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In new development, library dependency checking has been done in great part using pkg-config via the m4 macro, PKG_CHECK_MODULES. Before pkg-config gained popularity, separate m4 macros were created to locate files known to be included in the distribution of libraries depended upon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configure_script |
In new home construction, wiring for all electrical services can be easily installed before the walls are finished. In existing buildings, installation of a new system, such as a security system or home theatre, may require additional effort to install concealed wiring. Multiple-unit dwellings such as condominiums and apartment houses may have additional installation complexity in distributing services within a house. Services commonly found include: Power points (wall outlets) Light fixtures and switches Telephone Internet Television, either broadcast, cable, or satelliteHigh-end features might include: Home theater Distributed audio Security monitoring Security CCTV Automation Energy managementPower and telecommunication services generally require entry points into the home and a location for connection equipment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_wiring |
For electric power supply, a cable is run either overhead or underground into a distribution board in the home. A distribution board, or circuit breaker panel, is typically a metal box mounted on a wall of the home. In many new homes, the location of the electrical switchboard is on the outside of the external wall of the garage. How services are connected will vary depending on the service provider and location of the home. The following home services are supported by discrete wiring systems Information and Communications Entertainment Energy Management Security and Safety Digital Home Health Aged and Assisted Living Intelligent Lighting and Power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_wiring |
In new product development, particularly those following agile software development approaches, there is always more to do than there is time or funding to permit (hence the need for prioritization). For example, should a team have too many potential epics (i.e., high-level stories) for the next release of their product, they could use the MoSCoW method to select which epics are Must have, which Should have, and so on; the minimum viable product (or MVP) would be all those epics marked as Must have. Oftentimes, a team will find that, even after identifying their MVP, they have too much work for their expected capacity. In such cases, the team could then use the MoSCoW method to select which features (or stories, if that is the subset of epics in their organisation) are Must have, Should have, and so on; the minimum marketable features (or MMF) would be all those marked as Must have. If there is sufficient capacity after selecting the MVP or MMF, the team could then plan to include Should have and even Could have items too. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoSCoW_Method |
In newborn infants, capillary refill time can be measured by pressing on the sternum for five seconds with a finger or thumb, and noting the time needed for the color to return once the pressure is released (central CRT). The upper normal limit for capillary refill in newborns is 3 seconds. Capillary refill time can also be assessed in animals by pressing on their gums as opposed to the sternum which is generally covered with fur or inaccessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_refill |
A prolonged capillary refill time may be a sign of shock and can also indicate dehydration and may be a sign of dengue hemorrhagic fever and decreased peripheral perfusion. Prolonged capillary refill time may also suggest peripheral artery disease. It is generally accepted that the test is affected by many different external factors and therefore should not be relied upon as a universal diagnostic measure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_refill |
In newborn infants, the larynx is initially at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae, and is further forward and higher relative to its position in the adult body. The larynx descends as the child grows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_cavity |
In newborns and young (especially small) infants, the tip of the xiphoid process may be both seen and felt as a lump just below the sternal notch. Between 15 and 29 years of age, the xiphoid process usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major joints, this is non-movable. Ossification of the xiphoid process occurs around age 40. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphosternal_junction |
In newborns, jaundice tends to develop because of two factors—the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin as it is replaced with adult hemoglobin and the relatively immature metabolic pathways of the liver, which are unable to conjugate and so excrete bilirubin as quickly as an adult. This causes an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia), leading to the symptoms of jaundice.If the neonatal jaundice is not resolved with simple phototherapy, other causes such as biliary atresia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, bile duct paucity, Alagille syndrome, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and other pediatric liver diseases should be considered. The evaluation for these will include blood work and a variety of diagnostic tests. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice |
Prolonged neonatal jaundice is serious and should be followed up promptly.Severe neonatal jaundice may indicate the presence of other conditions contributing to the elevated bilirubin levels, of which there are a large variety of possibilities (see below). These should be detected or excluded as part of the differential diagnosis to prevent the development of complications. They can be grouped into the following categories: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice |
In newer books, the dedication is located on a "dedication page" on its own, usually on the recto page after the main title page inside the front matter. It can occupy one or multiple lines depending on its importance. It can also be "in a longer version as a dedication letter or dedication preface at the book's beginning".Today, book dedications tend to be short, often thanking partners, family, friends or muses, in the form of a personal note. They are basically a means to express gratitude. Sometimes a book is dedicated to the memory of a loved one, or to a cause. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedication_(publishing) |
In newer cars, the socket is equipped with a plastic cover without the lighter heating element. However, the socket has been repurposed and continues to be used to power consumer electronics in vehicles. Often, a vehicle may come with several outlets for convenience, some in the rear passenger area of the vehicle or even the cargo area, for powering portable devices. These outlets usually have a plastic cap tethered to them, and are usually labeled as being only for DC power, because they are not intended to withstand the heat produced by an electrical cigarette lighter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
The use of cigarette lighter receptacles to supply 12 volt DC power is an example of backward compatibility to a de facto standard. As a power connector, the lighter receptacle is larger, harder to use and less reliable than other DC connectors. Cigarette lighter receptacles are in widespread use in many highway vehicles and some boats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
Portable cigarette lighter receptacles attached to cables and alligator clips for connection directly to car batteries are available for temporary use. In newer vehicles, one or more USB connectors may also be provided. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
Plus in newer cars, the power output from the lighter plug is so reliable that it can charge laptops, without any voltage problems. Standardized 12 volt DC automobile plugs are defined in the United States by UL Standard 2089 regarding vehicle battery adapters. This standard covers plugs and cord sets that insert into cigarette lighter receptacles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
In Europe, 12 volt plugs and sockets are not specially regulated and do not require approvals for the CE mark.The male plug is sometimes used to feed power into a vehicle to recharge its battery because it usually has no regulatory circuitry between the outlet and the car battery. For instance, portable solar battery maintainers generally connect to a vehicle's battery in this manner. Trickle chargers also sometimes connect in this way, eliminating the need to leave a vehicle's hood open, as well as eliminating the possibility of reversed polarity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
Most cars nowadays are designed with a battery-negative earthing system and therefore have a +12V positive power distribution. In such a case, the centre pin of a plug/socket will be +12V DC and the outer casing 0V. While polarity is not an issue for a cigarette lighter, it is prudent to verify the correct matching of polarities when connecting other kinds of accessories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
In some models, the cigarette lighter outlet is not powered when the ignition key is removed and charging is not possible, though modification of the fuse box may allow unlocking continuous power output, by establishing a parallel circuit from a continuously powered fuse slot through a "piggyback" connector.Since the cigarette lighter socket was originally designed only to heat a cigarette lighter, repurposing these sockets as generic power connectors can lead to many problems. In addition to the issues with partially-compatible physical dimensions, the plugs can vibrate out of the socket under normal driving conditions, owing to poor retention. Also, there have been reports of melted plug tips due to poor contact and heat generation from ohmic resistance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
A second problem is that nominally "twelve-volt" power in cars fluctuates widely. The outlet is connected directly to the electrical system of the car. The actual voltage, matching the car battery's voltage, will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engine and the alternator/generator are operating (more when cold), and may briefly drop as low as 5–6 volts during engine start due to the high temporary battery current usage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
When used, DC to DC converters will usually compensate for small fluctuations, but reliable power may not be available without an independent battery-powered uninterruptible power supply. Rarely, more extreme cases of voltage fluctuation can occur when the car battery is disconnected while the engine is running, or when the car receives a jump start. When the battery is disconnected while the engine is running, its voltage smoothing effect (similar to capacitors) is unavailable and a load dump transient can produce very high voltages as the built-in voltage regulator has been controlling the alternator field current to charge the vehicle battery and although it will attempt to reduce the field current to keep the output voltage constant, the field winding is highly inductive and setting the current to its new value takes several hundred milliseconds, during which the alternator output voltage will exceed its intended value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles. Also, a "double battery jump-start" is performed by some tow truck drivers in cold climates.Equipment intended to be powered by the receptacle needs to account for intermittent contact, and voltages outside the nominal 12 V DC, such as maximum voltage 9–16 V continuously, or maximum voltage of 20 V lasting 1 hour, 24 V lasting 1 minute, and 40 V lasting 400 ms. An example of protection component ratings tolerance is +50 to −60 V DC. Robust equipment must tolerate temperatures varying between −40 and +85 °C (−40 and 185 °F), plus possible high humidity and condensation of water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_charger |
In news media and social media, an echo chamber is an environment or ecosystem in which participants encounter beliefs that amplify or reinforce their preexisting beliefs by communication and repetition inside a closed system and insulated from rebuttal. An echo chamber circulates existing views without encountering opposing views, potentially resulting in confirmation bias. Echo chambers may increase social and political polarization and extremism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media) |
On social media, it is thought that echo chambers limit exposure to diverse perspectives, and favor and reinforce presupposed narratives and ideologies.The term is a metaphor based on an acoustic echo chamber, in which sounds reverberate in a hollow enclosure. Another emerging term for this echoing and homogenizing effect within social-media communities on the Internet is neotribalism. Many scholars note the effects that echo chambers can have on citizens' stances and viewpoints, and specifically implications has for politics. However, some studies have suggested that the effects of echo chambers are weaker than often assumed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media) |
In newts, metamorphosis occurs due to the change in habitat, not a change in diet, because newt larvae already feed as predators and continue doing so as adults. Newts' gills are never covered by a gill sac and will be resorbed only just before the animal leaves the water. Adults can move faster on land than in water. Newts often have an aquatic phase in spring and summer, and a land phase in winter. For adaptation to a water phase, prolactin is the required hormone, and for adaptation to the land phase, thyroxin. External gills do not return in subsequent aquatic phases because these are completely absorbed upon leaving the water for the first time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis |
In nickel tetracarbonyl, the oxidation state for nickel is assigned as zero, because the Ni-C bonding electrons come from the C atom and are still assigned to C in the hypothetical ionic bond which determines the oxidation states. The formula conforms to the 18-electron rule. The molecule is tetrahedral, with four carbonyl (carbon monoxide) ligands. Electron diffraction studies have been performed on this molecule, and the Ni–C and C–O distances have been calculated to be 1.838(2) and 1.141(2) angstroms respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni(CO)4 |
In night monkeys, mating occurs infrequently, however females are fertile year-round, with reproductive cycles range from 13 to 25 days. The gestation period for night monkey is approximately 117– 159 days but varies from species to species. Birthing season extends from September to March and is species-dependent, with one offspring being produced per year; however, in studies conducted in captivity, twins were observed. Night monkeys reach puberty at a relatively young age, between 7 and 11 months, and most species attain full sexual maturity by the age of 2 years of age. A. azare represents an exception reaching sexual maturity by the age of 4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_monkey |
In nine diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy, renzapride reduced the mean lag phase of gastric emptying by 20–26 min at all doses (P < 0.01) In Phase 2a studies on subjects with constipation Renzapride was shown to accelerate colonic transit (p=0.016 vs placebo P=0.009) (Ref: ATL 1251/001/CL) as well as increase daily stool frequency (p<0.005) (Ref: ATL 1251/025/CL) Renzapride has been assessed in Phase II clinical trials with a total of 578 patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). As compared with placebo, the treatment groups reported better relief of their overall symptoms, namely abdominal pain and discomfort, increase in the number of pain free days, improved stool frequency, consistency and ease of passage of bowel movements. There were no significant differences in the reported Serious Adverse Events between treatment and placebo groups.In the largest of these Phase II trials, 510 subjects with IBS-C received either 1, 2 or 4 mg QD renzapride, or placebo QD for 12 weeks. The Weekly responder rate based on subject's assessment of whether they had relief from abdominal pain and/or discomfort associated with IBS during weeks 5-12 was 56% (renzapride 4 mg) vs 49% (placebo). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride |
For females the treatment effect was larger, 61% (renzapride 4 mg) vs 49% (placebo). Statistically significant effects in favour of renzapride were observed for improvements in stool consistency and increased bowel movements.In the Phase III clinical trial in IBS-C, 1798 female patients received either 2 or 4 mg Renzapride, or placebo once daily, for 12 weeks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride |
The mean number of months with relief of overall symptoms was 0.6, 0.55 and 0.44 for renzapride 2 mg twice a day, renzapride 4 mg once a day and placebo, respectively, with both renzapride doses being statistically superior to placebo (p=0.004 and p=0.027, respectively). On responder analysis, the proportion of responders was 33.2%, 29.8%, and 24.3% for renzapride 2 mg twice a day, renzapride 4 mg once a day and placebo, respectively.The 8.9% delta between renzapride 2 mg twice daily and placebo compares favourably with other FDA approved therapies (Ford ). == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzapride |
In nine out of ten people with tone deafness, the superior arcuate fasciculus in the right hemisphere could not be detected, suggesting a disconnection between the posterior superior temporal gyrus and the posterior inferior frontal gyrus. Researchers suggested the posterior superior temporal gyrus was the origin of the disorder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_fasciculus |
In nine passages of the Masoretic Text are found signs usually called inverted nuns, because they resemble the Hebrew letter nun ( נ ) written in some inverted fashion. The exact shape varies between different manuscripts and printed editions. In many manuscripts, a reversed nun is found referred to as a nun hafucha by the masoretes. In some earlier printed editions, they are shown as the standard nun upside down or rotated, because the printer did not want to bother to design a character to be used only nine times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text |
The recent scholarly editions of the Masoretic Text show the reversed nun as described by the masoretes. In some manuscripts, however, other symbols are occasionally found instead. These are sometimes referred to in rabbinical literature as simaniyot (markers).The primary set of inverted nuns is found surrounding the text of Numbers 10:35–36. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text |
The Mishna notes that this text is 85 letters long and dotted. This demarcation of this text leads to the later use of the inverted nun markings. Saul Lieberman demonstrated that similar markings can be found in ancient Greek texts where they are also used to denote 'short texts'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text |
During the Medieval period, the inverted nuns were actually inserted into the text of the early Rabbinic Bibles published by Bomberg in the early 16th century. The talmud records that the markings surrounding Numbers 10:35-36 were thought to denote that this 85 letter text was not in its proper place.Bar Kappara considered the Torah known to us as composed of seven volumes in the Gemara "The seven pillars with which Wisdom built her house (Prov. 9:1) are the seven Books of Moses". Genesis, Exodus and Leviticus and Deuteronomy as we know them but Numbers was really three separate volumes: Numbers 1:1–10:35 followed by Numbers 10:35–36 and the third text from there to the end of Numbers.The 85 letter text is also said to be denoted because it is the model for the fewest letters which constitute a 'text' which one would be required to save from fire due to its holiness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text |
In nine-dimensional geometry, a nine-dimensional polytope or 9-polytope is a polytope contained by 8-polytope facets. Each 7-polytope ridge being shared by exactly two 8-polytope facets. A uniform 9-polytope is one which is vertex-transitive, and constructed from uniform 8-polytope facets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_8-honeycomb |
In nine-dimensional geometry, a rectified 9-simplex is a convex uniform 9-polytope, being a rectification of the regular 9-simplex. These polytopes are part of a family of 271 uniform 9-polytopes with A9 symmetry. There are unique 4 degrees of rectifications. Vertices of the rectified 9-simplex are located at the edge-centers of the 9-simplex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trirectified_9-simplex |
Vertices of the birectified 9-simplex are located in the triangular face centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the trirectified 9-simplex are located in the tetrahedral cell centers of the 9-simplex. Vertices of the quadrirectified 9-simplex are located in the 5-cell centers of the 9-simplex. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trirectified_9-simplex |
In nineteenth-century Germany, Turnplatz, an outdoor space for gymnastics, were promoted by German educator Friedrich Jahn and the Turners, a political and gymnastic movement. After the Second World War, as people did less exercise in their daily and work lives, individualistic, health-oriented physical and recreational activities such as jogging began to prevail. The Royal Canadian Air Force Exercise Plans, developed by Dr. Bill Orban and published in 1961, and Kenneth Cooper's book "Aerobics" (1968) and mass-market version "The New Aerobics" (1979) helped to launch modern fitness culture. There was a running boom in the 1970s and outdoor fitness trails were developed in the USA and Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_fitness |
However, most of the growth in the fitness industry was through indoor gyms and health clubs.Outdoor fitness boot camps developed in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1990s and Canada in 2001. In the twenty-first century, outdoor fitness grew as a commercial consumer market. Outdoor group fitness classes led by a personal trainer or a fitness professional became a popular form of outdoor exercise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_fitness |
A variety of training courses for fitness professionals and certifications for companies specialising in outdoor fitness developed. Outdoor fitness can be studied as a specialism of exercise physiology. The trend towards outdoor fitness led to a proliferation of outdoor gyms.Growing participation was seen in organized events that expanded internationally such as Parkruns, Tough Mudder and Be Military Fit and sports such as triathlon and cycling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_fitness |
Street workouts have also become a popular outdoor fitness activity is some countries, with a world championship taking place since 2011. In recent years, more and schools have discovered the outdoors as a medium for education. Lakes, valleys and mountains are used for specific academic instruction in the realm of science and biology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_fitness |
In nitrification, ammonium is converted to nitrite. Important species include Nitrosomonas. Other bacterial species such as Nitrobacter, are responsible for the oxidation of the nitrite into nitrate. Nitrite can be reduced to nitric oxide or ammonia by many species of bacteria. Under hypoxic conditions, nitrite may release nitric oxide, which causes potent vasodilation. Several mechanisms for nitrite conversion to NO have been described, including enzymatic reduction by xanthine oxidoreductase, nitrite reductase, and NO synthase (NOS), as well as nonenzymatic acidic disproportionation reactions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite_ion |
In nitrile reduction a nitrile is reduced to either an amine or an aldehyde with a suitable chemical reagent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile_reduction |
In no positional number system can every number be expressed uniquely. For example, in base ten, the number 1 has two representations: 1.000... and 0.999.... The set of numbers with two different representations is dense in the reals (Petkovšek 1990), but the question of classifying real numbers with unique β-expansions is considerably more subtle than that of integer bases (Glendinning & Sidorov 2001). Another problem is to classify the real numbers whose β-expansions are periodic. Let β > 1, and Q(β) be the smallest field extension of the rationals containing β. Then any real number in [0,1) having a periodic β-expansion must lie in Q(β). On the other hand, the converse need not be true. The converse does hold if β is a Pisot number (Schmidt 1980), although necessary and sufficient conditions are not known. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-integer_base_of_numeration |
In noble gas matrices MgH can form two kinds of dimer: HMgMgH and a rhombic shaped (◊) (HMg)2 in which a dihydrogen molecule bridges the bond between two magnesium atoms. MgH also can form a complex with dihydrogen HMg·H2. Photolysis increases reactions which form the dimer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MgH |
The energy to break up the dimer HMgMgH into two MgH radicals is 197 kJ/mol. Mg(μ-H2)Mg has 63 kJ/mol more energy than HMgMgH. In theory gas phase HMgMgH can decompose to Mg2 and H2 releasing 24 kJ/mol of energy exothermically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MgH |
The distance between the magnesium atoms in HMgMgH is calculated to be 2.861 Å. HMgMgH can be considered a formal base compound for other substances LMgMgL that have a magnesium to magnesium bond. In these magnesium can be considered to be in oxidation state +1 rather than the normal +2. However these sort of compounds are not made from HMgMgH. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MgH |
In nominal terms, government must pay off its existing domestic liabilities (government debt denominated in local currency units) either by refinancing (rolling over the debt, issuing new debt to pay the old) or amortizing (paying it off from surpluses in tax revenue). In real terms, a government can also inflate away the debt: if it causes or allows high inflation, the real amount it must repay will be smaller. Alternatively, it could default on its obligations. The fiscal theory states that if a government has an unsustainable fiscal policy, such that it will not be able to pay off its obligation in future out of tax revenue (it runs a persistent structural deficit), then it will pay them off via inflating the debt away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_theory_of_the_price_level |
Thus, fiscal discipline, meaning a balanced budget over the course of the economic cycle is necessary for the price level to remain stable; unsustainable deficits will require inflation in future. For the price level to be stable (to control inflation), government finances must be sustainable: they must run a balanced budget over the course of the business cycle, meaning they must not run a structural deficit. Rubinomics suggests that balancing the budget reduces inflation and affects the price level. As such some see it as a form of fiscal theory of the price level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_theory_of_the_price_level |
In nomine Domini (1059) Quia propter (1215) Ubi periculum (1274) Ne Romani (1312) Aeterni Patris Filius (1621) Commissum Nobis (1904) Vacante Sede Apostolica (1904) Cum proxime (1922) Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis (1945) Summi Pontificis electio (1962) Ingravescentem aetatem (1970) Romano Pontifici eligendo (1975) Universi Dominici gregis (1996) Ordo Rituum Conclavis (2000) De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis (2007) Normas nonnullas (2013) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave |
In non-CELSS environments, air replenishment and CO2 processing typically consists of stored air tanks and CO2 scrubbers. The drawback to this method lies in the fact that upon depletion the tanks would have to be refilled; the scrubbers would also require replacement after they become ineffective. There is also the issue of processing toxic fumes, which come from the synthetic materials used in the construction of habitats. Therefore, the issue of how air quality is maintained requires attention; in experiments, it was found that the plants also removed volatile organic compounds offgassed by synthetic materials used thus far to build and maintain all man-made habitats. In CELSS, air is initially supplied by external supply, but is maintained by the use of foliage plants, which create oxygen in photosynthesis (aided by the waste-byproduct of human respiration, CO2). Eventually, the main goal of a CELSS environment is to have foliage plants take over the complete and total production of oxygen needs; this would make the system a closed, instead of controlled, system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_Ecological_Life_Support_Systems |
In non-English speaking countries, many anti-gender activists avoid using vernacular translations of the word "gender" in favor of the English word to promote the idea that gender is a foreign concept.The concept of gender ideology does not have a coherent definition and covers a variety of issues; for this reason, it has been described by academics Stefanie Mayer and Birgit Sauer as an "empty signifier" and by Agnieszka Graff as a catch-all term "for all that conservative Catholics despise". The term gender ideology and related terms gender theory and genderism, used interchangeably, are not equivalent to the academic discipline of gender studies, within which significant controversies and disagreements exist. Anti-gender proponents are often unaware of these debates and disagreements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_ideology |
Elizabeth Corredor writes: "gender ideology serves as both a political and epistemological counterclaim to emancipatory conceptions of gender, sex, and sexuality". She adds that the anti-gender movement combines "gender ideology" rhetoric with attempts to exploit the existing divisions within LGBT and feminist movements. The movement accuses various actors of being bearers of "gender ideology", including "liberal, green or leftist politicians, women's rights activists, LGBT activists, gender policy officers of public administrations, and gender studies scholars". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_ideology |
In non-Euclidean geometry, it is more common to talk about geodesics than (straight) lines. A geodesic is the shortest path between two points in a given geometry. In physics this may be interpreted as the path that a particle follows if no force is applied to it. In non-Euclidean geometry (elliptic or hyperbolic geometry) the three Euclidean properties mentioned above are not equivalent and only the second one (Line m is in the same plane as line l but does not intersect l) is useful in non-Euclidean geometries, since it involves no measurements. In general geometry the three properties above give three different types of curves, equidistant curves, parallel geodesics and geodesics sharing a common perpendicular, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry) |
In non-Euclidean geometry, squares are more generally polygons with 4 equal sides and equal angles. In spherical geometry, a square is a polygon whose edges are great circle arcs of equal distance, which meet at equal angles. Unlike the square of plane geometry, the angles of such a square are larger than a right angle. Larger spherical squares have larger angles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square |
In hyperbolic geometry, squares with right angles do not exist. Rather, squares in hyperbolic geometry have angles of less than right angles. Larger hyperbolic squares have smaller angles. Examples: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square |
In non-Euclidean geometry, the Poincaré half-plane model is the upper half-plane, denoted below as H = { ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∣ y > 0 ; x , y ∈ R } {\displaystyle =\{\langle x,y\rangle \mid y>0;x,y\in \mathbb {R} \}} , together with a metric, the Poincaré metric, that makes it a model of two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. Equivalently the Poincaré half-plane model is sometimes described as a complex plane where the imaginary part (the y coordinate mentioned above) is positive. The Poincaré half-plane model is named after Henri Poincaré, but it originated with Eugenio Beltrami who used it, along with the Klein model and the Poincaré disk model, to show that hyperbolic geometry was equiconsistent with Euclidean geometry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré_half-plane_model |
This model is conformal which means that the angles measured at a point are the same in the model as they are in the actual hyperbolic plane. The Cayley transform provides an isometry between the half-plane model and the Poincaré disk model. This model can be generalized to model an n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} dimensional hyperbolic space by replacing the real number x by a vector in an n dimensional Euclidean vector space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré_half-plane_model |
In non-Germanic Indo-European languages, past marking is typically combined with a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspect, with the former reserved for single completed actions in the past. French for instance, has an imperfect tense form similar to that of German but used only for past habitual or past progressive contexts like "I used to..." or "I was doing...". Similar patterns extend across most languages of the Indo-European family right through to the Indic languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense |
Unlike other Indo-European languages, in Slavic languages tense is independent of aspect, with imperfective and perfective aspects being indicated instead by means of prefixes, stem changes, or suppletion. In many West Slavic and East Slavic languages, the early Slavic past tenses have largely merged into a single past tense. In both West and East Slavic, verbs in the past tense are conjugated for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, plural). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense |
In non-Latin writing systems, a variety of mechanisms have also evolved. In abjads derived from the Aramaic alphabet, notably Arabic and Hebrew, long vowels are written with consonant letters (mostly approximant consonant letters) in a process called mater lectionis e.g. in Modern Arabic the long vowel /aː/ is represented by the letter ا (Alif), the vowels /uː/ and /oː/ are represented by و (wāw), and the vowels /iː/ and /eː/ are represented by ي (yāʼ), while short vowels are typically omitted entirely. Most of these scripts also have optional diacritics that can be used to mark short vowels when needed. In South-Asian abugidas, such as Devanagari or the Thai alphabet, there are different vowel signs for short and long vowels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length |
Ancient Greek also had distinct vowel signs, but only for some long vowels; the vowel letters η (eta) and ω (omega) originally represented long forms of the vowels represented by the letters ε (epsilon, literally "bare e") and ο (omicron – literally "small o", by contrast with omega or "large o"). The other vowel letters of Ancient Greek, α (alpha), ι (iota) and υ (upsilon), could represent either short or long vowel phones. In the Japanese hiragana syllabary, long vowels are usually indicated by adding a vowel character after. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length |
For vowels /aː/, /iː/, and /uː/, the corresponding independent vowel is added. Thus: あ (a), おかあさん, "okaasan", mother; い (i), にいがた "Niigata", city in northern Japan (usually 新潟, in kanji); う (u), りゅう "ryuu" (usu. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length |
竜), dragon. The mid-vowels /eː/ and /oː/ may be written with え (e) (rare) (ねえさん (姉さん), neesan, "elder sister") and お (o) , or with い (i) (めいれい (命令), "meirei", command/order) and う (u) (おうさま (王様), ousama, "king") depending on etymological, morphological, and historic grounds. Most long vowels in the katakana syllabary are written with a special bar symbol ー (vertical in vertical writing), called a chōon, as in メーカー mēkā "maker" instead of メカ meka "mecha". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length |
However, some long vowels are written with additional vowel characters, as with hiragana, with the distinction being orthographically significant. In the Korean Hangul alphabet, vowel length is not distinguished in normal writing. Some dictionaries use a double dot, ⟨:⟩, for example 무: "Daikon radish". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length |
In the Classic Maya script, also based on syllabic characters, long vowels in monosyllabic roots were generally written with word-final syllabic signs ending in the vowel -i rather than an echo-vowel. Hence, chaach "basket", with a long vowel, was written as cha-chi (compare chan "sky", with a short vowel, written as cha-na). If the nucleus of the syllable was itself i, however, the word-final vowel for indicating length was -a: tziik- "to count; to honour, to sanctify" was written as tzi-ka (compare sitz' "appetite", written as si-tz'i). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length |
In non-Olympic years, a national federation volunteers to organize the (Senior) World Championships (for both bobsleigh and skeleton), which are open to all athletes meeting the experience requirements that apply to the World Cup and the ICC (including junior athletes). The quota system for the Senior World Championships is the same as for the World Cup, except that all national federations are entitled to send one athlete. The defending Junior World Champion in each discipline also receives an automatic entry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_racing |
Unlike all other IBSF-sponsored races, the World Championships use a two-day, four-heat format, with rankings determined by total time for all four heats.The 2016/17 World Championships were held at Königssee bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Bavaria, 24–26 February 2017. Martins Dukurs of Latvia won the men's competition and Jacqueline Lölling of Germany won the women's competition. Because 2018 was an Olympic year, no World Championships were held for the 2017/18 season. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_racing |
In non-PAE modes of 32-bit x86 processors, the usable RAM may be limited to less than 4 GB. Limits on memory and address space vary by platform and operating system. Limits on physical memory for 32-bit platforms also depend on the presence and use of Physical Address Extension (PAE), which allows 32-bit systems to use more than 4 GB of physical memory. PAE and 64-bit systems may be able to address up to the full address space of the x86 processor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_limit |
In non-Saharan African music traditions, cross-rhythm is the generating principle; the meter is in a permanent state of contradiction. Cross-rhythm was first explained as the basis of non-Saharan rhythm in lectures by C.K. Ladzekpo and the writings of David Locke. From the philosophical perspective of the African musician, cross-beats can symbolize the challenging moments or emotional stress we all encounter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
Playing cross-beats while fully grounded in the main beats, prepares one for maintaining a life-purpose while dealing with life's challenges. Many non-Saharan languages do not have a word for rhythm, or even music. From the African viewpoint, the rhythms represent the very fabric of life itself; they are an embodiment of the people, symbolizing interdependence in human relationships—Peñalosa (2009: 21). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
At the center of a core of rhythmic traditions within which the composer conveys his ideas is the technique of cross-rhythm. The technique of cross-rhythm is a simultaneous use of contrasting rhythmic patterns within the same scheme of accents or meter... By the very nature of the desired resultant rhythm, the main beat scheme cannot be separated from the secondary beat scheme. It is the interplay of the two elements that produces the cross-rhythmic texture—Ladzekpo (1995). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
Eugene Novotney observes: "The 3:2 relationship (and permutations) is the foundation of most typical polyrhythmic textures found in West African musics." 3:2 is the generative or theoretic form of non-Saharan rhythmic principles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
Victor Kofi Agawu succinctly states, " resultant rhythm holds the key to understanding... there is no independence here, because 2 and 3 belong to a single Gestalt." The two beat schemes interact within the hierarchy of a single meter. The duple beats are primary and the triple beats are secondary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
The example below shows the African 3:2 cross-rhythm within its proper metric structure. The music of African xylophones, such as the balafon and gyil, is often based on cross-rhythm. In the following example, a Ghanaian gyil sounds a 3:2-based ostinato melody. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
The left hand (lower notes) sounds the two main beats, while the right hand (upper notes) sounds the three cross-beats. The cross-beats are written as quarter-notes for visual emphasis. The following notated example is from the kushaura part of the traditional mbira piece "Nhema Mussasa". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
The mbira is a lamellophone. The left hand plays the ostinato bass line while the right hand plays the upper melody. The composite melody is an embellishment of the 3:2 cross-rhythm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm |
In non-abelian gauge theories, the beta function can be negative, as first found by Frank Wilczek, David Politzer and David Gross. An example of this is the beta function for quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and as a result the QCD coupling decreases at high energies.Furthermore, the coupling decreases logarithmically, a phenomenon known as asymptotic freedom (the discovery of which was awarded with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004). The coupling decreases approximately as α s ( k 2 ) = d e f g s 2 ( k 2 ) 4 π ≈ 1 β 0 ln ( k 2 / Λ 2 ) , {\displaystyle \alpha _{\text{s}}(k^{2})\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {\frac {g_{\text{s}}^{2}(k^{2})}{4\pi }}\approx {\frac {1}{\beta _{0}\ln \left({k^{2}}/{\Lambda ^{2}}\right)}},} where β0 is a constant first computed by Wilczek, Gross and Politzer. Conversely, the coupling increases with decreasing energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_coupling_constant |
This means that the coupling becomes large at low energies, and one can no longer rely on perturbation theory. Hence, the actual value of the coupling constant is only defined at a given energy scale. In QCD, the Z boson mass scale is typically chosen, providing a value of the strong coupling constant of αs(MZ2 ) = 0.1179 ± 0.0010. The most precise measurements stem from lattice QCD calculations, studies of tau-lepton decay, as well as by the reinterpretation of the transverse momentum spectrum of the Z boson. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_coupling_constant |
In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means. In Egyptian hieroglyphs, parts of a royal name were enclosed in a cartouche: an oval with a line at one end.In Chinese script, a proper name mark (a kind of underline) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard Pinyin system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names, with some complexities because of different Chinese classifications of nominal types, and even different notions of such broad categories as word and phrase.Sanskrit and other languages written in the Devanagari script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or syllabic scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_name |
In non-avian dinosaurs, the jugal bone functioned as passive structural support during biting, and not as a site of jaw muscle attachment. In extant reptiles, the jugal bone continues to form the orbit of the eye and provide passive structural support. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugal_bone |
In non-broadcast multiple-access network(NBMA), neighbor adjacency is formed with unicast packets to remote host. A network may have more than two routers, but is no broadcast support. IP 192.0.2.1 > 192.0.2.2: OSPFv2, hello IP 192.0.2.2 > 192.0.2.1: OSPFv2, hello IP 192.0.2.1 > 192.0.2.2: OSPFv2, database description IP 192.0.2.2 > 192.0.2.1: OSPFv2, database description Types of Non-broadcast networks: X.25 Public data network Wireguard Serial interface Requires all routers to be able to communicate directly, on the same network. Designated Router is elected for the network. LSA is generated for the network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First |
In non-canonical mode, data are accumulated in a buffer (which may or may not be the line editing buffer — some implementations having separate "processed input" and "raw input" queues) and become "available for reading" according to the values of two input control parameters, the c_cc and c_cc members of the termios data structure. Both are unsigned quantities (because cc_t is required to be an alias for an unsigned type). The former specifies a minimum number of characters, and the latter specifies a timeout in tenths of a second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_mode |
There are four possibilities: c_cc and c_cc are both zero In this case, the data in the buffer are "available for reading" immediately, and read() returns immediately with whatever data are in the buffer (potentially returning zero if there are zero data available). c_cc is non-zero and c_cc is zero In this case, the data in the buffer are "available for reading" after the specified timeout has elapsed, the timer being triggered by the start of the read() system call, or if a single character is received. In other words, read() waits for a maximum specified total time, and may return zero data, and returns any data as soon as they are received. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_mode |
c_cc is zero and c_cc is non-zero In this case, the data in the buffer are "available for reading" after the specified number of characters have been received in the buffer. In other words, read() waits for a minimum amount of data (which may be larger than what the caller is prepared to read in the system call), will not return zero data, and may wait indefinitely. c_cc and c_cc are both non-zero In this case, the data in the buffer are "available for reading" after the specified number of characters have been received in the buffer or the timeout has expired since the last character was entered. There is no timeout for the very first character. In other words, read() waits for a minimum amount of data (which may be larger than what the caller is prepared to read in the system call), will not return zero data, may wait indefinitely, but won't wait longer than the specified timeout if at least one character is in the buffer to be read. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_mode |
In non-competitive inhibition the binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme reduces its activity but does not affect the binding of substrate. As a result, the extent of inhibition depends only on the concentration of the inhibitor. Vmax will decrease due to the inability for the reaction to proceed as efficiently, but Km will remain the same as the actual binding of the substrate, by definition, will still function properly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibition_of_enzymes |
In non-consequentialist ethical thought, there is a moral distinction between killing and letting die. Whereas killing involves intervention, letting die involves withholding care.Also in medical ethics there is a moral distinction between euthanasia and letting die. Legally, patients often have a right to reject life-sustaining care, in areas that do not permit euthanasia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letting_die |
In non-contact atomic force microscopy mode, the tip of the cantilever does not contact the sample surface. The cantilever is instead oscillated at either its resonant frequency (frequency modulation) or just above (amplitude modulation) where the amplitude of oscillation is typically a few nanometers (<10 nm) down to a few picometers. The van der Waals forces, which are strongest from 1 nm to 10 nm above the surface, or any other long-range force that extends above the surface acts to decrease the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This decrease in resonant frequency combined with the feedback loop system maintains a constant oscillation amplitude or frequency by adjusting the average tip-to-sample distance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic-force_microscope |
Measuring the tip-to-sample distance at each (x,y) data point allows the scanning software to construct a topographic image of the sample surface. Non-contact mode AFM does not suffer from tip or sample degradation effects that are sometimes observed after taking numerous scans with contact AFM. This makes non-contact AFM preferable to contact AFM for measuring soft samples, e.g. biological samples and organic thin film. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic-force_microscope |
In the case of rigid samples, contact and non-contact images may look the same. However, if a few monolayers of adsorbed fluid are lying on the surface of a rigid sample, the images may look quite different. An AFM operating in contact mode will penetrate the liquid layer to image the underlying surface, whereas in non-contact mode an AFM will oscillate above the adsorbed fluid layer to image both the liquid and surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic-force_microscope |
Schemes for dynamic mode operation include frequency modulation where a phase-locked loop is used to track the cantilever's resonance frequency and the more common amplitude modulation with a servo loop in place to keep the cantilever excitation to a defined amplitude. In frequency modulation, changes in the oscillation frequency provide information about tip-sample interactions. Frequency can be measured with very high sensitivity and thus the frequency modulation mode allows for the use of very stiff cantilevers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic-force_microscope |
Stiff cantilevers provide stability very close to the surface and, as a result, this technique was the first AFM technique to provide true atomic resolution in ultra-high vacuum conditions.In amplitude modulation, changes in the oscillation amplitude or phase provide the feedback signal for imaging. In amplitude modulation, changes in the phase of oscillation can be used to discriminate between different types of materials on the surface. Amplitude modulation can be operated either in the non-contact or in the intermittent contact regime. In dynamic contact mode, the cantilever is oscillated such that the separation distance between the cantilever tip and the sample surface is modulated. Amplitude modulation has also been used in the non-contact regime to image with atomic resolution by using very stiff cantilevers and small amplitudes in an ultra-high vacuum environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic-force_microscope |
In non-contact dispensing, the drop also forms at the end of a nozzle, but far enough away from the target area that the drop separates from the nozzle before it hits. This, too, is a very old technique, as old as squirting liquid from a tube. Because of increasing requirements in regards to cycle time and accuracy in almost all areas of production, non-contact dispensing is constantly gaining importance. A good example for this is the attachment of very small electronic parts (SMD parts) onto printed circuit boards and substrates. For this, the part carrier only needs to be positioned in one plane - after that the adhesive can be transferred without contact. The following examples show the advantages of non-contact dispensing: Removal of a feed motion to the part Time saving through ejection of adhesive No contact with part (no damage) Even spread of adhesive topography independent of part topography and surface structureNon-contact dispensing can be divided in two different methods: Jet-forming dispensing Dynamic drop dispensing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microdispensing |
In non-contiguous patients an aggravated form of adolase A deficiency has been seen to manifest in myopathy (muscular deterioration). This is often recognized initially through signs of muscle weakness and exercise intolerance, suggesting rapid muscular fatigue and damage, likely directly related to ATP depletion. This breakdown of muscular fibers, or rhabdomyolysis, can lead to detectable blood creatine phosphate level elevation and potentially exaggerated hyperkalemia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase_A_deficiency |
In non-critical uses, CTCSS can also be used to hide the presence of interfering signals such as receiver-produced intermodulation. Receivers with poor specifications—such as scanners or low-cost mobile radios—cannot reject the strong signals present in urban environments. The interference will still be present and may block the receiver, but the decoder will prevent it from being heard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System |
It will still degrade system performance but the user will not have to hear the noises produced by receiving the interference. CTCSS is commonly used in VHF and UHF amateur radio operations for this purpose. Wideband and extremely sensitive radios are common in the amateur radio field, which imposes limits on achievable intermodulation and adjacent-channel performance.Family Radio Service (FRS), PMR446 and other consumer-grade radios often include a feature called "Interference Eliminator Codes", "sub-channels", or "privacy codes". These do not afford privacy or security, but serve only to reduce annoying interference by other users or other noise sources; a receiver with the tone squelch turned off will hear everything on the channel. GMRS/FRS radios offering CTCSS codes typically provide a choice of 38 tones, but the tone number and the tone frequencies used may vary from one manufacturer to another (or even within product lines of one manufacturer) and should not be assumed to be consistent (i.e. "Tone 12" in one set of radios may not be "Tone 12" in another). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System |
In non-diabetics and people with type 1 diabetes, a low protein diet is found to have a preventive effect on progression of chronic kidney disease. However, this effect does not apply to people with type 2 diabetes. A whole food, plant-based diet may help some people with kidney disease. A high protein diet from either animal or plant sources appears to have negative effects on kidney function at least in the short term. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_problem |
In non-equilibrium physics, the Keldysh formalism is a general framework for describing the quantum mechanical evolution of a system in a non-equilibrium state or systems subject to time varying external fields (electrical field, magnetic field etc.). Historically, it was foreshadowed by the work of Julian Schwinger and proposed almost simultaneously by Leonid Keldysh and, separately, Leo Kadanoff and Gordon Baym. It was further developed by later contributors such as O. V. Konstantinov and V. I. Perel.Extensions to driven-dissipative open quantum systems is given not only for bosonic systems, but also for fermionic systems.The Keldysh formalism provides a systematic way to study non-equilibrium systems, usually based on the two-point functions corresponding to excitations in the system. The main mathematical object in the Keldysh formalism is the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF), which is a two-point function of particle fields. In this way, it resembles the Matsubara formalism, which is based on equilibrium Green functions in imaginary-time and treats only equilibrium systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldysh_formalism |
In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, GENERIC is an acronym for General Equation for Non-Equilibrium Reversible-Irreversible Coupling. It is the general form of dynamic equation for a system with both reversible and irreversible dynamics (generated by energy and entropy, respectively). GENERIC formalism is the theory built around the GENERIC equation, which has been proposed in its final form in 1997 by Miroslav Grmela and Hans Christian Öttinger. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GENERIC_formalism |
In non-excited motors, the rotor is made of steel. It rotates in step with the stator's rotating magnetic field, so it has an almost-constant magnetic field through it. The external stator field magnetizes the rotor, inducing the magnetic poles needed to turn it. The rotor is made of a high-retentivity steel such as cobalt steel. These are manufactured in permanent magnet, reluctance and hysteresis designs: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_electric_motor |
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