grows as well, as an any means necessary philosophy develops within the law enforcement community and the militarization of local police forces. However, many studies have concluded that these efforts are in vain, as the drug market has grown in such nations despite anti-drug policies. For example, in the United States, critics of the War on Drugs waged by the government have been very vocal about the ineffectiveness of the policy, citing an increase in drug-related crimes and overdoses since President Nixon first introduced this policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_force |
In native chemical ligation, the ionized thiol group of an N-terminal cysteine residue of an unprotected peptide attacks the C-terminal thioester of a second unprotected peptide, in an aqueous buffer at pH 7.0 and room temperature. This transthioesterification step is reversible in the presence of an aryl thiol catalyst, rendering the reaction both chemoselective and regioselective, and leads to formation of a thioester-linked intermediate. The intermediate rapidly and spontaneously rearranges by an intramolecular S,N-acyl shift that results in the formation of a native amide ('peptide') bond at the ligation site (scheme 1). Remarks: Thiol additives :The initial transthioesterification step of the native chemical ligation reaction is catalyzed by thiol additives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_chemical_ligation |
The most effective and commonly used thiol catalyst is 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (MPAA), (ref). Regioselectivity:The key feature of native chemical ligation of unprotected peptides is the reversibility of the first step, the thiol(ate)–thioester exchange reaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_chemical_ligation |
Native chemical ligation is exquisitely regioselective because that thiol(ate)–thioester exchange step is freely reversible in the presence of an added arylthiol catalyst. The high yields of final ligation product obtained, even in the presence of internal Cys residues in either/both segments, is the result of the irreversibility of the second (S-to-N acyl shift) amide-forming step under the reaction conditions used. Chemoselectivity of NCL :No side-products are formed from reaction with the other functional groups present in either peptide segment (e.g. Asp, Glu side chain carboxylic acids; Lys epsilon amino group; Tyr phenolic hydroxyl; Ser, Thr hydroxyls, etc.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_chemical_ligation |
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