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Writing it with letters follows the same spacing, with one additional rule: in numbers over one million, miljoona "million" is written separately. The preceding example is written kolme-kymmentä-kaksi miljoonaa viisi-sataa-kolme-kymmentä-neljä-tuhatta seitsemän-sataa-viisi-kymmentä-kuusi. (No dashes. They are only to m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_numerals |
In older Greek myths, the realm of Hades is the misty and gloomy abode of the dead (also called Erebus) where all mortals go when they die. Very few mortals could leave Hades once they entered. The exceptions, Heracles and Theseus, are heroic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
Even Odysseus in his Nekyia (Odyssey, xi) calls up the spirits of the departed, rather than descend to them. Later Greek philosophy introduced the idea that all mortals are judged after death and are either rewarded or cursed.There were several sections of the realm of Hades, including Elysium, the Asphodel Meadows, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
Greek mythographers were not perfectly consistent about the geography of the afterlife. A contrasting myth of the afterlife concerns the Garden of the Hesperides, often identified with the Isles of the Blessed, where the blessed heroes may dwell. In Roman mythology, the entrance to the underworld located at Avernus, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
By synecdoche, "Avernus" could be substituted for the underworld as a whole. The di inferi were a collective of underworld divinities. For Hellenes, the deceased entered the underworld by crossing the Styx, ferried across by Charon (kair'-on), who charged an obolus, a small coin for passage placed in the mouth of the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
Paupers and the friendless gathered for a hundred years on the near shore according to Book VI of Vergil's Aeneid. Greeks offered propitiatory libations to prevent the deceased from returning to the upper world to "haunt" those who had not given them a proper burial. The far side of the river was guarded by Cerberus, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
Passing beyond Cerberus, the shades of the departed entered the land of the dead to be judged. The five rivers of the realm of Hades, and their symbolic meanings, are Acheron (the river of sorrow, or woe), Cocytus (lamentation), Phlegethon (fire), Lethe (oblivion), and Styx (hate), the river upon which even the gods sw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
See also Eridanos. The first region of Hades comprises the Fields of Asphodel, described in Odyssey xi, where the shades of heroes wander despondently among lesser spirits, who twitter around them like bats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
Only libations of blood offered to them in the world of the living can reawaken in them for a time the sensations of humanity. Beyond lay Erebus, which could be taken for a euphonym of Hades, whose own name was dread. There were two pools, that of Lethe, where the common souls flocked to erase all memory, and the pool ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
In the forecourt of the palace of Hades and Persephone sit the three judges of the underworld: Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Aeacus. There at the trivium sacred to Hecate, where three roads meet, souls are judged, returned to the Fields of Asphodel if they are neither virtuous nor evil, sent by the road to Tartarus if they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Stygius |
In older adults over 60 years in age, the detrusor muscle may cause issues in voiding the bladder, resulting in uncomfortable urinary retention.The mucosa of the urinary bladder may herniate through the detrusor muscle. This is most often an acquired condition due to high pressure in the urinary bladder, damage, or exi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrusor_muscle |
In older adults, physical training and perturbation therapy is directed to improving balance recovery responses and preventing falls. Gait-related changes in the elderly provide a greater chance of stability during walking due to slower speed and greater base of support, but they also increase the chance of slipping or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_prevention |
In older age, theory of mind capacities decline, irrespective of how exactly they are tested. However, the decline in other cognitive functions is even stronger, suggesting that social cognition is better preserved. In contrast to theory of mind, empathy shows no impairments in aging.There are two kinds of theory of mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_belief |
There is evidence that cognitive and affective theory of mind processes are functionally independent from one another. In studies of Alzheimer's disease, which typically occurs in older adults, patients display impairment with second order cognitive theory of mind, but usually not with first order cognitive or affectiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_belief |
In older analog cable systems, most cable channels were not encrypted and cable theft was often as easy as plugging a coaxial cable attached to the user's television into an apartment building’s cable distribution box, which were often unlocked. In some rural areas, nonsubscribers would run long cables to distribution ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_piracy |
Other ways of cable theft were using a cable TV converter box (also known as a descrambler or "black box") to steal only premium channels such as HBO and pay per view by decrypting all channels, whereas a normal converter would only decrypt the ones paid for by the customer. The cable companies could send an electronic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_piracy |
In older and simpler operating systems, each process had a contiguous address-space, so a dump file was sometimes simply a file with the sequence of bytes, digits, characters or words. On other early machines a dump file contained discrete records, each containing a storage address and the associated contents. On early... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_dump |
Later releases added the ability to write unformatted dumps, called at that time core image dumps. In modern operating systems, a process address space may contain gaps, and it may share pages with other processes or files, so more elaborate representations are used; they may also include other information about the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_dump |
In older architectures, NMIs were used for interrupts which were typically never disabled because of the required response time. They were hidden signals. Examples include the floppy disk controller on the Amstrad PCW, the 8087 coprocessor on the x86 when used in the IBM PC or its compatibles (even though Intel recomme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
In either case, the PC would display an error message and halt. Some later PC clones used an NMI to conceal the hardware differences from that of a standard PC. On such computers, an NMI would be generated when a program attempted to access incompatible hardware. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
A BIOS interrupt handler would then translate the program's request to match the hardware that was actually present. The SMM in the 386SL is a better way to do this. Some 8-bit home computers used the NMI line to permit a "warm start" if the system had locked up. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
Typically, this would restore the control registers to known good values stored in ROM, without destroying whatever data that the user might currently have loaded. On the Commodore 8-bit machines, the RESTORE key was hooked up directly or indirectly to the NMI line on the 6502-series CPU, but the reset would take place... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
Atari's 8-bit line used a SYSTEM RESET button for this same purpose. Debugging NMIs have appeared in a number of forms, including the Apple Macintosh's "programmers' button", and certain key combinations on Sun workstations. With the introduction of Windows 2000, Microsoft allowed the use of an NMI to cause a system to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
Devices which added a button to generate an NMI, such as Romantic Robot's Multiface, were a popular accessory for 1980s 8-bit and 16-bit home computers. These peripherals had a small amount of ROM and an NMI button. Pressing the button transferred control to the software in the peripheral's ROM, allowing the suspended ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
Not all computers provide a mechanism for triggering NMIs; however, many machines (typically rackmount servers) provide a physical button specifically for this purpose. Other machines may expose this functionality via an expansion card.Miles Gordon Technology's DISCiPLE and +D products for the ZX Spectrum featured an N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
On the Nintendo Entertainment System, an NMI is generated during each vertical blanking interval. Because these NMIs (often referred to as "vblank interrupts") occur at frequent, regular intervals, code that manipulates game graphics and audio is often executed inside of the NMI handler routine. Clearing the 7th bit of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt |
In older ballistics literature from English speaking countries, and still to this day, the most commonly used unit for sectional density of circular cross-sections is (mass) pounds per square inch (lbm/in2) The formula then becomes: S D lb / in 2 = W lb d in 2 = W gr 7000 d in 2 {\displaystyle SD_{{\text{lb}}/{\text{in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectional_density |
In older buildings, the space above the dropped ceiling was often used as a plenum space for ventilation systems, requiring only enclosed ducts that deliver fresh air into the room below, with return air entering the ceiling space through open grilles across the ceiling. That practice is now used less frequently in new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_tile |
While twisted pair cable for networking and telephone service is the most common form of plenum cable, coaxial cable also needs to be plenum-rated for safety. High-voltage electrical equipment (generally regarded as being over 50 V) is not permitted to be exposed in the plenum space above a drop ceiling but must be enc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_tile |
Similarly, electrical outlets for domestic powered devices may not be inside the plenum space, but outlets can be installed on ceiling tiles inside electrical boxes, with the sockets exposed on the exterior bottom face of the drop ceiling. The purpose of these restrictions is to limit flame spread inside the unseen ple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_tile |
Low-voltage cabling is permitted because current flow is typically negligible and so the risk of overheating and fire is limited. In earthquake prone areas, such as California, diagonal wire stays are often required by building codes to prevent the ceiling grid from swaying laterally during an earthquake, which can lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_tile |
Lighting fixtures and other devices installed in a dropped ceiling must be firmly secured to the dropped ceiling framework. A fire above a dropped ceiling often requires firefighters to pull down the ceiling in a hurry for quick access to the conflagration. Loose fixtures resting in the framework only by gravity may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_tile |
In older cars, the trunnion is part of the suspension and either allows free movement of the rear wheel hub in relation to the chassis or allows the front wheel hub to rotate with the steering. On many cars (such as those made by Triumph) the trunnion is machined from a brass or bronze casting and is prone to failure i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunnion |
In aviation, the term refers to the structural component that attaches the undercarriage or landing gear to the airframe. For aircraft equipped with retractable landing gear, the trunnion is pivoted to permit rotation of the entire gear assembly. In heavy equipment, such as a bulldozer, the term refers to the protrusio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunnion |
In Chevrolet GMC C/K pickup trucks, the term refers to the tailgate attachment points. Rather than using conventional tailgate hinges, trunnions are used to permit quick toolless removal and installation of the pickup tailgate. In axles, the term refers to the type of suspension used on a multi-axle configurations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunnion |
It is a "short axle pivoted at or near its mid-point about a horizontal axis transverse to its own centerline, normally used in pairs in conjunction with a walking beam in order to achieve two axis of oscillation." This type of suspension allows 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg) to be loaded on an axle group. In trailers, leve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunnion |
In older children the adductor and iliopsoas muscles may have to be treated surgically because they adapt to the dislocated joint position (contracture). Braces and splints are often used following either of these methods to continue treatment. Although some children "outgrow" untreated mild hip dysplasia and some form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_dysplasia |
In older classifications, Dictyostelium was placed in the defunct polyphyletic class Acrasiomycetes. This was a class of cellular slime molds, which was characterized by the aggregation of individual amoebae into a multicellular fruiting body, making it an important factor that related the acrasids to the dictyostelids... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyostelium_discoideum |
Further, these data support the idea that the dictyostelid and myxogastrid are more closely related to each other than they are the protostelids. EF-1α analysis also placed the Mycetozoa as the immediate outgroup for the animal-fungal clade. Latest phylogenetic data place dictyostelids firmly within supergroup Amoebozo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyostelium_discoideum |
In older classifications, flagellated protozoa were grouped in Flagellata (= Mastigophora), sometimes divided into Phytoflagellata (= Phytomastigina, mostly autotrophic) and Zooflagellata (= Zoomastigina, heterotrophic). They were sometimes grouped with Sarcodina (ameboids) in the group Sarcomastigophora. The autotroph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellated_cell |
In older distributors, adjusting the ignition timing is usually achieved through both mechanical advance and vacuum advance. Mechanical advance adjusts the timing based on the engine speed (rpm), using a set of hinged weights attached to the distributor shaft. These weights cause the breaker points mounting plate to sl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributor_cap |
In older dogs and cats tumors are a common occurrence, and may involve any or multiple body systems: skin, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, reproductive tract, cardiovascular system, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, the spleen and the lining of body cavities. Common skin tumors include lipom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_surgery |
In older institutions, simpler numbering systems are sometimes maintained alongside, or incorporated within, newer systems. Where the objects are unique, institutions normally need to retain the original number in some form as it will have been used in old references that are still of use in scholarship. In particular,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_number_(cultural_property) |
In older instruments, reticle crosshairs and stadia marks were made using threads taken from the cocoon of the brown recluse spider. This very fine, strong spider silk makes for an excellent crosshair. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticle |
In older landfills and those with no membrane between the waste and the underlying geology, leachate is free to leave the waste and flow directly into the groundwater. In such cases, high concentrations of leachate are often found in nearby springs and flushes. As leachate first emerges it can be black in colour, anoxi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate |
In older literature on mathematical logic, the period glyph used to indicate how expressions should be bracketed (see Glossary of Principia Mathematica). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stop |
In older literature, L. paradoxum may be referred to as L. macrostomum, derived from Rudolphi's 1803 description of Fasciola distomum, which he later renamed Distomum macrostomum. Subsequently it was shown that L. paradoxum is a different species; Rudolphi's species is now in the genus Urogonimus. Leucochloridium hecke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucochloridium_paradoxum |
In older methods of planting, a field is initially prepared with a plow to a series of linear cuts known as furrows. The field is then seeded by throwing the seeds over the field, a method known as manual broadcasting. The seeds may not be sown to the right depth nor the proper distance from one another. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_drill |
Seeds that land in the furrows have better protection from the elements, and natural erosion or manual raking will cover them while leaving some exposed. The result is a field planted roughly in rows, but having a large number of plants outside the furrow lanes. There are several downsides to this approach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_drill |
The most obvious is that seeds that land outside the furrows will not have the growth shown by the plants sown in the furrow since they are too shallow on the soil. Because of this, they are lost to the elements. Many of the seeds remain on the surface where they are vulnerable to being eaten by birds or carried away o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_drill |
Surface seeds commonly never germinate at all or germinate prematurely, only to be killed by frost. Since the furrows represent only a portion of the field's area, and broadcasting distributes seeds fairly evenly, this results in considerable wastage of seeds. Less obvious are the effects of over seeding; all crops gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_drill |
In older methods, clean paddy rice was soaked in cold water for 36–38 hours to give it a moisture content of 30–35%, after which the rice was put in parboiling equipment with fresh cold water and boiled until it began to split. The rice was then dried on woven mats, cooled and milled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parboiled_rice |
In older patients, emotional instability may be less evident, or depression may occur, and the symptoms and signs are manifestly circulatory. In many, the thyroid is not readily palpable. Symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath on exertion, and edema may predominate. Older patients also tend to have more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_Graves'_disease |
In older plants and those receiving variable loadings, trickling filter beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of coke (carbonized coal), limestone chips or specially fabricated plastic media. Such media must have large surface areas to support the biofilms that form. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Treatment |
The distributed liquor trickles through the bed and is collected in drains at the base. These drains also provide a source of air which percolates up through the bed, keeping it aerobic. Biofilms of bacteria, protozoa and fungi form on the media’s surfaces and eat or otherwise reduce the organic content. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Treatment |
: 12 The filter removes a small percentage of the suspended organic matter, while the majority of the organic matter supports microorganism reproduction and cell growth from the biological oxidation and nitrification taking place in the filter. With this aerobic oxidation and nitrification, the organic solids are conve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_Treatment |
In older printers, a corona wire positioned parallel to the drum or, in more recent printers, a primary charge roller, projects an electrostatic charge onto the photoreceptor (otherwise named the photoconductor unit), a revolving photosensitive drum or belt, which is capable of holding an electrostatic charge on its su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printers |
In older screen-oriented, text-based (non-GUI) applications, the user pressed the "End" key to indicate that they had finished entering data on a particular "screen". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_key |
In older systems, interactive video broadcasting was possible as a result of using physical cables for connectivity. However, in remote areas cable connections may be unavailable, two-way communication was then impossible via traditional means. One possible solution was to use a satellite linked connection for the retu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-RCS |
In older theories, the arrival of Celts, defined as speakers of Celtic languages, which derive from a Proto-Celtic language, roughly coincided with the beginning of the European Iron Age. In 1946, the Celtic scholar T. F. O'Rahilly published his influential model of the early history of Ireland, which postulated four s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celts |
Similarly in Ireland, little archaeological evidence was found for large intrusive groups of Celtic immigrants, suggesting to archaeologists, such as Colin Renfrew, that the native late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed European Celtic influences and language. In the 1970s, a "continuity model" was popularized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Celts |
In older times in India, the species was sometimes kept as a cage-bird and was acclaimed for its singing ability. The native name of khanjan is used in the phrase "khanjan-eyed" to describe someone with beautiful eyes. The Khanjan was held sacred and considered a good omen in India as it supposedly bore an impression o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-browed_Wagtail |
In older usage, "naphtha" simply meant crude oil, but this usage is now obsolete in English. There are a number of cognates to the word in different modern languages, typically signifying "petroleum" or "crude oil". The Ukrainian and Belarusian word нафта (nafta), Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian "nafta" and the Persia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtha |
Also, in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia nafta (нафта in Cyrillic) is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, nafta was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil, but its use for crude oil is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtha |
Nafta is also used in everyday parlance in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay to refer to gasoline/petrol. In Poland, the word nafta means kerosene, and colloquially crude oil (technical name for crude oil is ropa naftowa, also colloquially used for diesel fuel as ropa). In Flemish, the word naft(e) is used colloquially f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtha |
In older versions of many browsers, there were security holes in the implementation of the XMLHttpRequest API. This API allows pages to specify a proxy server that would get the reply, and this proxy server is not subject to the same-origin policy. For example, a victim is reading an attacker's posting on www.example.c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-party_cookie |
Since the request is for www.example.com, all example.com cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker's proxy server. Hence, the attacker would be able to harvest the victim's cookies. This attack would not work with secure cookies, since they can only be transmitted over HTTPS connecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-party_cookie |
In older versions of the calculator, some transcendental function operations, such as square root operator (sqrt(4) − 2 = −8.1648465955514287168521180122928e−39), caused the number to be calculated incorrectly due to catastrophic cancelation. Older versions of the universal Calculator in non-LTSC editions of Windows 10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Calculator |
In older washing machines, the permanent press setting sprays moisture during the spin cycle to maintain the moisture content of the permanent press fabrics above a certain specified limit to reduce wrinkling. Most older clothes dryers feature an automatic permanent press setting, which puts clothes through a cool-down... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkle-resistant_fabric |
In oligopolistic and monopolistic industries, product bundling can be seen as an unfair use of market power because it limits the choices available to the consumer. In these cases it is typically called product tying. Some forms of product bundling have been subject to litigation regarding abuses of market share. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundle_(software_distribution) |
In oligopoly theory, conjectural variation is the belief that one firm has an idea about the way its competitors may react if it varies its output or price. The firm forms a conjecture about the variation in the other firm's output that will accompany any change in its own output. For example, in the classic Cournot mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjectural_variation |
However, alternative assumptions can be made. Suppose you have two firms producing the same good, so that the industry price is determined by the combined output of the two firms (think of the water duopoly in Cournot's original 1838 account). Now suppose that each firm has what is called the "Bertrand Conjecture" of −... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjectural_variation |
This means that if firm A increases its output, it conjectures that firm B will reduce its output to exactly offset firm A's increase, so that total output and hence price remains unchanged. With the Bertrand Conjecture, the firms act as if they believe that the market price is unaffected by their own output, because e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjectural_variation |
In omission libraries a certain amino acid is missing from all peptides of the mixture. The figure shows the full library and the three omission libraries. At the top the omitted amino acids are shown. If the omission library gives a negative test the omitted amino acid is present in the active component. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_synthesis |
In on-premises wiring the first or only pair of inside wiring and jacks are color-coded in green for the tip conductor, and red for the ring side. A second pair is coded in black for tip and yellow for ring. A third pair consists of white tip coding and blue ring coding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_and_ring |
For larger cable assemblies more complex schemes, such as the 25-pair color code, are used. Some telephone technicians used mnemonic phrases, such as red-right-ring-rear, or ring-right-red-rough, to remember that the red wire connects to the right-side post in the wall jack and to the ring on the plug and to the rear l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_and_ring |
In once-colonial nations, the efforts of current governments to reconcile with First Nations people is having direct effects on the practical and legal aspects of stewardship of archaeological resources. Waves of globally and federally endorsed recognition of Aboriginal rights in general, and of heritage stewardship in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology |
The contributions of the indigenous viewpoint to archaeology also aid in addressing the problems of race that are integrated into the practice. The archaeological discourse can take a patronizing and judgmental interpretation of indigenous practices and artifacts without proper context, often portraying indigenous cult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology |
The incorporation of the indigenous viewpoint in the academics can normalize their culture in the overall historical narrative, and shift away from portraying indigenous peoples as "savage", and instead evaluate them equally with other world cultures (Echo-Hawk 2006). The indigenous narrative is significantly influence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology |
For example, the colonization of the Americas in Central and South America neglect the long history of the Aztec and Incan empires, and only associates those cultures with defeat in the context of colonization. The complex political and economic infrastructure and achievements of those indigenous societies, and their l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology |
In once-through nuclear fuel cycles such as are currently in use in much of the world, used fuel elements are disposed of whole as high level nuclear waste, and the remaining uranium and plutonium content is lost. Higher burnup allows more of the fissile 235U and of the plutonium bred from the 238U to be utilised, redu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnup |
In once-through nuclear fuel cycles, higher burnup reduces the number of elements that need to be buried. However, short-term heat emission, one deep geological repository limiting factor, is predominantly from medium-lived fission products, particularly 137Cs (30.08 year half life) and 90Sr (28.9 year half life). As t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnup |
High-burnup fuel generates a smaller volume of fuel for reprocessing, but with a higher specific activity. Unprocessed used fuel from current light-water reactors consists of 5% fission products and 95% actinides (most of it uranium), and is dangerously radiotoxic, requiring special custody, for 300,000 years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnup |
Most of the long-term radiotoxic elements are transuranic, and therefore could be recycled as fuel. 70% of fission products are either stable or have half lives less than one year. Another six percent (129I and 99Tc) can be transmuted to elements with extremely short half lives (130I: 12.36 hours; 100Tc: 15.46 seconds)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnup |
93Zr, having a very long half life, constitutes 5% of fission products, but can be alloyed with uranium and transuranics during fuel recycling, or used in zircalloy cladding, where its radioactivity is irrelevant. The remaining 20% of fission products, or 1% of unprocessed fuel, for which the longest-lived isotopes are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnup |
In the case of 137Cs or 90Sr this "special custody" could also take the form of use for food irradiation or as fuel in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. As both the native elements strontium and caesium and their oxides—chemical forms in which they can be found in oxide or metal fuel—form soluble hydroxides upon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnup |
In oncology, AFP-L3 is an isoform of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a substance typically used in the triple test during pregnancy and for screening chronic liver disease patients for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AFP can be fractionated by affinity electrophoresis into three glycoforms: L1, L2, and L3 based on the reactiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP-L3 |
It is the L1 isoform which is typically associated with non-HCC inflammation of liver disease condition. The L3 isoform is specific to malignant tumors and its detected presence can serve to identify patients whom need increased monitoring for the development of HCC in high risk populations (i.e. chronic hepatitis B an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFP-L3 |
In oncology, class III β-tubulin has been investigated as both a prognostic biomarker and an indicator of resistance to taxanes and other compounds. The majority of reports implicate class III β-tubulin as a biomarker of poor outcome. However, there are also data in clear cell carcinoma, melanoma and breast cancer show... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_III_β-tubulin |
Class III β-tubulin performs best as a prognostic biomarker when analyzed in the context of an integrated signature including upstream regulators and downstream effectors. TUBB3 mutation is associated with microlissencephaly. Overexpression of this isotype in clinical samples correlates with tumor aggressiveness, resis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_III_β-tubulin |
In oncology, the Warburg effect () is the observation that most cancer cells produce energy predominantly not through the 'usual' citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria as observed in normal cells, but through a less efficient process of 'aerobic glycolysis' consisting of a high level of gl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburg_effect_(oncology) |
In oncology, the fact that one round of chemotherapy does not kill all the cells in a tumor is a poorly understood phenomenon called fractional kill, or fractional cell kill. The fractional kill hypothesis states that a defined chemotherapy concentration, applied for a defined time period, will kill a constant fraction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_kill |
The goal is to reduce the tumor population to zero with successive fractional kills. For example, assuming a 99% kill per cycle of chemotherapy, a tumor of 1011 cells would be reduced to less than one cell with six treatment cycles: 1011 * 0.016 < 1. However, the tumor can also re-grow during the intervals between trea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_kill |
In one American study, researchers found that less than 20% of messages used SMS language. Looking at his own texting history, the study's author, linguist David Crystal, said that just 10% of his messages used SMS language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_language |
In one English translation, Hilbert asks: "When we are engaged in investigating the foundations of a science, we must set up a system of axioms which contains an exact and complete description of the relations subsisting between the elementary ideas of that science. ... But above all I wish to designate the following a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_second_problem |
Hilbert's statement is sometimes misunderstood, because by the "arithmetical axioms" he did not mean a system equivalent to Peano arithmetic, but a stronger system with a second-order completeness axiom. The system Hilbert asked for a completeness proof of is more like second-order arithmetic than first-order Peano ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_second_problem |
There are many known proofs that Peano arithmetic is consistent that can be carried out in strong systems such as Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. These do not provide a resolution to Hilbert's second question, however, because someone who doubts the consistency of Peano arithmetic is unlikely to accept the axioms of set t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_second_problem |
Thus a satisfactory answer to Hilbert's problem must be carried out using principles that would be acceptable to someone who does not already believe PA is consistent. Such principles are often called finitistic because they are completely constructive and do not presuppose a completed infinity of natural numbers. Göde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_second_problem |
In one Mayan ceramic, a god who is possibly the God L is shown seated on a throne-like stool covered in cloth placed on a raised platform. Carved stone pieces of furniture called chacmools would be used to hold offerings in sacrificial ceremonies. Some chacmools were painted with bright colors. Instead of doors, Mayan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_furniture |
Bed frames were made from wood and covered in a woven straw mat. The bed frames were usually very low on the floor. Most likely, the only big furniture in a home would be wooden stools or benches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_furniture |
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