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In a "hydride surface" the terminal groups are primarily -Si-H. The hydride surface can also be functionalized with carboxylic acids and long-chain alkyl groups. Mobile phases for ANPC are based on an organic solvent (such as methanol or acetonitrile) with a small amount of water; thus, the mobile phase is both "aqueous" (water is present) and "normal" (less polar than the stationary phase). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_normal-phase_chromatography |
Thus, polar solutes (such as acids and amines) are most strongly retained, with retention decreasing as the amount of water in the mobile phase increases. Typically the amount of the nonpolar component in the mobile phase must be 60% or greater with the exact point of increased retention depending on the solute and the organic component of the mobile phase. A true ANP stationary phase will be able to function in both the reversed phase and normal phase modes with only the amount of water in the eluent varying. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_normal-phase_chromatography |
Thus a continuum of solvents can be used from 100% aqueous to pure organic. ANP retention has been demonstrated for a variety of polar compounds on the hydride based stationary phases. Recent investigations have demonstrated that silica hydride materials have a very thin water layer (about 0.5 monolayer) in comparison to HILIC phases that can have from 6–8 monolayers. In addition the substantial negative charge on the surface of hydride phases is the result of hydroxide ion adsorption from the solvent rather than silanols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_normal-phase_chromatography |
In normalized scientific notation, in E notation, and in engineering notation, the space (which in typesetting may be represented by a normal width space or a thin space) that is allowed only before and after "×" or in front of "E" is sometimes omitted, though it is less common to do so before the alphabetical character. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_notation |
In normalized systems separation of concerns is one of the four guiding principles. Adhering to this principle is one of the tools that helps reduce the combinatorial effects that, over time, get introduced in software that is being maintained. In normalized systems separation of concerns is actively supported by the tools. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concern |
In north-central Namibia there is a dinosaur trackway in sandstone on what is now the private farm Otjihaenamparero. Larger footprints are of a ceratosauria and smaller ones of syntarsus. The prints are believed to be around 190 million years old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_footprints |
In north-west Yorubaland the Epa masks are kept by the head of a lineage or a town chief on behalf of the lineage or community. When in use they are choreographed as emerging from the bush, where they return once the festival is completed. Offerings may be made to a mask before it is used or during the ceremony. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epa_mask |
According to Robert Thompson, 'the Epa cult stresses the transformation of young men into stalwart specimens able to bear pain and shoulder heavy weight'. King Arowolo of lloro distinguished between the type of energy belonging to the cult of Elefon, concerned with ancestral spirits, and the cult of Epa, connected with the dignified, slow and patient masquerades of ancient men and culture heroes. While the Ekiti Yoruba share their principal deities with Yoruba from elsewhere, they also have many deities and masquerades peculiar to themselves, leading other fieldworkers to note that the distinction is less clear than Thompson suggested. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epa_mask |
In north-eastern Yorubaland, Epa and other masks are used in annual ceremonies, held in February or March in some places or as late as September in others to promote the fertility and well-being of the community. They also appear in Elefon festivals performed to celebrate the return of the warriors, to honor Ogun, the god of war and iron and to mark the growth of new crops. Elsewhere such masks were used in post-burial rites relating to titled men. In one fairly consistent episode in the festival the masquerader, supporting a mask which can often weigh 50 lbs or more, attempts to jump off a mound to augur the quality of the new year. A fall or loss of balance is read as a bad omen which may herald coming misfortune. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epa_mask |
In northeast China, especially Heilongjiang's largest city Harbin, Hongchang (simplified Chinese: 红肠; traditional Chinese: 紅腸; pinyin: hóng cháng), a popular regional specialty, is smoked savory red sausage similar to Polish "country" kielbasa and Lithuanian skilandis, with a coarsely ground texture and more "European" flavours than other Chinese sausages. It was first manufactured in March 1909 by Lithuanian staff in a Russian-capitalized factory named Churin Sausage Factory, located in Harbin's Daoli District. An alternative name is Lidaosi (Chinese: 里道斯), from Russian колбаса «литовская» kolbasa «litovskaâ», "Lithuanian sausage". Harbin-style sausage subsequently became popular in China, especially in northern regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sausage |
A sweeter dried version similar to southern Chinese sausages is also produced. In Chinese, Hongchang may also refer to other red-colored sausages in China. This includes the Shanghai Big Hongchang, an adaptation of Falukorv. The aforementioned "Lidaosi" is used to unambiguously refer to the Harbin original in the language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_sausage |
In northeastern Afghanistan, a number of medium-intensity deep focus earthquakes of depths of up to 400 kilometres (250 mi) occasionally occur. They are caused by the collision and subduction of the Indian Plate under the Eurasian Plate, the deepest earthquakes centered on the furthest subducted sections of the plate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_focus_earthquake |
In northeastern California, more time was spent traveling and hunting in summer than in winter, suggesting that reduced winter activity may be related to thermal and food stress or may be the result of larger prey consumption and consequent decrease in time spent foraging. Also in northeastern California, activity in the snow-free season (May–December) was diurnal, while winter activity was largely nocturnal. Year-round daily movements in Grand Teton National Park ranged from 0 to 2.83 miles (0–4.57 km), averaging 0.6-mile (0.9 km, observations of 88 individuals). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_marten |
In northeastern India, the peppers are smeared on fences or incorporated in smoke bombs as a safety precaution to keep wild elephants at a distance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_pepper |
In northeastern North America, a porch is a small area, usually unenclosed, at the main-floor height and used as a sitting area or for the removal of working clothes so as not to get the home's interior dirty, when the entrance door is accessed via the porch. In the Southwestern United States, ranch-style homes often use a porch to provide shade for the entrance and southern wall of the residence. In the Southern United States and Southern Ontario, Canada, a porch is often at least as broad as it is deep, and it may provide sufficient space for residents to entertain guests or gather on special occasions. Adobe-style homes in Santa Fe, New Mexico, often include large porches for entertainment called "portals", which are not usually seen in the more traditional adobe homes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch |
Older American homes, particularly those built during the era of Victorian architecture, or built in the Queen Anne style, often include a porch in both the front and the back of the home. The back porch is used as another sitting space. However, many American homes built with a porch since the 1940s have only a token one, usually too small for comfortable social use and adding only to the visual impression of the building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch |
The New Urbanism movement in architecture urges a reversal in this trend, recommending a large front porch, to help build community ties.When spacious enough, a covered porch not only provides protection from sun or rain but comprises, in effect, extra living space for the home during pleasant weather—accommodating chairs or benches, tables, plants, and traditional porch furnishings such as a porch swing, rocking chairs, or ceiling fans. Porches may be screened to exclude flying insects. Normally, the porch is architecturally unified with the rest of the house, using similar design elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch |
It may be integrated into the roof line or upper storey. Many porch railings are designed with importance to the design of the building as well as curb appeal but local, state, or federal zoning laws usually mandate the height of the railing and spacing of balusters. There are exemptions for houses in historic districts or that are on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Park Service produced a pamphlet or brief concerning Preserving Historic Wood Porches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porch |
In northeastern Pennsylvania, a barbecue sandwich generally refers to ground beef cooked in barbecue sauce, served on a hamburger bun, known in other parts of the country as a Sloppy Joe.In northeastern Pennsylvania, the sandwich is often served at pizza places. see menu for Victory Pig Pizza, Wyoming, PA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbecue_sandwich |
In northeastern Peru, a local common name which has been recorded for this plant since its discovery by Western scientists is charapilla. This name is shared with Dipteryx charapilla. The word charapilla is a diminutive of the Quechua word charapa, meaning 'turtle', and refers to the shell-like half of an opened bean pod of this tree. It is also known as coumarou or almendrillo in Bolivia, and shihuahuaco in the Department of Madre de Dios in southern Peru. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipteryx_micrantha |
In both these last two regions it shares the same name with D. alata. The word almendrillo is a diminutive of the Spanish almendro, meaning almond. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipteryx_micrantha |
Both tree species are also known as mawi in the Ese Eja language spoken there. Other names used for this plant that are or have been used in Peru are huamansamana (in Loreto), shihuahuaco negro (in Huánuco), cumarú and guacamayo.The name kumarut as given in many sources starting in 1926 is only attested to the first collection of this plant by Günther Tessmann from along the Marañón river. Adolpho Ducke in 1940 states his belief it is a misspelling of cumarú. Tessmann, in his notes, in fact spells the name kumarú. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipteryx_micrantha |
In northern Africa, B. burgdorferi sensu lato has been identified in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia.Lyme disease in sub-Saharan Africa is presently unknown, but evidence indicates it may occur in humans in this region. The abundance of hosts and tick vectors would favor the establishment of Lyme infection in Africa. In East Africa, two cases of Lyme disease have been reported in Kenya. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_borreliosis |
In northern Alaska, the melt-date has advanced by 8 days since the mid-1960s. Decreased snowfall in winter followed by warmer spring conditions seems to be the cause for the advance. In Europe, the 2012 heat wave has especially been anomalous at higher altitudes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt |
For the first time on record, some of the highest Alpine peaks in Europe were snow-free. Although it would seem that the two were related, the question of how much of this is due to climate change firmly remains a center of debate. Increased water runoff due to snowmelt was a cause of many famous floods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt |
One well-known example is the Red River Flood of 1997, when the Red River of the North in the Red River Valley of the United States and Canada flooded. Flooding in the Red River Valley is augmented by the fact that the river flows north through Winnipeg, Manitoba and into Lake Winnipeg. As snow in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota begins to melt and flow into the Red River, the presence of downstream ice can act as a dam and force upstream water to rise. Colder temperatures downstream can also potentially lead to freezing of water as it flows north, thus augmenting the ice dam problem. Some areas in British Columbia are also prone to snowmelt flooding as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt |
In northern Alberta and central Alberta, the Elk Point Group contains the following subdivisions, from top to base: In southern AlbertaThe Elk Point Group is dolomitic and is not differentiated. In Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Montana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presqu'ile_Formation |
In northern Alberta, local Aboriginal communities are forced to endure highly degraded air and water quality. Oil sands industry used approximately 170 million cubic metres of water in 2011 to extract bitumen. That is the equivalent to the residential water use of 1.7 million Canadians. 95% of the water used in tar sands surface mining is so polluted it has to be stored in toxic sludge pits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
That is 206,000 litres of toxic waste discharged every day. "The river used to be blue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
Now it’s brown. Nobody can fish or drink from it. The air is bad. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
This has all happened so fast," says Elsie Fabian, 63, an elder in a Native Indian community along the Athabasca River. Canada is home to two of the three largest dams in the world. They are used to hold back toxic sludge from the oil sands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
11 million litres of toxic wastewater seep out of the tailing pits into the boreal forest and Athabasca river every day. That is 4 billion litres a year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
Air pollutant guidelines in Alberta are less stringent than international standards. Despite that, air quality objectives were exceeded 1,556 times in 2009, up from 47 times in 2004. David Schindler, environmental scientist, conducted research to assess the way water pollution was investigated in the oil sands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
His research indicated that water monitoring was only regulated by the industry, not outside environmental consultants. This led to inaccurate levels of carcinogens reported over time. Chief Allan Adams of the Athabasca area is consulting with Schindler to provide evidence of water pollution linked to the seepage from the tailings ponds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_Sands_Healing_Walk |
In northern Australia their migration coincides with the beginning of the rainy season, leading to the species being given a range of colloquial names such as storm-bird, flood-bird or rain-bird. The frugivorous habits of the species, coupled with its raptor-like appearance, have also resulted in it being known as the fig hawk.The channel-billed cuckoo is not considered threatened by human activities, and as such is listed as least concern by the IUCN. In fact, it has benefited from human activities; along with the Australian koel its numbers have increased in some parts of its range due to increases in host species caused by extensive planting of gardens around Australian cities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-billed_cuckoo |
In northern Australia, clapsticks would traditionally accompany the didgeridoo, and are called bimli or bilma by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap_sticks |
In northern Australia, different shells were used by different tribes, one tribe's shell often being quite worthless in the eyes of another tribe. In the islands north of New Guinea the shells were broken into flakes. Holes were bored through these flakes, which were then valued by the length of a threaded set on a string, as measured using the finger joints. Two shells are used by these Pacific islanders, one a cowry found on the New Guinea coast, and the other the common pearl shell, broken into flakes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_money |
In the South Pacific Islands the species Oliva carneola was commonly used to create shell money. As late as 1882, local trade in the Solomon Islands was carried on by means of a coinage of shell beads, small shells laboriously ground down to the required size by the women. No more than were actually needed were made, and as the process was difficult, the value of the coinage was satisfactorily maintained. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_money |
Although rapidly being replaced by modern coinage, the cowry shell currency is still in use to some extent in the Solomon Islands. The shells are worked into strips of decorated cloth whose value reflects the time spent creating them. On the Papua New Guinea island of East New Britain, shell currency is still used and can be exchanged for the Papua New Guinean kina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_money |
In northern Australia, the predominant wind is from the east or southeast in most occasions, which usually bring dry conditions. Though during monsoon periods (between November to April), the winds change to northwesterly, where atmospheric pressure decreases to 700 hPa or below over an area extending to Java, Sumatra, Timor Sea and eastward to Papua New Guinea. When the Australian continent heats up much rapid than the surrounding ocean (the Timor, Banda and Arafura seas), low pressure systems may form, which efficaciously draw in the monsoon trough (which is an area of low pressure and rising air) above the hot and dry areas of northern Australia, thereby increasing humidity prior to the rains (this is known as the “build-up”). The trough attracts moist air from the encompassing oceans and this inflow of moist air is referred to as the monsoon.During the "active" phase or "bursts", large regions of cloud and rain are formed, where there is a constant northwesterly wind on the north area of the trough, alongside heavy rainfall on the land, which last from about four to eight weeks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_monsoon |
An inactive phase or "breaks" is when the monsoon trough diminishes and withdraws to the north of Australia, although light winds, sporadic showers and thunderstorm activity may occur. Later than normal monsoon arrivals, and drier ones, are generally associated with El Niño conditions in the Pacific, while La Niña is mostly associated with an early monsoon season and wetter ones as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_monsoon |
The monsoon's thickness is normally less than 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) over the sea and 2,000–2,500 metres (6,600–8,200 feet) over the land.Although the northern Australian monsoonal bursts peak between mid-November and mid-December, they can extend well into March. The Australian monsoon rainfall variability (AUMRV) has a similar ratio in rainfall over much of the country, going as far south as the southern Murray–Darling Basin. About 28% of inter-annual AUMRV is linked with oceanic irregularity in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Moreover, compared to the Asian, African and North American monsoonal regions, the AUM seems to possess the highest variation, as it is linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, especially over northeastern Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_monsoon |
In northern Central Europe, the Scandinavian ice sheet during the various ice ages advanced slightly uphill against the lie of the land. As a result, its meltwaters flowed parallel to the ice margin to reach the North Sea basin, forming huge, flat valleys known as Urstromtäler. Unlike the other forms of glacial valleys, these were formed by glacial meltwaters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_valleys |
In northern China, air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels, principally coal, is causing people to die on average 5.5 years sooner than they otherwise might. Coal and coal waste products (including fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag) release approximately 20 toxic-release chemicals, including arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, vanadium, beryllium, cadmium, barium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, zinc, selenium and radium, which are dangerous if released into the environment. While these substances are trace impurities, enough coal is burned that significant amounts of these substances are released.The Mpumalanga highveld in South Africa is the most polluted area in the world due to the mining industry and coal plant power stations and the lowveld near the famous Kruger Park is under threat of new mine projects as well. During combustion, the reaction between coal and the air produces oxides of carbon, including carbon dioxide (CO2, an important greenhouse gas), oxides of sulfur (mainly sulfur dioxide, SO2), and various oxides of nitrogen (NOx). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_coal |
Because of the hydrogenous and nitrogenous components of coal, hydrides and nitrides of carbon and sulfur are also produced during the combustion of coal in air. These include hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sulfur nitrate (SNO3) and other toxic substances. SO2 and nitrogen oxide react in the atmosphere to form fine particles and ground level ozone and are transported long distances, making it difficult for other states to achieve healthy levels of pollution control. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_coal |
The wet cooling towers used in coal-fired power stations, etc. emit drift and fog which are also an environmental concern. The drift contains respirable suspended particulate matter. In case of cooling towers with sea water makeup, sodium salts are deposited on nearby lands which would convert the land into alkali soil, reducing the fertility of vegetative lands and also cause corrosion of nearby structures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_coal |
Fires sometimes occur in coal beds underground. When coal beds are exposed, the fire risk is increased. Weathered coal can also increase ground temperatures if it is left on the surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_coal |
Almost all fires in solid coal are ignited by surface fires caused by people or lightning. Spontaneous combustion is caused when coal oxidizes and airflow is insufficient to dissipate heat; this more commonly occurs in stockpiles and waste piles, rarely in bedded coal underground. Where coal fires occur, there is attendant air pollution from emission of smoke and noxious fumes into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_coal |
Coal seam fires may burn underground for decades, threatening destruction of forests, homes, roadways and other valuable infrastructure. The best-known coal-seam fire may be the one which led to the permanent evacuation of Centralia, Pennsylvania, United States.Approximately 75 Tg/S per year of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is released from burning coal. After release, the Sulfur Dioxide is oxidized to gaseous H2SO2 which scatters solar radiation, hence their increase in the atmosphere exerts a cooling effect on climate that masks some of the warming caused by increased greenhouse gases. Release of SO2 also contributes to the widespread acidification of ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_coal |
In northern China, the Nanzhuangtou culture on the middle Yellow River around Hebei (c. 8500–7700 BC) had grinding tools. The Xinglongwa culture in eastern Inner Mongolia (c. 6200–5400 BC) ate millet, possibly from agriculture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Grains |
The Dadiwan culture along the upper Yellow River (c. 5800–5400 BC) also ate millet. By the Yangshao culture (c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Grains |
5000–3000 BC), the peoples of the Yellow River were growing millet extensively, along with some barley, rice, and vegetables; wove hemp and silk, which indicates some form of sericulture; but may have been limited to migratory slash and burn farming methods. The Longshan culture (c. 3000–2000 BC) displays more advanced sericulture and definite cities.In southern China, the Pengtoushan culture on the Yangtze River (c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Grains |
7500–6100 BC) has left rice farming tools at some locations, though not at the type site. The Hemudu culture around Hangzhou Bay south of the Yangtze (c. 5000–4500 BC) certainly cultivated rice. The various people (such as hundred viet tribal union) who succeeded in these areas were later conquered and culturally assimilated by the northern Chinese dynasties during the historical period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Grains |
In northern East Africa, water levels dropped rapidly about 5,500 years ago while in Hoti cave in Arabia a southward retreat of the Indian Monsoon took place about 5,900 years ago. Drying is also documented from Oman, and rivers and lakes of Arabia became intermittent or entirely dry. The Blue Nile basin became less moist with a noticeable decrease of Nile discharge about 4,000 years ago. Decreased discharge of the Nile led to the cessation of sapropel deposition and turbidite activity off its delta, the abandonment of river channels in its delta and upstream and increased seawater influence in the delta.Some data from Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa indicate that drying there may have begun already 7,000–8,000 years ago or earlier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
Reconstructions from Lake Abiyata in Ethiopia suggest that the end of the African humid period took the form of severe droughts rather than a gradual decrease of precipitation. Drying in Arabia commenced about 7,000 calibrated years ago and there are large disparities in the timing between various parts of Arabia but a tendency towards an arid climate between 6,000 and 5,000 years ago has been observed which continued until 2,700 years ago. In the Bale Mountains and the Sanetti Plateau of Ethiopia vegetation changes signalling a drier climate took place around 4,600 years ago.Forest cover in the area of the African Great Lakes decreased between 4,700 and 3,700 years ago, although drying at Lake Victoria had begun around 8,000 years ago, at Lake Rukwa 6,700 years ago, at Lake Tanganyika about 6,000 years ago and at Lake Edward major changes in lake chemistry consistent with drying are noted 5,200 years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
There a minor recovery in vegetation took place between 2,500 and 2,000 years ago, followed by a much more rapid appearance of grasses accompanied also by substantial wildfire activity. This might have been the most severe drought of the Lake Edward region in the Holocene, with many lakes such as Lake George dropping significantly or drying up altogether. Other lakes such as Nakuru, Turkana, Lake Chew Bahir, Lake Abbe and Lake Zway also dropped between 5,400 and 4,200 years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
Decreased vegetation cover in the catchment of the Blue Nile has been correlated with increased sediment transport in the river beginning 3,600 – 4,000 years ago.The end of the AHP at Lake Turkana occurred about 5,000-5,300 years before present, accompanied by a lake level decline and the cessation of overflow from other lakes in its area into Lake Turkana. Between 5,000 and 4,200, Lake Turkana became more saline and its water levels decreased below the level of outflow to the Nile. Towards the end of the AHP water temperatures in the lake and in other regional lakes appear to have increased, followed by a drop after its end possibly resulting from the insolation seasonality pattern that was in force at the time of the end of the AHP. The decrease of water levels in Lake Turkana also impacted the Nile and the Predynastic societies dependent on it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
In northern Europe, France, Germany, England and the Netherlands, bellfounding has been an enormous industry since the early part of the Middle Ages. Unfortunately a large number of medieval bells have been melted down and recast, and in times of warfare many were seized to be cast into guns. Early bells are of graceful outline, and often have simple but well-designed ornaments and very decorative inscriptions; for the latter a separate stamp or die was used for each letter or for a short group of letters. In every country bell-founders were an important group of the community; in England a great many of their names are known and the special character of their work is recognizable. Old bells exist in the French cathedrals of Amiens, Beauvais, Chartres and elsewhere; in Germany at Erfurt, Cologne and Halberstadt. The bell-founding industry has continued all through the centuries, one of its later achievements being the casting of "Big Ben" at Westminster in 1858, a bell of between 13 and 14 tons in weight.In more recent years, bronze has to some extent replaced iron for railings, balconies and staircases, in connection with architecture; the style adopted is stiffly classical, which does not call for a very large amount of ornamentation, and the metal has the merit of pleasant appearance and considerable durability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_bronze_and_brass |
In northern Europe, agriculture including animal husbandry went into decline when the Roman empire collapsed. Some aspects such as the herding of animals continued throughout the period. By the 11th century, the economy had recovered and the countryside was again productive. The Domesday Book recorded every parcel of land and every animal in England: "there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land, nay, moreover ... not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine was there left, that was not set down in writ." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_agriculture |
For example, the royal manor of Earley in Berkshire, one of thousands of villages recorded in the book, had in 1086 "2 fisheries worth 7s and 6d and 20 acres of meadow . Woodland for 70 pigs." The improvements of animal husbandry in the medieval period in Europe went hand in hand with other developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_agriculture |
Improvements to the plough allowed the soil to be tilled to a greater depth. Horses took over from oxen as the main providers of traction, new ideas on crop rotation were developed and the growing of crops for winter fodder gained ground. Peas, beans and vetches became common; they increased soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, allowing more livestock to be kept. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_agriculture |
In northern Europe, stained glass was an important and prestigious form of painting until the 15th century, when it became supplanted by panel painting. Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large buildings, partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, as in rose windows. In the early part of the period mainly black paint and clear or brightly coloured glass was used, but in the early 14th century the use of compounds of silver, painted on glass which was then fired, allowed a number of variations of colour, centred on yellows, to be used with clear glass in a single piece. By the end of the period designs increasingly used large pieces of glass which were painted, with yellows as the dominant colours, and relatively few smaller pieces of glass in other colours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_art |
In northern France, Quebec, Luxembourg and Belgium it is called galette des rois in French or koningentaart in Flemish Dutch. In most of France it is a puff pastry filled with frangipane. As for the frangipane, it might come from Count Cesare Frangipani, who would have given the recipe that bears his name to Catherine de Medici.A paper crown is included with purchased cakes to crown the "king" or "queen" who finds the "fève" or bean hidden inside the cake. To ensure a random distribution of the pieces, the youngest person is to place themselves under the table and name the recipient of each piece as they are cut. When store-bought, the fève can be a tiny porcelain figurine of a religious character or, nowadays, a figurine referencing pop-culture or popular cartoons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_cake |
In northern India, some very early depictions of deities appear in the art of the Indus Valley Civilisation, but the following millennium, coinciding with the Indo–Aryan migration during the Vedic period, is devoid of such remains. It has been suggested that the early Vedic religion focused exclusively on the worship of purely "elementary forces of nature by means of elaborate sacrifices", which did not lend themselves easily to anthropomorphological representations. Various artefacts may belong to the Copper Hoard culture (2nd millennium CE), some of them suggesting anthropomorphological characteristics. Interpretations vary as to the exact signification of these artifacts, or even the culture and the periodization to which they belonged. Some examples of artistic expression also appear in abstract pottery designs during the Black and red ware culture (1450–1200 BCE) or the Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BCE), with finds in a wide area, including the area of Mathura. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_culture |
In northern Iraq, the Zagros FTB is relatively narrow and this area is referred to as the Kirkuk embayment. This part of the fold belt lacks an effective basal Hormuz salt detachment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_fold_and_thrust_belt |
In northern Italy, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is an agricultural pest. A pest monitoring system was developed to engage citizens in the documentation of the brown marmorated stink bug through an app called “BugMap.” Researchers were then able to identify areas most threatened by the pest through the large number of submitted citizen reports. Although the “BugMap” was user-friendly, not all geographic areas had access to mobile apps and internet connectivity, posing a limitation for web-based approaches. In another example, the documentation of invasive plant species relies on photo recognition that can produce inaccurate results when there is a lack of internet connectivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science_and_sustainable_agriculture |
In northern Mexican cuisine, particularly the states of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Nuevo León, carne seca is cooked in a dish called machacado (named machaca in other states), which includes tomatoes, onions, chile verde, and eggs. Sometimes, potatoes are included or used in lieu of eggs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_seca |
In northern Mexico and Tex-Mex cuisine, refried beans are usually prepared with pinto beans, but many other varieties of bean are used in other parts of Mexico, such as black, Peruano, or red kidney beans. The raw beans can be cooked when dry or soaked overnight, then stewed, drained of most of the remaining liquid, and converted into a paste with a masher (such as a potato masher), or pressed through a fine mesh sieve (to remove the skins). Some of the drained liquid, or chicken or vegetable stock, is added if the consistency is too dry. The paste is then baked or fried, usually with onion and garlic in a small amount of lard, vegetable oil, bacon drippings or butter, and seasoned to taste with salt and spices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refried_beans |
In Mexico lard is most often used, and this has a large effect on flavor. Epazote is a common herb used to add flavor to the dish. It is also a carminative (i.e. it reduces the intestinal gas associated with beans). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refried_beans |
In northern Myanmar, a Southwestern Mandarin variant close to the Yunnanese dialect is spoken by local Chinese and other ethnic groups. In some rebel group-controlled regions, Mandarin also serves as the lingua franca. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese |
In northern Norway a paleic surface extends in Varanger Peninsula. In the peninsula the paleic surface is made up of an undulating plateau between the altitudes of 200 and 600 m.a.s.l. The higher parts of the undulating plateau are made up by erosion-resistant rocks like quartzite. The lower parts are made up by weak rocks like shale and mudstone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleic_surface |
At intermediate levels sandstone is common. Some parts of the paleic surface in Varanger Peninsula are a re-exposed unconformity that underlie sedimentary rock of Vendian (Late Neoproterozoic) age. The paleic surface might have been uplifted as much as 200–250 meters since middle Pliocene times.Parts of the continental shelf of Norway corresponds to paleic surfaces called bankflats. These surfaces bounds landward with submarine slopes that separates them from the strandflat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleic_surface |
In northern Peru and central Chile climate change is cited as the driving force in a series of migration patterns from about 15,000 B.C. to approximately 4,500 B.C. Between 11,800 B.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
and 10,500 B.C. evidence suggests seasonal migration from high to low elevation by the natives while conditions permitted a humid environment to persist in both areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
Around 9,000 B.C. the lakes that periodically served as a home to the natives dried up and were abandoned until 4,500 B.C. This period of abandonment is a blank segment of the archeological record known in Spanish as the silencio arqueológico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
During this break, there exists no evidence of activity by the natives in the lakes area. The correlation between climate and migratory patterns leads historians to believe the Central Chilean natives favored humid, low-elevation areas especially during periods of increased aridity.The different inhabitants of Greenland, specifically in the west, migrated primarily in response to temperature change. The Saqqaq people arrived in Greenland around 4,500 B.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
and experienced moderate temperature variation for the first 1,100 years of occupation; near 3,400 B.P. a cooling period began that pushed the Saqqaq toward the west. A similar temperature fluctuation occurred around 2,800 B.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
that led to the abandonment of the inhabited Saqqaq region; this temperature shift was a decrease in temperature of about 4 °C over 200 years. Following the Saqqaq dominance, other groups such as the Dorset people inhabited west Greenland; the Dorset were sea-ice hunters that had tools adapted to the colder environment. The Dorset appeared to leave the region around 2,200 B.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
without clear connection to the changing environment. Following the Dorset occupation, the Norse began to appear around 1,100 B.P. in west Greenland during a significant warming period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
However, a sharp decrease in temperature beginning in 850 B.P. of about 4 °C in 80 years is thought to contribute to the demise of initial Norse occupation in western Greenland.In Historical China over the past 2,000 years, migration patterns have centered around precipitation change and temperature fluctuation. Pastoralists moved in order to feed the livestock that they cared for and to forage for themselves in more plentiful areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
During dry periods or cooling periods the nomadic lifestyle became more prevalent because pastoralists were seeking more fertile ground. The precipitation was a more defining factor than temperature in terms of its effects on migration. The trend of the migrating Chinese showed that the northern pastoralists were more affected by the fluctuation in precipitation than the southern nomads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
In a majority of cases, pastoralists migrated further southward during changes in precipitation. These movements were not classified by one large event or a specific era of movement; rather, the relationship between climate and nomadic migration is relevant from "a long term perspective and on a large spatial scale. "The Natufian population in the Levant was subject to two major climatic changes that influenced the development and separation of their culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
As a consequence of increased temperature, the expansion of the Mediterranean woodlands occurred approximately 13,000 years ago; with that expansion came a shift to sedentary foraging adopted by the surrounding population. Thus, a migration toward the higher-elevation woodlands took place and remained constant for nearly 2,000 years. This era ended when the climate became more arid and the Mediterranean forest shrank 11,000 years ago. Upon this change, some of the Natufian populations nearest sustainable land transitioned into an agricultural way of life; sustainable land was primarily near water sources. Those groups that did not reside near a stable resource returned to the nomadic foraging that was prevalent prior to sedentary life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_climatology |
In northern Scandinavia, the prevalence of myotonia congenita has been estimated at 1:10,000.Myotonia congenita is estimated to affect 1 in 100,000 people worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomsen_disease |
In northern Tanzania, blast fishing, which is illegal, has resurfaced in recent years as a key danger to its coral reefs. This has occurred even though major institutions like local communities and the district government have been put in place for enhanced fisheries management. The damage of blast fishing in the area has contributed to unstable coral reefs, discouragement of tourism investors, and a threat to the habitat of coelacanths in the region. Other impacts of blast fishing in the area include reports that citizens have died or lost limbs due to the blasting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_fishing |
The northern part of the country has many beautiful beaches and uninhabited islands. However, many investors feel that tourists are discouraged due to the fish blasting.In Tanzania, coral reefs are essential for both ecological and socio-economic reasons. They are full of fish, lobsters, prawns, crabs, octopuses, mollusks, and sea cucumbers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_fishing |
In addition, coral reefs are one of the major tourist attractions in Tanzania. The coastal tourism provides a living for the people as well as foreign currency for the country. However, there has been an increase in the people living along the coast which has led to a large demand for fisheries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_fishing |
It has led to overexploitation and destructive fishing practices. Blast fishing has been practiced in Tanzania since the 1960s. It was during the 1980s and 1990s that blast fishing was at its peak in Tanzania. For example, in Mnazi bay, Mtwara, 441 blasts were recorded in two months in 1996, and 100 blasts were witnessed through one six-hour period in Mpovi reef. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_fishing |
In northern Yemen, ash cakes were called ğamrī (Arabic: جَمْرِي), typically made thick, and baked directly over coals kept in a special vessel made of basalt-stone. In some places, ashes are spread over the face of the dough before being embedded entirely within the hot coals. Bedouins in Yemen would not embed the dough within hot coals, but rather stick the dough on the backside of an iron skillet, and fill the hollow space of the skillet with hot coals. In Arabia, ash cake is served with a treacle of date syrup (dibs) and with clarified butter (samne). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_cake |
In northern Iran, ash-cakes are prepared by laying out the dough over live coals carried in a brazier, upon which dough several pieces of hot coals are also carefully laid. Since the bread comes out hard and dry, it is customarily practised to break up the bread into small pieces and to mix it with butter and work it with one's hands to be formed into a ball before it can be made palatable. In North America, ash cakes were primarily made by using cornmeal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_cake |
Indigenous peoples of the Americas using ground corn for cooking are credited with teaching Europeans how to make ash cakes. The manner of preparation varied, although one popular method was to brush aside the hot ashes, lay a large collard green leaf upon the hot earth or cast-iron oven, upon which was poured a batter of cornmeal, and over which was laid another collard green leaf, and the hot ashes piled thereon.In Europe, ash cakes were made into a small, round and flat loaf, usually consisting of a little wheat and sometimes rye, baked under an inverted iron pan over which the ashes of the fire were heaped. This was almost exclusively the bread of the peasants. In French, this type of bread was called fougasse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_cake |
In northern areas their breeding habitat is often the dense coniferous forests of the taiga, near open areas, such as meadows or bogs. In Oregon and California this owl has been found nesting in mixed oak woodlands. Once believed to require a cold climate, it is now known that this bird survives in a few areas where summer temperatures exceed 100 °F (38 °C). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_grey_owl |
In northern climates, ice shanties are the center of a large, often humorous, folklore. Fishermen often decorate their ice shanties in humorous ways (toilets are a popular joke addition), while others studiously work on ways to make their ice shanties more comfortable and efficient. Much of the folklore involves the inherent danger of erecting a structure atop a frozen pond. The mayor of Hudson, Ohio claimed ice shanties could lead to increases in prostitution, although WJW (TV) could find no evidence of this. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shanty |
In northern climates, temperatures inside an uninsulated attached residential garage can decrease to freezing levels during the winter. Temperatures inside an uninsulated attached garage in temperate climates can reach uncomfortable levels during summer months. Extreme temperatures can be a source of energy waste and discomfort in adjoining living areas, due to heat transfer between the garage and those areas. Homes with an attached garage often experience this "interface" problem. Insulating the outside of the building against the elements without extending the insulation to the wall separating the garage from the house, and/or the other garage walls and roof, can be a costly mistake. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_(residential) |
In northern parts of colonial India, there were waves of conversions to Christianity among the Chuhra and Chamar in the Punjab Province and United Provinces of Agra and Oudh; they thus became known as Dalit Christians. The Chuhra sub-castes found in Pakistan and India include the Sahotra, Gill, Khokhar, Mattoo, Bhatti, among other sub-castes.There were a number of conversions from various forward castes in Moghul-era Bihar, the Bettiah Christian community are descendants of those converts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_among_South_Asian_Christians |
In northern region of Nepal, Gyuma a blood sausage is a popular dish commonly eaten by locals. It is made of yak's blood and meat. The fillings also include buck wheat flour and other spices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_as_food |
The sausage is also used in lentils or prepared in stir fry dishes. People of Newar community also consume popular dish called “cho hee,” which means blood that is prepared by steaming the blood with some local spices. It is consumed by most of the locals in Patan, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur area of Nepal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_as_food |
In northern states including Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, the cooking pots are called handi. Traditionally, Indian chefs could cook many dishes simultaneously by stacking handi while cooking. In southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana, the cooking pots are called 'man panai','man satti' in Tamil, 'kunda', 'matti kunda', 'kadava' in Telugu. The traditional pot used Tamil Nadu 'pongal festival' In eastern states, Champaran mutton is a delicacy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claypot_cooking |
In northwest Europe Upper Permian salt of the Zechstein Group has formed salt domes over the Central and Southern North Sea, extending eastwards into Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_diapir |
In northwest Greenland, ice coverage attained a very early maximum in the LGP around 114,000. After this early maximum, ice coverage was similar to today until the end of the last glacial period. Towards the end, glaciers advanced once more before retreating to their present extent. According to ice core data, the Greenland climate was dry during the LGP, with precipitation reaching perhaps only 20% of today's value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devensian_glaciation |
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